فهرست مطالب yousef ghanbari

Empowering the villagers in the field of rural tourism can bring about a successful transition to rural development as a strategic choice. The aim of this study was to explain the effects of empowerment of rural households on creative tourism in Shahrood. The statistical population of the study is 373 rural households that the questionnaire as a research tool was provided to the statistical population by sampling. The Cronbach's alpha value for creative tourism indicators is 0.80 and for empowerment indicators is 0.75. SPSS software version 24 and LISREL 8.8 were used for data analysis. Based on the obtained results, the components of creative tourism and empowerment of rural households with an average of 3.093 and 2.77, respectively, have been evaluated at the desired level and below the desired level, and the relations between the components of empowerment and creative tourism have been evaluated. Ali fitted with favorable indices (RMSEA = 0.079). According to the research findings, the promotion of education and awareness components, skills and development of human resources, finance and investment, competence and individual independence, and institutionalism and organization are effective in the development of creative tourism indicators.

Musculoskeletal disorders and associated pains are represent significant and prevalent factors contributing to occupational injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of online upper cross syndrome-based exercises and the posture retraining on pain, disability, fatigue, and mental workload of experienced by dentists in Shahrekord city.

A total of 33 dentists were selected as the statistical sample and randomly assigned to three groups including, control (n = 11), Online National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) based corrective exercises (n=11), and posture retraining (n=11) groups. Baseline assessments were conducted, and outcomes were examined immidietly after the interventions. The experimental groups underwent the study interventions for six weeks, while the control group maintained their regular daily activities during this period. Primary outcome measure was pain, and secondary measures included disability, perceptual fatigue, mental workload, and quality of life. Within-group comparisons were analyzed using paired sample t-tests, and between-group comparisons utilized one-way analysis of variance.

The results indicated that both exercise interventions positively affected pain, disability, perceptual fatigue, mental workload, and quality of life among dentists (P<0.05). Notably, correction of the upper crossed syndrome demonstrated a more significant effect compared to the posture retraining intervention (P<0.05).

The utilization of online NASM-based corrective exercises and posture retraining could have positive effects in reducing pain and disability and also improving the overall performance of dentists.

Paying attention to the activity of medicinal plants is one of the analytical approaches in the field of rural development studies. This study tried to analyze the obstacles to the activity of medicinal plants in the cold-weather rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The statistical population consisted of 13 villages of cold regions of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. Considering the census of 2021 and based on Cochran's formula, 383 questionnaires were randomly distributed among local people. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The attitude of the local people in 13 villages of this province was investigated and measured. To answer the questions of the research, factor analysis was used. Therefore, the value of KMO for examining the obstacles to the activities of medicinal plants was 0.696 and Bartlett's value was 630.019, which was significant at the 99% confidence level. They explain the percentage of variance of all the variables and 46.696% of the remaining variance is related to other factors that have not been predicted. So, the first factor, economic barriers with its specific value (3.269), explained more than 11.273% of the total variances, and the sixth factor is information barriers with a specific value of 2.273 and its variance value is 7.838 is in the last factor. The results showed that there were many obstacles in carrying out medicinal plant activities in rural areas.

The comprehensive and forward-looking nature of land use plans on the one hand and the continuous changes in the developmental environment due to the impact of trends, events and key factors that are referred to as drivers made the importance of identifying, controlling and planning on them in order to organize the rare space for development and the realization of the goals and missions of land planning essential. In the meantime, without the effective role of rural areas, the realization of the strategic document of the provinces' land use planning as the highest development document faces many challenges. Based on this, the current research, with emphasis on the first and important phase of prospective studies with the aim of identifying the most important driving forces affecting the empowerment of rural areas in order to play an effective role in realizing the goals, mission and vision of the strategic document of land use planning of Kurdistan province has been completed. In the current applied research with a descriptive-analytical method and with an exploratory approach using the Delphi technique, the main factors were identified and then by using the MicMac software, the relationships and the way of their influence and effectiveness, the effective drivers were determined. Finally, 60 variables with a management, economic, social, physical, natural and spatial nature in local, regional, national and transnational spatial scales were identified in the field of communication with the Kurdistan region of Iraq, and according to the way of influence 29 variables that had the greatest role in the performance of other variables were determined as the main propellants. The distribution of the identified variables and drivers ended with a compilation of all the main influencing dimensions, among which, drivers and variables of economic and managerial nature with the most influence in determining the change process and performance of other variables and drivers were determined. The distribution of more than 69 percent of main variables in the 1st or effective area, the 2nd or bimodal area and in the 4th or regulatory area, shows the complex and intertwined relationships and the sensitivity of control and planning on the drivers in order to achieve the goals and missions of the documents of the province is based on the role of its rural areas.

These days, agriculture is an inseparable part of the economy and one of the axes of development, so the importance of this is visible to everyone. The lack of agricultural development and inequality in the field of agricultural development is the most critical factor of inequality in rural development. Recognizing the state of advantage or deprivation of the cities leads to modifying policies and priorities, ultimately leading to the movement toward social justice. This research aims to investigate the degree of development of the counties of Qazvin province in the field of 27 studied indicators. The degree of agricultural development of this province's cities was obtained using statistical information, the Entropy model, and the TOPSIS technique, and finally, showing the spatial distribution with GIS software. The results indicate that Qazvin county is highly developed, Takestan county is at the developed level, Buin-Zahra, Abyek, and Avaj counties are at the medium level, and Alborz county is at the deprived level of agricultural development. Qazvin county has a high level of agricultural development due to being the center of the province, having a large area, and a transit road to the capital and other centers of the provinces. Moreover, other counties have also decreased their level of development in the agricultural sector due to the decrease of many indicators and the presence of various reasons. Due to its small size, the presence of industrial centers and counties, more attention to the industry sector, and lack of attention to the agricultural sector, Alborz county needs more development in this sector and is at the lowest level of development.

Medicinal plants have a special value and significance in providing hygiene, health and food resources. Although the human attitude towards the products of medicinal plants has a long history, the issue of increasing the production of these products at the level of fields and gardens has taken on a new scientific form since the second half of the 20th century. The purpose of this research is to assess and measure economic, social, environmental sustainability of expanding the activities of medicinal plants in the rural development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province.

It is an applied descriptive research based on field data collection (questionnaire). The statistical population of this research included 13 villages in cold region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. According to a report by Natural Resources of the Province in 2022, 383 medicinal plant producers were determined and among all of whom the questionnaires were distributed. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and variance) and inferential (one-sample t-test and VIKOR model) were used for data analysis.

The findings showed that the mean score of the social and environmental indicators is over the theoretical average value (3), while the mean score was 2.80 in terms of economic indicators. The results of VIKOR model revealed that Sepidar village with a VIKOR index of (0.157) has the highest rank and Sadat Mahmoudi village with a VIKOR index of (0.993) has the lowest rank in terms of the sustainability of the activities of medicinal plants among the villages in the study area.

This study is promising the activities of rural areas in the production of medicinal plants, which is considered as a strategy for diversification in rural settlements. Therefore, the results of this research can be given special consideration in recognizing the effects of medicinal plants in different geographical areas and have an effective role in the development of rural areas.

The aim of the research, which was carried out with a combination of descriptive-analytical methods, is to investigate the challenges of peasant operators and the effects of these challenges on the rural development of Zanjan province. In addition to library studies, a survey method has been used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the research is 75831 farmers located in Zanjan province, using Cochran's formula, 340 people have been estimated as a statistical sample. And to analyze the collected data, relevant tests and SPSS, AMOSE and GIS software have been used. The results of the research showed that economic challenges are the most important problems of farmers in the province, and the average number of challenges faced by farmers is 3.79, which is significantly higher than the average. The results of the analysis of variance test showed that there is a statistically significant difference among the cities of the province in terms of the challenges faced by the operators, and the cities of Soltanieh, Ijroud and Mahenshan with an average rank of 3.967, 3.864 and 3.651 have the highest and Khodabande, Abhar and Zanjan with an average rating of 3.347, 3.429 and 3.481 have the lowest number of challenges in peasant operators. Also, the overall situation of rural development with an average of 2.26 is significantly lower than the base average, and among its indicators, two key indicators of rural development, management and economy, are in a worse condition. The results of the final model of the research regarding the effects of the challenges faced by peasant operators on rural development, whose fit was finally confirmed, showed that social and environmental challenges with coefficients of -0.67 and -0.26, respectively, have the highest and lowest have had a negative effect on rural development.

The objective of this study is to investigate spatial relationships analysis of the concepts of life quality, social capital, and rural entrepreneurship in Dezful County, which was done through the descriptive and analytical methodology and data collection by field and survey methods. To pursue the issue, 147 target villages were selected based on the Cochran formula from 238 in-habited rural areas in Dezful County. The principal research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire containing 250 manifest variables extracted from 23 latent variables in triple concepts. The statistical population consists of 30,032 household heads in the target villages, and questionnaires were randomly distributed among 379 of them based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method. The statistical population consists of 30,032 heads of households in the villages of this county. Ques-tionnaires were randomly distributed based on Cochran's formula and multi-stage sampling method among 379 family heads in the target villages in eleven rural districts of this county. In this research, the analysis of pairwise and general relationships between concepts was done through structural equation modeling (SEM) and investigating the situation of the Dezful's villages in relationships between structures utilizing gray relationship analysis (GRA) and fuzzy analysis. The results showed that the paired relationships of the concepts had a significance level lower than the assumed error rate of 0.05 evaluated as direct and positive. The highest and lowest relation-ships of the constructs belong to the relationship between life quality and social capital and the linkage of life quality and rural entrepreneurship with path coefficients of 0.949 and 0.875. Based on the layers combination of GRA and fuzzy analysis, the nearly two-thirds situation of the target villages is inappropriate in the general relationships of research concepts.

In societies like our country, before oil revenues came into use, the national economy was based on agriculture and was considered the only source of treasury and government expenses. In today's era, despite the reduction of the role of this sector in the economy, the study of the functioning of the economic sectors in the framework of the national macro-economy confirms the significant role of the agricultural sector in the country. Agriculture is the main pillar of Gilan people's livelihood and economy. But the issue that has received less attention in the meantime is regional justice and balance in enjoying agricultural facilities and services among the cities of Gilan In fact, the evidence indicates that some cities are at higher levels in terms of development, and in this sense, there is an imbalance between the cities. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The Agricultural Statistics of Gilan Province (2013) was used to collect information. Shannon and TOPSIS entropy models were also used for data analysis. The results of the TOPSIS model in the group of "agricultural tools and technologies" indicators showed that the cities of Rasht, Soumehsara, Lahijan and Talesh are in the first level of development. The cities of AstanehAshrafieh, Rudsar, Bandar Anzali, Shaft and Foman are on the second level and the cities of Langrod, Amlash, Siahkal, Rudbar, Razvanshahr and Masal and Astara are on the third level.

The ten-thousand-year history of our country, Iran, indicates the interaction between the village and agriculture in different dimensions. Agriculture has a fundamental and decisive role in the destiny of the rural society of Iran and it cannot be expected to achieve sustainable development without having a stable and logical solution for agriculture. Due to existing challenges, it cannot have the possible effect on rural development. This article aims to organize the capabilities of the agricultural sector in order to have a greater impact on rural development in search of the most important agricultural factors affecting the rural development of the region. in this study, the research method is applied and based on its nature, is descriptive-analytical, and two documentary methods based on library studies and field method based on questionnaires were used to collect information, and for this purpose, 358 people from rural households and 234 people from the farmers of the village were randomly questioned. To determine the reliability of the first questionnaire, the number of 30 questionnaires among the villagers and farmers of Sahne District was calculated and its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated and the result was about 0.85. Factor analysis and regression analysis methods have been used to analyze the data. As a result, 5 factors were identified as the explanatory factors of agriculture. Examining the relationship between the five factors and rural indicators showed that most of the factors extracted in the two sections are related.

The purpose of this research was to see the impact of creating microfinance funds in improving the employment in Razan and Famnin cities based on the participation of local people. Descriptive analytical method and questionnaire were used to collect the data of this applied research. The statistical population included 4609 households living in the villages of Rozen and Famnin cities. Using Cochran formula, 360 households were selected as participant of the sample selected by simple random sampling. To measure the validity of the research tool (questionnaire), experts’ opinions were used. Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability, which was at a very appropriate level (0.87). Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-statistics, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way variance and Tukey test) were used for data analysis. The results showed that the highest correlation belongs to the indicators “business development in the village” and “the ability to create work and self-employment for the villagers”, respectively, with a beta of 0.300. 0.264, 0.237. Therefore, the establishment of a microfinance fund will help better employment and sustainability of households in the village. Moreover, their participation in economic activities will increase, and the result will be the progress in the production and employment compatible with the environment, which is in line with the resistance and social economy.

Livability is a general concept that is associated with a number of other concepts and words, such as sustainability, quality of place and healthy community. Livable settlements define habitat as a suitable place for work and life. Livability theory was based on Abraham Maslow's work on human needs. The increasing importance of livability is due to increased awareness of unsustainable life patterns and unhealthy and unsustainable consumption, which in the long term reduces the capacity of environmental resources for supporting the population. In the field of quality of life this theory has been generally developed by Wienhown who believes that people are happier and are more satisfied in a community that meets their needs better. In general, the livability coin has two faces: livelihoods and ecological stability. Thus, one of the dimensions of livability is stable livelihood. One of the solutions for increasing the sustainability of rural livelihoods is livelihoods diversity. This phenomenon leads to poverty reduction due to the emphasis on better job opportunities for empowerment of rural households. Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One of the examples of livelihood diversity is border exchange in border settlements. The definition of border exchange, its environmental result and its role in the sustainability or instability of rural settlements is discussed here forth.

Kurdistan province is geographically located between northern 34° 44' to 36° 30' latitude and 45° 31' to 48° 16' longitude. Currently, Kurdistan Province has 10 counties, 27 districts, and 29 towns. Kurdistan Province, with an area of 28203 square kilometers, is located adjacent to the eastern part of Iraq. Villages with border license totaling 10817 households have been studied as a statistical society. In the present research, in terms of research methodology we used both quantitative and qualitative methods. For theoretical framework, both livability theory and livelihood diversity theory have been used. In order to investigate the research problem, a deductive strategy was used and for collecting data two conventional methods of library studies (books, theses, journals, the results of censuses, relevant statistics, photographs, pictures, films, documentaries, etc.) and surveying were used. For statistical analysis of quantitative data, SPSS software and related statistical tests such as independent T and Wilcoxon were used. For analysis of qualitative data, researcher's views, opinions of scholars, statements by the officials of the city's and field investigations have been used.

The average of the effects of border exchanges on the stability of villages before and after the temporary border marketplace was 22.77 and 17.62, respectively, which had a mean difference of 5.15 before and after the construction of temporary border markets. Also, the standard deviation of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace is 2.84 and 1.36, respectively. To examine the effect of temporary border marketplace, the Wilcoxon test was used. The results showed that the average rating in the period before the construction of temporary border markets (45.22) was for environmental destruction and the results were higher than the average of the group after the construction of temporary border marketplace (13.5). Therefore, it can be said that with construction of temporary border markets, environmental results, including the destruction of forest areas and its implications were reduced. The value of the Wilcoxon test is (8.05) and its significance level is 0.05 at 0.000. Based on the significance level, the difference between the dependent variable in two periods before the construction of the temporary border marketplace and after the construction of temporary border marketplace, it is meaningful. Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research on the existence of a relationship between border exchanges and environmental evolution and the second hypothesis regarding the positive results of border exchanges in the livability of the settlements of the border villages of Kurdistan province after the construction of temporary border marketplaces are confirmed.Livelihood diversity is an effective strategy for dealing with economic and environmental stresses and a tool for poverty reduction. One example of the diversification of rural livelihoods is border exchange; the phenomenon of border exchanges is now in legal ways, including temporary marketplaces, border licenses and electronic border credit cards. This phenomenon is an appropriate alternative for diversifying rural livelihoods, fair distribution of income, population stability, socioeconomic and spatial justice, protection of the environment, especially the preservation of forested areas. Applied studies show that reliance on non-agricultural livelihood diversity strategies are beneficial due to increase in household income. In this framework, border exchange is one of the examples of diversification of rural livelihoods with positive economic results. On the other hand, as it is derived from the questionnaires, the use of pressurized irrigation and reduction of water losses in the fields, the participation of local people in environmental NGOs, for example the Green Chia Association, participation in forest fire extinguishing, along with reduced fertilizer and pesticide use in agricultural fields, reduced animal hunting, reduced overharvesting, reduce of human waste and animal waste in the rural range and out of rural range, reduce in the population's dependence on forests and pastures are quite evident.

It is obvious that with changes in the financial and income resources of the border residents, the desire to improve livelihoods and increase satisfaction has expanded. The development of environmental protection, such as decreasing environmental destruction, reduction of pesticide and fertilizer use, increasing participation in non-governmental environmental institutions, participation in firefighting, reducing the unconventional use of forests and their products and decreasing disposal of human and animal waste in the rural environment and forest arenas are positive environmental impacts of border exchanges. Obviously, if this phenomenon is extended to other parts of the county, with the improvement of livelihoods, the fields of cultural, political, physical and environmental development will accrete and increase. An adverse event caused by rising income is construction of garden houses and villas, mostly with urban residents. With necessary means such as educating people, coherent supervision in the areas of desirability can be managed. Therefore, the diversification strategy of rural livelihoods based on the capability of each region, using the potential of the border is a useful solution. This strategy reduces livability limitations of rural settlements.

Border market place the subject of this research has been topic a lot of research. The end of  This research is describe and explain the environmental effects of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border markets in the region. The aim of this research is to describe and explain the economic, social, physio, cultural and hygienically impacts of border exchanges before and after the construction of temporary border marketplace and the role of this phenomenon on the improve of livability. In the present research and in term of research methodology, we use both qualitative and quantitative methods in the following ways. Deductive strategy for investigating the research problem, two conventional methods of research; library and survey research, preparing and distributing 90 and 360 questionnaires for the evaluating of villages for collecting data, SPSS software, independent T-test and Wilcoxon test for statistical analysis of quantitative data, and the professors' viewpoints, executive directors' opinions, research achievements and field observations of the researcher for qualitative data have been used. Research findings indicate that people's employment in border exchanges has resulted in Temporary border markets have brought about positive changes in the indicators related to the economic, social and physical aspects of the rural settlement of the border areas of the region, especially the increase in income, population consolidation, the increase of renovation housing and, to a certain extent, the strengthening of rural housing, and as one of the activities The main features of residents of border settlements have an effective role in livelihoods diversity, reducing the unsustainability of rural settlements and improving livability of border regions of Kurdistan province, and the continuation of this activity will lead to the well-being of border settlements.

According to villagers' perspective on creative tourism, the common definition is that local residents should be proud of the creative space of the village, accept active participation in tourism development programs, and have an appropriate hospitality with regard to tourism. The purpose of this perspective is not considering local residents as a tourist destination and not assuming that only tourists can achieve a notable evaluation of the local creative space. Instead, residents should be considered as a group having an understanding of the originality of the creative space in their living place which will explain their attitude to the environment and be better hosts for tourists. In other words, tourist destination should not be regarded as a commercial package being sold to the tourist and causing destruction in the space (i.e. the sold out products). Cultural and legal discourse, as well as the attitudes and perceptions of the residents should be considered in this package. Preserving the natural environment of the living place is one of the concerns of residents in the villages of Iran and they expect tourists to pay more attention to creative tourism (cultural tourism, village tourism, etc.) to protect the natural environment and consider other aspects. In addition, the status of host and the areas with better acceptance are of great importance in the villages of Isfahan province, being visited by many tourists. In this regard, the present study pursues two main objectives. The first goal is to cluster tourism villages based on behavioral and environmental factors and the second goal is to investigate the effectiveness of behavioral and environmental factors on hospitality by residents being tested using the structural equation approach.

The present study was survey in terms of method. The main tool was a questionnaire in which the scoring method was adjusted based on five-option Likert scale ranging from very high to very low. Amos software was used for modeling and k-means clustering analysis was used for separating the target villages. The obtained data were displayed in the Scatter plot. The statistical population included the residents of the target villages of Isfahan province. A number of 187 subjects were selected using the convenience sampling method and the questionnaires were distributed randomly.

The items related to "villagers’ attitudes" variables were higher than the average. In variable "participation", the items of participation in environmental preservation, participation in guidance, and interaction with tourists had a good average. In variable "perception ", all items gained a good average. In variable "physical infrastructure", the status of the target villages was acceptable and finally, the villagers were satisfied with hospitality. The results of clustering indicated that the villages of plain region (hot climate) including "Mesr, Garmeh, Bayazeh and Qortan" were placed in cluster 1 (higher average) and the villages of mountainous region including "Abyaneh, Asfarajan, Khafr and Nashlaj, Abyaneh" were placed in cluster 2 (lower average). Scatter plot indicated that environmental factor improved the behavioral factor. The coefficient of determination (R2) revealed that 79% of behavioral factor was explained by environmental factor and there was a good correlation between environmental and behavioral factors.

In summary, the research model suggested that if two factors of behavioral and environmental in the village have creative features, they will affect the hospitality by villagers. In addition, the effect of behavioral factor was reported. In other words, perception, attitude, and participation of villagers are good predictors for the realization of hospitality. However, the role of environmental factor was highlighted. Furthermore, the environmental features of villages such as cultural, physical and environmental space had a serious effect on hosting tourists. The maximum average of creative hospitality variables was reported in the eastern villages of Isfahan province (Plain region with hot climate) and the villages of Mesr, Garmeh, and Bayazeh had the best conditions. Such results can be interesting for researchers in behavioral geography. Considering the behavioral factor and rural originality will significantly improve the hospitality by villagers and the interaction with tourists. The importance of the present study on this point indicated that no negative effect was found on damaging the rural originality and identity in the target villages of Isfahan, being visited by a large number of tourists.

Nowadays, rural governance as a new process in government with its own indicators can raise new discussions on local governance in rural areas and empower rural residents in different areas of decision making, implementation and evaluation. These are affected by factors such as environmental, economic, social and organizational factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting governance in local management of Zanjan Township. Considering the importance of the subject matter, the type of research is applied and the method is descriptive-analytic. To collect data, two methods of library and field studies were used. The statistical population of this research is 25588 households and local managers of the study area, which was calculated through a sample of rural households of 382 households. Among the local managers, 50 people of the sample village municipality and heads of Islamic councils were selected as samples. To analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Pearson correlation and regression were used. The results of the one sample t-test showed that the governance in the study areas is at a moderate level and a correlation test   showed that there is a significant relationship between all components and governance except for the components of distance from the city, the gender of the dignitary, the fire fighting equipment, the ownership of the land, and the building by asistant. Regarding the impact of the components, social capital has had the greatest impact on governance in the study area, so it can be said that in order to improve governance in the region, social capital should be strengthened as much as possible, along with other factors.

Pistol shooting performance in police officers is very important during chasing the suspects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on pistol shooting performance, pulse rate (PR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of police officers after exhaustive acute exercise.  In this semi- experimental study, 40 male officers with mean age of 30.12±2.21 years and more than eight years of police experience were divided into five groups of eight subjects including 1) control (C), 2) placebo consumption before exercise (PBE), 3) placebo consumption during exercise (PDE), (4) carbohydrate consumption before exercise (CBE), and 5) carbohydrate consumption during exercise (CDE). All subjects performed an exhaustive acute exercise on the treadmill between two shooting trails and according to the protocol; they consumed carbohydrates and placebo supplementation. Pistol shooting performance, PR, SBP and DBP were measured before and after exercise.  Pistol shooting performance in PBE and PDE groups significantly decreased after exercise (P≤0.05) nevertheless in CDE group significantly increased (P≤0.05) also PR and SBP in PBE, PDE, CBE, and CDE groups significantly increased after exercise (P≤0.05).  It appears that carbohydrates supplementation during exhaustive acute exercise can enhance pistol shooting performance in police officers.

The existence of numerous challenges and problems in rural areas has forced geographers to do their research to solve these challenges. It can be said that one of the effective pillars in achieving rural development is the way decisions and policies are made. Futures studies are used to write about the future and possible changes in national, regional, and organizational contexts to respond to change. This study sought to explain the effective indicators in policy-making for rural regions management of Kerman province to help make more accurate decisions for the future of villages and policy-making appropriate to these indicators. In this regard, the main question was: What are the most effective indicators in policy-making for the management of rural areas of Kerman province in the future? The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical. The study followed a systematic and structural view with the method of futures studies and the use of MICMAC software. The results showed that the current policy-making system for the management of rural areas in Kerman province cannot be considered stable and desirable. The most influential indicators in policy-making for the management of rural areas of Kerman province were the environment (score 986), rurality (score 918), economy (score 884), and culture of rural people (score 850). Also, the indicators of the environment (score 952), economy (score 952), the sustainability of policies (score 884) were the most dependent factors. For better policy-making and optimal management of rural areas of the province in the future, strategic variables should be considered including environmental variables as an effective factor and the resulting form of policies, rurality or environmental-social identity, the economic identity of the village, the impact, and economic goals of policies, respectively. It is also possible to develop and sustain the rural management system of the province by manipulating and improving the variables of the economy, the role of the government, and increasing the participation of the people.

Creative tourism goal is achieved through tourist’s memorable experiences. Creative tourism has positive influence on local society integrity and is effective on tourist and host interaction and at last leads to tourist’s re-traveling purpose. There are different influential factors in this type of tourism. The current study aims at investigating the effect of environmental-behavioral factors on creative tourism achievement in tourism target villages of Isfahan Province with structural equations analysis approach. Also clustering method has been used to separate target villages. Target villages tourists were statistical population of this study that 192 of them selected through convenience sampling method and questionnaires distributed among tourists randomly. Results were demonstrative of positive and significant effect of both factors on creative tourism achievement and environmental factor has had more influence. Also clustering results demonstrate that villages in plain area with hot climate had higher average in creative tourism variable rather than mountainous area.

In addition to preservation of and getting religious and legal rights of the government and people, one of the most important goals of ownership and consolidation of national and government domains is to keep and develop renewable natural resources and to allocate them for development of agricultural and productive activities. The ultimate goal of the legislator, has been movement towards comprehensive agricultural self-sufficiency, deprivation reduction, and development in villages. The present study aims at investigating the effect of national land resource allocation on rural sustainable development. As a result, the rural districts of Northern and Southern Bar’an, as a part of the central province of Isfahan, were selected.

The present study is applied in terms of aims, descriptive-analytical in terms of research method, and survey study in terms of data collection. Data collection was performed through library and field studies. The population of the research consisted of farmers of five villages of the Northern Bar’an rural district and five villages of the Southern Bar’an rural district and 30 experts. A sample 260 farmers were selected using Cochran formula.

The results indicated that the effectiveness of the allocation of national and government lands on the dimensions of rural sustainable development is at a moderate level. It shows poor efficiency of allocation of national and public land resources.

Problems like farmers' reluctance to cooperate and questionnaire distribution were among the challenges faced in this research.
Originality/value: Given the importance of the studied region in production and agricultural, the findings of the present study can be regarded a big step in exploiting the potentiality of this region to determine strategies for sustainable rural development.

Purpose: The objective of the study is to assess the satisfaction rate of village residents from life quality as a factor affecting immigration, together with the sense of belonging as a factor preventing immigration, and the correlation thereof, among the residents of Khosrowabad village (statistical population=672) in Konani district, Kuhdasht county. Design/methodology/approach: The method adopted is descriptive-analytic. The sample collected by Cochran sampling method constitutes 262 residents. The data required in this study are obtained by questionnaire and the descriptive inferential statistics is applied for data analysis. Findings: The results reveal that the satisfaction rate of residents from life quality in Khosrowabad village is lower than that of the average. The satisfaction rate of males with 2.88% is higher than that of females with 2.85%. The regression analysis results indicate that the economic index with 0.244 β is the most effective on life quality. The analysis of the sense of belonging revealed that the rate of this variable is higher than that of the average and the psychological-tranquility index with 0.493 β is the most effective. As to the Spearman test, the correlation between life quality satisfaction and sense of belonging is significant at 99%. Research limitations/implications: Life quality is a multidimensional issue with various definitions and theories thereof. The villagers’ attitude towards life quality and its indexes is restricted.
Originality/value: The attitude in this study towards such issues like life quality and sense of belonging is different and the study area is being exposed to this type of study for the first time.

Considering the importance of natural resources particularly in national lands, some strategies have been considered and used for organizing the various parts of natural resources including its conservation, reclamation, development and use, one of which is the assignment of national lands to Mosha (joint ownership) cooperatives.The Mosha Cooperative System was approved and implemented in 1980 with the aim of optimal use of the factors of production, performing the basic operations, integrated cultivation, increasing the crop yields and farmer's income, improving the farmer's living standards, and preventing the migration of villagers to cities. A large part of Iran's soil is in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world due to geographical conditions. Life in these areas necessarily relies on water and water resources, and the existence of water resources has always played a major role in the formation of human communities. Since the formation of human communities with the agricultural economy and the exploitation of land without water have always been impossible whether in the past or at present, people's livelihood in developing countries like Iran, where a significant part of the lives of a large part of the rural population is dependent on agriculture, is vulnerable to climate changes including drought. A total of 248 Mosha cooperatives were developed in Fasa between 1980 and 2006, which were initially successful due to the potential of the region for agriculture, but the lands assigned to Mosha cooperatives have not recently been used in some villages due to droughts and severe drops of groundwater.
Methods and material: This is a descriptive - analytical research, the data of which were collected using a survey as well as library study, and which has been conducted in 51 villages of the region under study where the project of national land transfer to joint cooperatives had been implemented. The study population includes all of the 248 joint cooperatives existing in the township under study. The sampling was done using complete enumeration method and the representatives of the joint cooperatives were surveyed. The data have been analyzed using the structural equation modeling and the AMOS software..Moreover, content validity has been used to assess the measurement tool, the validity of which was confirmed by some experts in this field. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used for testing the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The results showed that all of the components had good reliability, because the alpha value was greater than 0.7 in all of them.

The results of the structural equation modeling about the effect of agricultural status in Mosha cooperatives before and after drought on population survival indicate that agricultural status affects the migration of rural population to cities or their survival in their villages, and drought is one of the factors that determines the agricultural status in Mosha cooperative and acts as an economic factor affecting the survival of the population in rural areas. In developing countries such as Iran, where a significant part of the rural population is dependent on agriculture, people's livelihood is particularly vulnerable to climate changes such as drought. Drought has recently resulted in the reduced air and soil moisture, thirst of the environment, lower crop yields of agricultural lands, lower productivity and product quality, higher food prices and food insecurity, higher unemployment, soil erosion and fragility, and higher levels of the villager's poverty and migration to cities. According to the results obtained In fact, the villager's migration to cities increases after the drought and its consequent unfavorable agricultural conditions in Mosha cooperatives. In fact, before the drought, the agricultural status in Mosha cooperative has had a positive effect on the villager's survival. Considering these results, In fact, the villager's migration to cities increases after the drought and its consequent unfavorable agricultural conditions in Mosha cooperatives.

The data have been analyzed using the structural equation modeling and the AMOS software the regression coefficients obtained in the first model show that the pre-drought effect of the agriculture status in Mosha Cooperatives on the variable population maintenance and migration reduction is 0.487 and its effect on the variable the rural migrant's return from cities is 0.255, both showing a positive and significant effect at the error level of less than 0.05, and the direct and positive effect of agriculture status on the rural population's survival in their villages. However, beta coefficients in the second model for the post-drought effect of agriculture status in the cooperatives on these two variables with the values -0.360 and -0.28 at a level of significance less than 0.05 shows a reverse and significant effect, indicating agricultural stagnation in Mosha Cooperatives and its negative effect on migration. Considering these results, it can be said that drought has led to agricultural stagnation, which in turn has increased the rural-urban migration.

INTRODUCTIONCurrently, the discussions on social sustainability have exceeded the previous focus on the outgo of population from rural residences. In fact, social sustainability covers all the social dimensions and needs of the rural population, such as access to educational facilities, healthcare facilities, high access to cultural and arts resources, and other facilities which are necessary for the social life of modern man. Generally, achieving social sustainability in rural regions through improving its constituent indices and components as well as the factors affecting it, provides the ground for promoting the social capacities of villagers. This sustainability would enable the rural community to optimally use natural, social and economic resources in line with the goals of sustainable development.
Theoretical FrameworkIn general, social sustainability refers to the move towards a context in which all society members could fulfill their basic needs (e.g. reaching a reasonable level of peace, having a meaningful and purposeful life, living with passion, having access to equal and fair opportunities in education and healthcare for everyone). In order for social sustainability to become an ultimate objective, it has to be defined in a clear, controllable, recognizable and assessable manner. To this end, it seems vital to outline the major indices of social sustainability. The main indices for assessing social sustainability are as follows: dynamicity of population, empowerment, social unity and solidarity, social health and security, quality of employment and income, education, quality of services, housing and environment, quality of access to information, social participation, quality of national-institutional structures, optimism towards the future, satisfaction with the place of living and place belongingness, divorce and crime rates, equality, capability for adaptability, coexistence, social responsibility, being hopeful towards the future, feeling of happiness, extroversion and social interaction, social trust, fear of the spread of social anomalies, feeling of deprivation, satisfaction with the performance of social institutions, satisfaction with access to services, feeling happy, participation in cultural and recreational activities, participation in religious activities, participation in local activities, interpersonal trust, civil or institutional trust, and social justice.
METHODOLOGYThis study is functional in nature and descriptive-analytical in its purpose. The main purpose is to assess social sustainability and its spatial distribution in the rural regions of Iran, focusing on Barzak District of Kashan city, Iran. The population of this study covers all the householders in 11 villages with more than 20 households in Barzak District (N=2452). Due to the large size of the population and the time and financial limitations of the researchers, it was not possible to include all the householders in the study. Therefore, using Cochran’s sample size technique, 240 subjects were selected. In order to distribute the questionnaires in the villages under study, stratified sampling technique was employed. Considering the number of householders in each village, a number of questionnaires were prepared and then randomly distributed among the householders.
DISCUSSIONOverall, six variables had a significant correlation with the dependent variable of the study, namely household (negative correlation), income level, distance from police station (negative correlation), access to essential vehicles, job, and access to internet. It has to be mentioned that except two cases (household and distance from police station) which had a negative correlation with the dependent variable, the other independent variables were all positively correlated with the social sustainability of villagers in Barzak District, Kashan, Iran. In order to promote social sustainability among the villagers investigated in this study, special attention has to be focused on the constituting components of the indices with undesirable status:1. Job satisfaction index (diversifying job opportunities, allocating special credits and facilities for villagers in order to promote their job satisfaction, increasing wages and supporting the productions of villagers)
2. Satisfaction with access to services (developing and strengthening educational, healthcare, fundamental and communicational services)
3. Satisfaction with the trustee institutions (more attention on the part of trustees of rural issues, including councils, housing foundations, agricultural organization, etc. to the requirements and needs of villagers)
One of the main reasons for the difference of social sustainability among different villages of the area under study is the differences in enjoying the indices of social sustainability, including social interaction, being hopeful towards the future, security, job satisfaction, satisfaction with access to services, etc. Investigation of social sustainability in the villages of Barzak District indicated that the southern and northern parts of this district enjoyed a higher-than-average level of social sustainability. On the contrary, the eastern, central, and western parts of this district had an average and less-than-average social sustainability index. These differences may be attributed to variations in social sustainability indices and the independent variables related to social sustainability.
CONCLUSIONThe results of this study indicated that the mean value of social sustainability index among the villagers of Barzak District in Kashan was 3.24, which is higher than the basic value of 3. Therefore, it is considered to be higher than average. The results of investigating the prioritization of social sustainability indices in the area under study indicated that social interaction, being hopeful towards the future, responsibility, social anomalies and security had the highest impact on social sustainability.
Also, the conditions of social sustainability in the villages of Barzak District indicated a significant difference among the villages under study with regards to social sustainability. In other words, there is a gap and inequality among the villages of this district in terms of the social sustainability index.

The research has been done to plan the sustainable development of tourism with emphasis on ecological residences in Hanza region. This research is a practical study with a descriptive- analytic approach. The studied population consists of two groups of tourists and experts. All the population of experts has been studied due to its small size. While the population of tourists due to the uncertainty of the size and the minimum sample size for surveys, 120 tourists were selected from March 2015. Cronbach's alpha value for ensurence index were calculated for the tourists 0/81 and 0/89 for the Group of Experts. Data were analyzed in the softwares of SPSS and Excel with using one-sample T-test, Friedman test and SWOT model. One-sample T-test results showed that the satisfaction of tourists from facilities with average 1/55 and satisfaction in terms of the tourism potential was above average 14/17.
Results of Friedman test that used to prioritize residences in Hanza region showed that the most appropriate option for tourists to stay are ecological residences. In addition to, the results of SWOT model indicated that making ecological destinations have various weaknesses and threats despite have strengths. Among the strategies, first place with a score of 3/053, threats, weaknesses, with scores 3/013, 2/879 and 2/874 respectively next ranks. The best strategy according to the conditions of the ecological destinations in Hanza region is the competitive aggressive strategies with an emphasis on maintaining the existing situation.

This study aimed at evaluating the impact of drought on the economic status and livelihood of the rural households in collective operation units (cooperatives) in Fasa county of Iran. The effects of drought on the employment status, production performance, production costs and satisfaction with income were formulated within four hypotheses. A descriptive-analytical research method was used and the study population included 248 joint cooperatives of the county, with all the supervisors of the units being surveyed using the complete enumeration method. The required data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. The hypotheses were tested using Wilcoxon statistic. The results showed that drought had a negative effect on the livelihood of rural households who were the members of these cooperatives. The Wilcoxon statistic values for all dimensions at an error level smaller than 0.05 indicated a significant difference between the rural people's livelihoods before and after the drought .

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of microcredit provided by Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) on preventing rural outflow migrations. This study is an applied research, its methodology is descriptive-analitical and the instrument used was questionnaire. Without any need for sampling, all 142 persons who received employment microcredits from IKRF in Khomein County in year 2014 were subjects of our study. Because of lack of access to all statistical population, questioning was conducted for 121 households and the resulting data were analyzed by using Wilcoxon test, t single sample, Pearson and structural equation modeling. The results of hypothesis tests using Pearson correlation coefficient show that microcredit provided by IKRF has a positive effect with beta 0/719 on the economic situation and household income and with beta coefficient of 0/340 on population sustainment with an error level of error of less than to %5. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between household income and population sustainment is 0/369 for an error level of less than %5 and this result confirms this hypothesis. So creating jobs through microcredit and giving priority to investment for creation of new employment opportunities can be one of effective ways to prevent irrational migration from rural areas.