فهرست مطالب yusef omidi khaniabadi

Background & Aims:

The aim of this study was to assess the health effect of exposure to particulate matter (PM10) in the selected Iranian west and southwest cities.

The hourly in-situ PM10 data were transformed to daily, then used to assess mortality among under exposed people of Ahvaz, Khorramabad, and Ilan by the baseline incidence and relative risk (RR). The rate of total mortality (M-total), cardiovascular mortality (M-CV), and respiratory mortality (M-RD) were calculated finally.

Our results revealed that the highest percentage of person-days (%PDE) was estimated at 130-139 μg m-3. In addition, 6.8% (95% CI: 5.8-7.8%), 6.0% (95% CI: 5.1-6.9%), and 3.7% (95% CI: 3.1-4.2%) of M-total, 7.3% (95% CI: 4.8-15.1%), 6.4% (95% CI: 4.1-13.4%), and 3.9% (95% CI: 2.5-8.5%) of M-CV, and eventually 10.6% (95% CI: 7.3-15.1%), 9.3% (95% CI: 6.4-24.1%), and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.0-16.0%) of M-RD were for PM10 exposure more than 10 μg m-3 in the studied cities.

To control dust storms, some efforts should be organized on a governmental scale, including the desertification of the dust sources by green space. Further, health-care centers should recommend the public to use proven individual air masks.

Modeling the dispersion of pollutants from factory stacks addresses the problem of matching emissions of a cement plant with the capacity of the environment to avoid affecting the environment and society. The main objective of this study was to simulate the dispersion of carbon monoxide (CO) from the main stack of a cement plant in Doroud, Iran using SCREEN3 software developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).
Four samplings were conducted to measure the concentration of CO in the three-stack flow of a cement factory. The input parameters were those affecting gas dispersion and included CO rate, meteorological parameters, factors associated with the stack, and various factors related to the receptor. All factors were incorporated in the model, and dispersion was modeled by SCREEN3.
Southwesterly winds have been dominant in the past 5 years. According to the results of this study, the highest and the lowest CO levels were estimated by the model in spring and autumn as having maximum amounts of 842.06 and 88.31 μg/m3, respectively, within distances of 526 and 960 m from the cement plant, respectively, at a downwind southwesterly direction from the plant.
Although the maximum predicted CO levels in each of the four seasons were lower than the NAAQS criteria, the simulation results can be used as a base for reducing CO emissions to prevent the potentially significant health and environmental impacts imposed by long-term contact to such emissions.

Background & Aims of the Study: The most important compounds in hospital wastewater are antibiotics, disinfectants, anesthetics, radioactive elements, static cytotoxic agents, other chemicals and hazardous materials that caused to be different domestic sewage. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of performance of extended aeration biological system in pollutants removal from Razi Hospital wastewater treatment plant (WTP), Ahvaz city of Iran.
The hospital wastewater disposal and treatment in Razi hospital have been studied in this cross-sectional research. Total of 12 samples from effluents of wastewater treatment plants were collected and tested for pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Total Coliform (TC). EPA standard method was used for conducted trials. Finally, the relationship between results at different months and stations was done, using SPSS18 and descriptive statistics.
Results shown that parameters average in effluent was pH=7.46¡ BOD= 48.58 mg/l, COD=99.25 mg/l, TSS=54 mg/l, NH3=5.65mg/l, Turbidity=29.57 NTU. Also total coliform and fecal coliform of effluent were 46.19 MPN/100 ml and 36.65 MPN/100 ml, respectively. According to results, the percentage of BOD, COD, TSS and TC removal in WTP were 85.21, 82.46, 86 and 90.15.
Based on these findings, Razi hospital effluent wastewater treatment plant was mitted at Iran environmental standards for discharge to recipient wasters. Based on the result of our study, Extended Aeration Biological System is a comparatively suitable process for BOD, COD, TSS and TC removal from hospital wastewater.

Background & Aims of the Study: One of the most important pollutants in drinking water, air and soils is heavy metals. It is very harmful for humans and other live organisms. The purpose of this study was the usage of a co-composting process for removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste and sewage sludge.
This experimental study was a conducted sewage sludge and municipal solid waste. For collection of samples from urban solid waste composting and wastewater treatment plant, a 200 mL polyethylene bottles was used, samples after acidification were stored in a dark place at 4°C temperature until the metals analysis the heavy metals values remaining in the samples was measured by graphite furnace absorption spectrometer method (Varian, SpectrAA 240, Australia). In this study, we used SPSS version 16 for data processing; and they were also analyzed by descriptive statistics.
Result of this study showed that values of C/N in the first, second and third stage compost were 31.7, 27.3 and 41.8, respectively. Based on the result of this study the value of removal of Cd with 9.8 mg kg-1 in first stage and Cr, Cu and Zn with 89, 21 and 87.6 mg kg-1 in third stage were highest treatment.
Our results show that co-composting process between many treatment processes having to be cost effective for heavy metal removal from solid waste and wastewater treatment.

Synthetic dyes have several harmful effects on human health as well as aquatic life. In this study, activated carbon (AV-AC), based on Aloe vera leaf shells, was used as a novel agricultural adsorbent, one that is low-cost and available for the removal of Congo red (CR) as a carcinogenic dye from aqueous solutions.
In the batch system, the influence of different parameters like contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial CR concentration were examined on the dye removal from liquid medium. The experimental data were fitted by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and also Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models.
The optimum contact time and pH for the uptake of CR were obtained at 20 minutes and acidic pH of 2. The maximum uptake capacity of CR dye by AV-AC was 1850 mg/g. The results showed that the experimental data were well-fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.99) and Freundlich isotherm model (R2 > 0.99).
According to the results of our study, the AV-AC is a low-cost, non-toxic, and effective adsorbent for the uptake of CR dye from aqueous media.

In this batch study, montmorillonite was modified by a cationic surfactant [hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-MMT)] and used as sorbent to remove bromocresol green (BCG) from aqueous solutions. The effect of several factors such as surfactant loading rate onto the clay, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and ion strength were investigated on the sorption. The equilibrium time for BCG sorption was reached at contact time of 20 minutes. Fitting the experimental data to different kinetic and isotherm models showed that the experimental data are well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 > 0.99) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.99) models. According to the results of this study, HDTMA-MMT can be considered as a low-cost, eco-friendly, and highly effective option for the sorption of BCG from aqueous solutions.

Background & Aims of the Study: Detergent and phosphate are one of the main and vital threats (eutrophication phenomenon and production of synthetic foam) for the source of drinking water, agriculture and industrial uses in the Ahvaz, Iran that threaten human health. The aim of this study is evaluate to efficiency of the electrocoagulation (EC) process in the removal of detergent and phosphate from car wash effluent.
In this experimental study in a laboratory scale we used a glass tank with a volume of 2-4 liters (effective volume of 2 liters) containing 4 electrode-plate iron and aluminum (AL-AL, AL-Fe, Fe-Fe). Using a bipolar method to convert alternative electricity to direct current, electrodes were connected to a power supply. Daily samples were collected from different car wash sewage. Initial PHs of samples was from 7 to 9. At first, different tests were performed on primary samples. Reaction times were set for 90, 60, 30 minutes with middle intervals of 2 cm.
According to result this study, percentage of phosphate removal in the EC with Al-Fe electrode with an optimum pH = 7 have been from 34 % phosphate removal (in the 10 Volt) to 78% phosphate removal (in the 30 Volt). Percentage of detergent removal in the EC with AL electrode with an optimum pH = 7 have been from 68 % detergent removal (in the 10 Volt) to 94% detergent removal (in the 30 Volt).
Altogether it was found that this method can be used as a confident and convenient method for treating car wash effluent and according to the highest removal efficiency of the process, effluent can be discharged safely into the environment.

Background & Aims of the Study: Recent studies indicated that particulate matter can have the lung irritation, chronic lung diseases, lung tissue, etc. The aim objective of this study was to assess the mortality associated with exposure to PM10 concentrations in Ilam, Iran, during 2013.
PM10 data were taken from Ilam's Local Agency of Environment (I-LAE). The annual mortality, including total, cardiovascular, and respiratory due to PM10 were estimated, using AirQ2.2.3 software model. The relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) defaulted by WHO were used for this purpose.
The number of excess cases for total, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was estimated 161, 85 and 17 persons, respectively for a year exposure to PM10 among the people. About 3.95% of mortalities were occurred in the days with concentration levels less than 20 μg/m3. The most percentage of person-days attributed to different levels of PM10 was found to be in concentration of 40-49 µg/m3.
In order to diminish the health impacts of particulate matter in Ilam city, health training by health systems should be conducted to public people especially persons with chronic lung and heart diseases, elderly and children to reduce their activities in the dusty days.

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter lower than 10 µm (PM10) has the most undesired adverse effects on human health. Several studies reported a strong correlation between PM levels and hospital admissions owing to chronic and acute respiratory and cardiovascular diseases..
The current study aimed to estimate the effect of PM10 as a primary pollutant on respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in Ilam, Iran, in 2013..
PM10 data was taken from the Ilam environmental protection agency. The annual morbidity including hospital admission for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to PM10 exposure were estimated using relative risk (RR) and baseline incidence (BI) based on world health organization (WHO) databases for AirQ2.2.3 model..
The results showed that the maximum level of PM10 was obtained in summer with a concentration of 491 μg/m3. The cumulative number of excess cases admitted to the hospital for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were 216 and 84, respectively. Approximately 3.95% of the cases hospitalized due to PM10 occurred during days with concentration levels lower than 20 μg/m3. The highest rate of person-days related to PM10 that led to heath effect among Ahvaz inhabitants was in concentration levels of 40 - 49 µg/m3..
To reduce the impacts of particulate matter on health status of people in Ilam, necessary training by health systems should be conducted for people, especially those with chronic lung and heart diseases, the elderly and children to reduce their activities on the dusty days..

Among ambient air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) has the most undesired adverse effects on human health. Many studies have reported that there is a strong correlation between PM concentrations and hospital admissions due to chronic or acute respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between air quality and health endpoints of PM10 in Khorramabad, Iran.
The PM10 sampling was carried out with a high-volume sampler at a flow rate of 1.1 - 1.4 m3/min from January through December 2014. Meteorological data was also collected and evaluated. The total mortality and morbidity rates were calculated using the AirQ2.2.3 software model.
The highest concentrations of PM10 were obtained in July, with the mean concentration of 136.48 µg/m3. Eastern and southeastern winds are the prevailing and semi-prevailing winds in Khorramabad. The worst air quality was also observed in July. The total mortality rate during the study was estimated to be 320 persons.
In order to diminish the health impacts of particulate matter in Khorramabad, health training for the public, especially for persons with chronic lung and heart diseases, the elderly, and children, should be conducted by health systems to encourage them to reduce their activities during dusty days.

Dust originated from cement production is one of the most important environmental problems. Doroud Cement Plant is one of pollutant industries in Doroud Township. The aim of this study was to survey the dust amounts measuring (PM10 and PM2.5), air quality investigation in terms of PM10 and PM2.5 and compute of individual exposure rate.
In this analytical-description study, Dust Truck Model TSI 8520 was used for the sampling of particulate matter. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were evaluated in 10 sampling stations in surrounding of cement plant according to the EPA guideline. These stations were important in terms of exposure with dust. The data was analyzed by SPSS-16.0 software and statistics tests of One-way ANOVA and T-test.
Findings: The results of this study showed that the maximum concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 was 61.4±12.02 µg/m3 and 36.8±2.12 µg/m3, respectively. In 3.06 % of the samples of PM10, the air quality was in unhealthy state and 100 % of the samples of PM2.5, the air quality were reported to be in good condition. In addition, the amounts of personal exposure with PM10 and PM2.5 were in the range of 491.2-614 μg-h/m3 and 294.4-368 μg-h/m3, respectively.
Discussion & Increase of dust concentration from the plant stack has been transferred the irritant and hazardous pollutants to the Doroud Township and residential areas. Therefore, it is recommended that novel methods such as Bag Filters, Bag Houses and Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) should be used to reduce the dust from stack.

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10μm (PM10) has the great adverse endpoints on human health. The aim of this study was to assess the hospital admissions (HA) due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) attributed to PM10 among people living in the cities of Ahvaz, Khorramabad and Ilam, during 2014. In this study, Air Quality Health Impact Assessment (AirQ2.2.3) software proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess of health impacts of atmospheric pollutants was used. To evaluate human exposure and health outcome of PM10, 24-hour data was taken from the Departments of Environment of Ahvaz, Khorramabad and Ilam. We acquired an input file for the software from raw data and quantified PM10 by the AirQ2.2.3 model. The annual averages in three study areas illustrated that PM10 concentration in Ahvaz and Ilam with values of 534.77 and 60.45μg/m3, were the highest and lowest in 2014, respectively. The number of excess cases for HA due to CVD in Ahvaz, Khorramabad, and Ilam was estimated 508, 144 and 66 persons, respectively. The most percentage of person-days was attributable to the concentration interval of 130-139µg/m3 of PM10, whereas this was for Khorramabad and Ilam 60-69 and 40-49µg/m3, respectively. The comparison of PM10 concentrations with NAAQS standard was revealed the annual average of particulate matter concentrations in Ahvaz was higher than standard. Therefore, the efforts should be conducted in the governmental scale to prevent pollution and reduce PM10 emission from various sources, such as transport and industries and also control dust entering the country by spreading mulch and development of green space.

Air pollution due to particulate matter is a major environmental and health issue in all regions of the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the health impacts of PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10μm) in Khorramabad city, Iran in 2014.

In this study, PM10 sampling was conducted by a high-volume sampler at flow rate of 1.1-1.4 m3/min. The annual mortality and morbidity to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases attributable to PM10 exposure were estimated by AirQ software model. This model has been proposed to health impact assessment of atmospheric pollutants by World Health Organization (WHO).

The annual, winter and summer averages of PM10 were 80.59, 58.28, and 80.59μg/m3, respectively. The total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases and hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases were estimated 320, 304, 72, 507 and 201 cases, respectively.

In order to diminish the adverse health effects of particulate matter in Khorramabad city, health training by healthcare centers should be conducted to public people especially persons with chronic lung and heart diseases, elderly and children. Moreover, the efforts should be conducted in the governmental scale in order to control the Middle East dust storms (MED) sources.

In this study, activated carbon synthesized from Aloe vera green wastes was used as a sorbent to remove 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solutions. The influence of contact time (0-100 minutes), pH (2-8), adsorbent dosage (1-9 g/l), and initial 4-CP concentration (10-60 mg/l) in batch system was investigated on the sorption. The sorbent was specified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Equilibrium for 4-CP sorption was reached at contact time of 40 minutes. The pH of 2 was also found to be the optimum pH in the sorption process. Fitting the experimental data to different kinetic and isotherm models illustrated that the experimental data was well fitted by pseudo-second order kinetic (R2 > 0.98) and Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.99) models. According to the results, activated carbon prepared from Aloe vera green wastes is a low-cost effective option for the sorption of 4-CP from aqueous solutions.

Discharging of industrial colored wastewaters especially into aqueous environments can cause adverse effects on aquatic life due to their toxic natures. In this study, montmorillonite modified by hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA-Mt) was used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB).

The influence of surfactant loading rate, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration and ion strength in batch system was evaluated. HDTMA-Mt was also characterized by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Fitting the experimental data to different kinetics and isotherm models including pseudo-first order kinetic, pseudo-second order kinetic, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms showed that the experimental data is well descripted by pseudo-second order kinetic (R2=1) and Freundlich (R2>99) models. The optimum contact time for the sorption was achieved at 60 min and changing in pH values had insignificant effects on the sorption.

The findings of the present study indicated that HDTMA-Mt can be successfully applied for the removal of MB from aqueous solutions. The modified Mt, due to high accessibility, low cost and non-toxicity, can be considered to replace with other high cost adsorbents

Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies، as well as، family welfare، this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012. In this trend study، statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software. The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While، the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15-year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program)، it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups. Overall، health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research، some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.