فهرست مطالب zafari

In this paper, failure mechanism of a 17th stage blade of an 82.5 MW steam turbine that caused damage to the internal turbine compartment and the adjacent blade equipment has been studied. In order to determine the cause of failure and prevent similar events, various metallurgical and mechanical investigations including chemical composition analysis, metallography and microstructural analysis, fractography using scanning electron microscope and hardness and tensile tests were carried out. The initial results showed that the alloy had a chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties in the acceptable range, and the fracture failure was not due to the mechanical and metallurgical degradation during the service. The results of the fractography indicate high cycle fatigue as the main mechanism of the failure and shows that the fatigue crack has initiated from the adjacent hole relative to the vibration damped wire near to the brazing region on the blade, due to inadequate quality and incomplete connection of the brazing and its stress concentration effect the hole, which eventually has propagated and reached a critical level, and a sudden failure of the blade has occurred.

The plant parasitic nematodes are among the most important agents causing losses in agricultural crops (Nicol et al. 2013). The golden cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923; Behrens, 1975) is the most destructive nematode of potato in the world (Brodie, 1984). Chitin is the most abundant polymer in structure of nematode eggshell. Chitinases are widely distributed in fungi and play important roles in degradation of chitin. The aim of this study was to assay chitinase activity in 16 isolates of various species of Fusarium obtained from golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. In the current study, 16 Fusarium isolates were recovered from infected eggs of the golden potato cyst nematode, G. rostochiensis. These isolates were identified based on morphological (Seifert, 1996) and molecular features including internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene) of ribosomal DNA. Total genomic DNA was extracted from lyophilized mycelia with a QIAGEN DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Germany). ITS regions of ribosomal DNA were amplified with the ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) primers. PCR amplifications were performed with total reaction volume of 25 μl using a Takara EmeraldAmp GT PCR Master Mix. PCR products were separated by electrophoresis technique using 1% agarose gel in 1X Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) buffer by adding 12 μl SYBR-safe 10,000X concentrate DNA stain to melted agarose before running the gel and finally visualized under ultraviolet illuminator. The ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S sequences were obtained by sequencing both strands in opposite directions using the PCR amplification primers, ITS1 and ITS4 in genomics resource laboratory at Massachusetts University, USA. Colloidal chitin was prepared using the procedure of Tikhonov et al. (2002). For enzyme assay in liquid media, the 16 isolates were grown in minimal synthetic medium (MSM) containing colloidal chitin (1 g l-1) based on the method described by Zeilinger et al. (1999). The culture medium was filtered through Whatman paper No. 3 filter followed by filtration through 0.2-mm Millipore polydifluoropropilene membranes. The filtrate obtained was analyzed for chitinolytic activity. Chitinase activity was determined by measuring the release of reducing saccharides from colloidal chitin by the N-acetyl-glucosamine-dinitrosalicylate method according to the method described by Monreal and Reese (1969). Protein concentration was determined according to Bradford (1976) with bovine serum albumin (Sigma) as the standard. Chitinase specific activity was obtained by dividing the enzyme activity rate by total protein mass. Enzyme assay was done to determine the most promising isolates for biological control of G. rostochiensis in 24 and 96 h after fungal growth. The chitinase specific activity data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using software SAS, version 9.0 (Statistical Analysis System Institute Inc., USA) in a CRD (completely randomized design) with three replicates. Two selected isolates were assayed using a chitinase assay, fluorimetric kit-CS1030 (Sigma). The assay included three substrates, 4-Methylumbelliferyl N,N′-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside, 4-Methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminide and 4-Methylumbelliferyl β-D-N,N′,N′′-triacetylchitotriose for the detection of the chitinolytic isozymes Chitobiosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and Endochitinase. The experiment was a randomized complete block design (RCB) with three replicates. Chitinase activity was subjected to analysis of variance using software SAS, version 9.0. Enzyme activity was expressed over time using the Logistic-Peak, software Slide Write, version 2.0. Two isolates (the strongest and weakest ones) were selected to determine the optimum conditions for chitinase production. The measured conditions were pH, temperature and reaction time between enzyme and substrate in a N-acetyl-glucosaminedinitrosalicylate method. According to measurements taken by an enzyme activity assay kit, the fourth day (96 h) showed the highest activity for the two selected isolates. We then tested our two isolates at pHs of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, temperatures of 22°C, 25°C, 28°C, 31°C for differing periods of time (1 h, 6 h, and 24 h). The experiment was based on factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Analysis of variance chitinase activity was performed using SAS 9.0 software. Among 16 isolates, F12 (1/02 U/mg) and F15 (0/04 U/mg) had the maximum and minimum amount of specific activity, respectively. According to morphological features and sequencing of ITS regions (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene) of ribosomal DNA, these 16 isolates were classified in three species i.e. F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. equiseti. The optimum conditions to produce chitinase in isolates of F12 and F15 were pH=6, 96 hours after fungal growth in 25°C and the reaction between the enzyme and substrate during one hour achieved by the N-acetyl-glucosamine-dinitrosalicylate method. As a producer of various chitinase enzymes, the filamentous fungus, Fusarium spp. seems to be recommendable to biologically control Globodera rostochiensis.

Techno-economic performance indices of an active power filter are affected by power losses of the converters that are used in its structure. In this paper, the equations needed to calculate the losses in both conventional VSC and CSC based and also VCSC based filters which has been recently proposed in valuable references, are derived. Despite the significant advantages in a VCSC filter, there are always doubt and concern for the losses due to the use of two different converters. With this motivation, the losses are divided into four main sections including AC losses, DC losses, conducting and switching losses in semiconductors. These equations provide the possibility of relative comparison of losses between traditional filters and VCSC one. Simulation of various structures of active filter in a typical test system in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment shows that total losses in the proposed VCSC based filter is near to VSC based and much lower than CSC based one. This is on condition that the simultaneously use of two converters in a unified filter and with a same THD, increases the reliability and aggregates benefits of both conventional filters. Also, for validating the computations, power losses of filters are assessed in half of the nominal load power and for five switching frequencies.

Regarding the treatment of cancer, due to the limitation in the use of high dose and resistance of cancer cells, it is necessary to use optimal methods that have high therapeutic efficacy and reduce the dose of radiation and medicine. The aim of the present research was to investigate toxicity of cisplatin under the influence of static magnetic field in susceptible and drug-resistant cell. In the present experimental study, A2780-CP resistant cell classes and susceptible to A2780 cisplatin were investigated in the field and drug-treated cell groups compared to the drug-receiving group alone, and to determine the effect of static magnetic field and concentration of drug, 10mT for 24 hours and logarithmic drug concentration (1, 10, 50, 100, and 500mcg/ml) were used. Inhibitory concentration of 50% cell growth (IC50) was obtained for the cells in the absence and presence of the magnetic field after conversion of the absorption obtained in the ELISA from the MTT test to cytotoxicity percentage. Data were analyzed with Prism software using two-way ANOVA and T-test. In the presence of a static magnetic field and different drug concentrations, a greater reduction in the percentage of In vivo cells was observed. IC50 values for A2780 cells in the absence and presence of magnetic fields were 27.69±9.58 and 8.96±1.48μg/ml for A2780-CP, and 61.61±8.03 and 9.58±3.13μg/ml, respectively. The mortality rate of the cells treated with cisplatin under the influence of the magnetic field is more in susceptible and drug-resistant cells than that of only drug use. Drug-resistance decreases in the drug-resistant cell class in the presence of a magnetic field.

Seventy-five isolates of the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, collected from seven wheat producing provinces in Iran, were studied using the molecular markers ISSR and SSR to determine its structure and genetic variations within its populations. Results indicated that the populations of the causal agent of this disease had a relatively high level of genetic diversity, with the total average genetic diversity (Ht) of 0.34 in the studied samples. When the genetic diversity was divided by the genetic diversity within and between the tested fungal populations, intra-population and inter-population genetic diversities were, respectively, 69 and 31%. Moreover, results showed that there was a strong gene flow between the studied provinces. The maximum genetic diversity among the studied provinces was observed in Ardebil and Khuzestan Provinces, and cluster analysis also revealed that the fungal populations of these two provinces had the greatest similarity with each other.

Schefflera arboricola is a flowering plant in the family Araliaceae; its common name is dwarf umbrella tree. It is an evergreen shrub and a popular ornamental plant, commonly grown as an indoor plant. During a sampling in 2015, a new leaf spot symptoms was observed on S. arboricola plants in several greenhouses in the Hamadan province, Iran. Most of the plants were severely damaged by this disease. The presumed causal agent was isolated from symptomatic leaves. Based on morphological and cultural characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Colletotrichum species, probably belonging to the C. gloeosporioides species complex. By means of molecular data (TUB2 & GAPDH) the fungus was revealed to be C. gloeosporioidessensu stricto. Pathogenicity tests showed that the fungus is the causal agent of leaf spot on S. arboricola shrubs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides sensu stricto on S. arboricola in Iran.

Potato (Solanumtuberosum) is one of the most important crops used as a source of human food. Iran is the third-largest producer of potato in Asia, where the production rate in 2015 was estimated to be about 5 million tonnes. Potato producers inHamedan province produce 21.3% oftotal potato harvestedinIran. Golden potato cyst nematode, Globoderarostochiensis is the most destructive potato pathogen. As the chitin is a dominant composition in middle layer of the eggshell, using the chitinases produced as chitin-degrading enzymes in a wide range of fungiis a good strategy for biological control of the golden potato cyst nematode. We assessedthe ability of various antagonistic fungi to control Globoderarostochiensisunder in vitro and greenhouse conditions.
Thirty four fungal isolates obtained from infected eggs of the potato cyst nematode, Globoderarostochiensisin potato fieldsofHamedan were evaluated in two chitin-agar and water-agar mediums under in vitro and greenhouse conditions.The ability of thechitinase enzyme production was assessedin chitin-agar medium with colloidal chitin as substrate, so the chitin was used as exclusive source of carbon.Colloidal chitin was prepared based onthe procedure of Seyedasliet al. (2004) with 10 g of powder chitin from practical-grade crab shell chitin (Sigma) in 100 ml of 85% H3PO4. Water was added to the above mixtureand was filtered with cheese cloth. To completely remove acid, water addition and filtrationrepeated for several times. The produced unguent materialwas dried and powdered and then used as carbon source in the medium. 0.5 percent of colloidal chitin was added to the medium. Afterwards, a 5 mm disk from the edges of 5days old was placed in the center of Petridish and all of them were kept for 5 days at 25º C. Chitinase detection medium (chitin-agar) was directly supplemented with colloidal chitin (5 g/l) and bromocresol purple (0.15 g/l). The ability of antagonistic activity of the fungi on the cyst nematode was testedin water-agar medium through assessing the interaction between fungi and cysts. The numbers of healthy and parasitized (dead) larvae and eggs were calculated after two weeks. The ability of the antagonistic fungi under greenhouse conditions was also analyzed. To provide fungal inoculum, 20g of soaked wheat seed were cast in nylon with autoclave capability. 2 ml distilled water were added per gram of cast seed and they were autoclaved threetimesduring 24 hours. Four fungi disk with 5 mm diameter from selected isolates were then added to allnylonswiththreerepetitions and werekept in 25ºC and dark conditions. To colonizeall of the seeds and avoid hangingthem, the seeds in nylons were mixed within 48 hours interval. After three weeks all of the seeds were infected with fungal isolates. The ability of the antagonistic fungi under greenhouse conditions was studiedby adding fungal inoculum and 100 cysts to each pot and performance evaluation of potato traits in pot after 90 days.
ANOVA (Analysis of variance) data analysis was conducted using of the SAS software version 9.0 in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates under all conditions.
The ANOVA results ofqualitative evaluation for chitinase activity in Petri dish containing chitin-agar showed significant difference among isolates at1% level of significance. Furthermore, there was apositiveassociationbetween diameter and chitanase activity. Isolates 153(P. lilacinus) and 6 (C. parapsilosis) had the maximum and minimumdiameter, respectively.
A significant difference was foundamong isolatesin the 0.1% level of significance. Isolate 152 (L. muscarium) had the greatestantagonistic ability and 62 (F. solani)was the weakest antagonist isolate.
Mean comparisons of measured performance traits of potato in pot showed in all traits thatisolates 154 (T. atroviridae)and 151 (B. bassiana)were the best antagonist isolates under greenhouse conditions. Isolates56 (F. equiseti)and 12 (F. oxysporum)with the lowest measured values in all functional traits were alsothe weakest antagonist fungi.
The results illustrated a strong correlation between antagonistic ability of fungal isolates under in vitro and greenhouse conditions.Therefore, fungal isolates can effectively reduce the nematode damages. Finally, isolates 151(B. bassiana), 152(L. muscarium), 153 (P. lilacinus) and 154(T. atroviridae) were selected as the strongest antagonistic fungi in controlling this nematode.

In this study¡ using kinetic energy¡ strain energy and non-conservative forces work of the wing and flutter the governing equations of motion were derived through Lagrange’s method. The wing preforms as a Cantilever Euler-Bernoulli beam and unsteady aerodynamic lift and moment are considered in terms of Theodorsen’s function. The effects of rotor and its location¡ thrust force¡ blades angular velocity and air stream velocity on the wing flutter and dynamic stability of wing have been investigated. Numerical simulations are indicated that increasing the distance of the rotor location from tip of the wing¡ the amplitude of oscillations is increased and with dramatic reduction of flutter speed the instability can be observed in the system. The increasing of thrust force also results the increase of flutter speed and instability of the system. Furthermore¡ where the speed of air stream reaches higher than the flutter speed¡ instability occurs in the system.

Aims: The increasing use of the electromagnetic devices in daily life leads to higher electromagnetic filed effects. The effects on the organic systems are contradictory and controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different intensities and durations of the static magnetic fields on the living cells and their proliferation rate.
In the applied study, two HeLa cancer cell lines and human fibroblast natural cells were studied. At first, the cells were cultured on DMEN medium. Three magnetic intensities (7, 14, and 21T) and two durations (24 and 48h) were used, and the cells were treated by static magnetic field. The living cell percentage and cell proliferation rate were assessed by MTT method. Trypan blue was used in staining. And an optical microscope was used in enumeration. Data was analyzed by Graphpad Prism 5 using one-way ANOVA.
Findings: The higher the static magnetic field and the more the duration were, the lesser the percentage of living cells and cell proliferation, showing a significant reduction in the HeLa cancer cells, while it was insignificant in the fibroblast natural cells. The highest reduction in the living cell percentage and cell proliferation rate was in 48-hour 21T (p The static magnetic field affects the HeLa cancer cells more than the fibroblast cells. The higher the field intensity and the more the duration are, the lesser the alive cell percentage and cell proliferation rate.

City or polis, as a dynamic system, is continuously varying and changing. In some ages of history some events, as inflexion point, have caused sudden, immediate and unexpected transitions in form and spatial construction of cities. In the meantime, the land reform had the basic role in the immediate progression of cities, and caused unplanned migration of rural people to cities. This article evaluates the economic roots of this problem on the basis of urban sustainability views to provide a proper context for better realizing and judging when they are applied in urban planning fields. This research is of application – development kind, and its method of study is descriptive – analytic. The method applied here is also based on field operation (direct observation, filling various questionnaires) and the use of available documents. The statistic community of the research involves (n) hundred thousand people and according to the formula of Kokran, the estimated number of sample volume (N) was 390 people. The method of sampling is of accidental – bunching and multistage kind from ten areas of Tabriz. For ensuring the validity and reliability of the study of this research, the validity and contental and questionnaire reexamination method have been used, and its reliability coefficient obtained equal to 82 percent. The data of this research have been analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics methods and SPSS software. The data obtained from the research shows the lack of enough capital and appropriate education have caused the number of the occupied people in the informal economic section to be increased, and the migration of rural people to the city (Tabriz) has significant role in creation and development of this section of economy. The habitats of most of the people occupied in informal section of Tabriz city are in the marginal areas and poor districts of the city.

The present study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma asperellum Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in suppression of mycelial growth and conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea and also in control of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Significant reduction (P

In order to study the effect of bacterial growth on water use efficiency of alfalfa, a greenhouse experiment, as factorial based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications, was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran, in 2012. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of water stress (75, 55 and 35% of field capacity) and seed inoculation at 4 levels (no inoculation (control), inoculation with mycorhhiza G. mosseae, inoculation with rhyzobium S. meliloti, and inoculation with combination of mycorhhiza and rhyzobium). Results showed that water stress and seed inoculation have significant effect (P≤0.01) on leaf nutrients content. Water stress reduced absorption of phosphorus (23%), potassium (8%), iron (4%) and increased sodium absorption (14%) in non-inoculated seeds. Inoculation of seeds reduced stress effects and combined inoculation had the highest effect. Stomatal conductance and water use efficiency were affected (P≤0.01) by inoculation and water stress. Stomatal conductance was decreased during the stress period and seed inoculation with mycorhhiza G. mosseae was most effective on increasing stomatal conductance (47% at the highest level of stress). Water use efficiency increased as a result of water stress and inoculation. The highest value of water use efficiency (0.166 mg/kg) was obtained in the combined inoculation with 35% field capacity treatment. Results of regression equations showed that during the inoculation, contribution of phosphorus and potassium in regulation of stomatal conductance was increased and contribution of sodium was decreased. However, during the stress period, the share of potassium and sodium was increased in stomatal conductance and the share of phosphorus was reduced. Also, stress increased the role of stomatal conductance in water use efficiency. However, inoculation reduced the role of stomatal conductance in water use efficiency.

Considering the importance of CVD risk factors in diabetic and non-diabetic populations and the high prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors, we studied the trend of anthropometric indexes, blood pressure, smoking and lipids in diabetic and non-diabetic populations. The data of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study was used in this investigation. The study population comprised 1045 diabetic and 5136 non-diabetic subjects. To investigate the secular longitudinal trends, the Generalized Estimation Equation method was employed. All statistical models were adjusted for age to eliminate the potential confounding effect of age. The interaction between the diabetes status and each phase of the study was checked in a separate model in GEE. Over a decade, the serum levels of TC, TGs, LDL-C and non HDL-C decreased although about 60% of the diabetic population did not reach the therapeutic goals of non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels until 2011. Control of hypertension was more successful in females, but about 60% of both males and females with diabetes were still hypertensive at the end of follow-up period. Smoking increased during the follow-up. This study showed that among CVD risk factors, healthcare professionals paid more attention to hypercholesterolemia neglecting other risk factors including hypertension and central obesity.

The main aim of this study was to investigate level and pattern of primary mortalities of broiler farms، and the effects of different in-farm and out-farm factors. Data from managing cards of 476 damaged farms (from a total of 1،062 units) were obtained from Agri-Bank insurance bureau and mortalities of total and the first three weeks were calculated، transformed in Log10 basis and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and regression statistical methods. Mortalities of total and damaged farms were 24 and 46. 11% and mortalities of the first three weeks were 1. 59، 1. 18 and 4. 17%، respectively. Chick strain، season، farm technical level، ventilation/lighting class، ownership and breeder flock characteristics such as hen age، chick weight، and the titers of four main contagious poultry diseases had no significant effect on 1st week mortality rate. Breeder company، regions of the studied geographic area، farm capacity، number of salons، feed provision method، farm distance to village and between saloon distance significantly affect the first week mortality rate (P<0. 05). Peak of first week mortality was in the fourth day، coincided with the broiler standards from the rate and pattern standpoints. At day 21 and 14، about 41. 1 and 11. 5 percents of farms faced with a serious problem. The regression analysis revealed that total mortality had no relation with first week mortality and after 2 weeks، contagious diseases occurred. This survey demonstrated that first week mortality pattern of broiler farms is near standard; breeder factors was non-significant and the most important factors were geographic situation، salon type and breeder company. Early after the second week، farms faced with different diseases and there was no relation between total farm mortalities and chick qualities.

Sourdough fermentation by lactic acid bacteria and baker''s yeast with acidification of dough and producing lactic acid and acetic acid has significant effects on quality characteristics of bread. Application of liquid sourdough in bakery industry has attracted much attention due to higher dough yield، ease of transition and one-step process in order to achieve desired texture and flavor characteristics in final product. In the research، Response surface liquid methodology was used to optimize sourdough fermentation for increased acidification. Fermentation time (5. 3- 18. 7 hrs.)، temperature (21. 6- 38. 4 °C)، and dough yield (249. 6- 350. 4) were considered as independent factors according to central composite design and their effects were studied in liquid sourdoughs fermented with Lactobacillus casei subsp casei، Lactobacillus fermentum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. lactic acid and acetic acid contents and total titrable acidity (TTA) were considered as the main responses. The second order polynomial models satisfactory predicted the effects of variables on acidification properties (R2adj> 0. 80). Statistical analysis showed that all the responses were significantly (P<0. 01) correlated to fermentation time and temperature. Increase in fermentation time and temperature was associated with an increase in lactic acid، acetic acid and TTA and fermentation time was the most affecting factor on acidification. Lactic acid was not affected by dough yield but the lower dough yield caused in high acetic acid content and acidity. Based on response surface and contour plots، the optimum conditions for maximum acidification were: fermentation time (21 hrs.)، temperature (38°C) and dough yield (DY: 325).

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus (A-PMV 1) and one of the major pathogens in poultries. Vaccination is intended to control the disease, nevertheless this virus is a growing threat to the poultry industry. So, early detection of the virus can prevent the spread of illness and avoid huge economic losses. Towards this goal, in this research, we developed two novel in-house one-step rRT-PCR assays; based on SYBR Green and specific TaqMan probe for accurate and rapid molecular identification of Newcastle disease virus. In this experimental study, after preparation of viral sample, respective RNA was extracted from virus by using viral RNA extraction kit. The specific probe and primers were designed, based on the conserved region of matrix (M) protein encoding gene of NDV, and used to produce c-DNA and subsequently to amplify and detect this region by two novel one-step real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays. These diagnostic appraisements were carried out using SYBR Green and matrix (M) gene specific TaqMan probe. The presence of M gene in RNAs, extracted from NDV samples, was confirmed by both of these one-step rRT-PCR assays and the results of these diagnostic tests were positive. This study showed that these two developed one-step rRT-PCR assays are the proper molecular methods for rapid and accurate diagnosis of NDV by detection of matrix (M) protein encoding gene.

Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease of soybean in Iran. Effective and reliable techniques are needed to select aggressive isolate of the pathogen and evaluate resistance of soybean genotypes to the pathogen. In the present study, 32 isolates of the pathogen from different oilseed crops were examined in vitro, and So.3 was selected as the most aggressive isolate for resistance evaluation. Resistance of seven soybean genotypes was then evaluated in vitro and greenhouse conditions using toothpick and stem cut inoculation methods. Genotypes differed significantly for pathogenicity index in both inoculation methods. Genotypes Hatcheston, Sari, Hamilton and Katol had lower pathogenicity index compared to the other genotypes. Hacheston with the lowest infection at seedling stage, and L.17 and Williams with the highest infection, were evaluated as the most resistant and susceptible genotypes, respectively.

Tristeza caused by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), is the most important viral disease of citrus worldwide. Serious damages of the disease have been reported from many citrus growing areas of the world. CTV particles are restricted to phloem and are transmitted by aphids in a semipersistent manner. CTV was introduced from Japan to Mahdasht orchards in Mazadaran province in 1969. Its natural spread with the vector Aphis gossipii was shown in the infected areas (Rahimian et al., 2000). Following the transport of virus-infected scions or plants from the east of Mazandaran (infected area) to the western part of the province (Tarviji et al., 2012), the risk of transmission was considered by a similar way in the nurseries of Guilan province. Preliminary survey of the disease was carried out in November 2012. Five of 20 Unshiu (Citrus unshiu) and Thomson navel (C.sinencis) plants on Citrange rootstock were found infected by serological direct tissue blot immunoassay using a commercial antiserum (Bioreba, Switzerland). Infection of the plants was confirmed by a two-step RT-PCR with T36cp+/T36cp- primers after nucleic acid extraction with Rneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). RT and PCR was carried out respectively according to manufacture protocols of Revert Aid and PCR Master Mix (Fermentas).

Current article describes application of zeolites in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). The use of several zeolitic additives for the production light olefins and reduction of pollutants is described. Application of zeolites as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts and additives due to the presence of active acid sites in the zeolite framework increase the formation of desired cracking products (i.e., olefin and branched products) in the FCC unit.

With increasing physical activity and energy expenditure based on various intensities and durations of exercise training in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals، the morbidity and complications of diabetes are decreased and hyperglycemia is desirably controlled. Is there a correlation between estimated maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and concentration of serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in active، sedentary and coronary artery disease (CAD) men? What is the possible range of the correlations? The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine and compare the correlations between VO2max and concentration of HbA1c. The participant subjects comprised of three groups of active، sedentary and CAD men (40-55years) who were randomly and voluntarily selected for the study. VO2 max was estimated based on non-exercise prediction equation. Fasting blood levels of HbA1c were measured by an enzymatic immunoassay method. Correlations between estimated VO2max and HbA1c were determined via Spearman rank correlation coefficients. The statistical tests، T-Fisher and Z-Fisher، were applied for signification and comparison of them at the significant level of p ≤ 0. 05. The amount of analyzed parameters were as follow: VO2max (active: 39. 039 ± 2. 563، sedentary: 32. 647 ± 3. 056 and CAD: 30. 375 ± 4. 275 mL. Kg-1. min-1)، fasting blood HbA1c (active: 4. 266 ± 0. 365، sedentary: 4. 733 ± 1. 370 and CAD: 5. 253 ± 1. 321 mg/dl). The correlation coefficient between VO2max and HbA1c was significant in CAD men (rs(13) = - 0. 538٭، p = 0. 039) but were not significant in active (rs(13) = - 0. 291، p = 0. 292) and sedentary (rs(13) = - 0. 338، p = 0. 217) men. Discussion & According to the above results، it could be concluded that the physical activity has no any desirable effect on HbA1c and HbA1c is resistant to exercise training.

The current study has been done with the aim of evaluating the role of NGOs in the reconstruction and renovation of the worn-out urban contexts. In the same line, the study is going to assess the provision of the cooperation samples as well as the public institutions in the renewal of the worn-out urban contexts- with the supreme emphasis on satisfaction variables, public institutions, and social and cultural barriers. The study adopts a survey type research method and random sampling. The participants were inhabitants of the central part of Ahvaz city (a south-western city in Iran) who amounted to 6072 in 2006. Among all, 196 of the inhabitants were selected as the volume sample using the formula. All the study hypotheses were tested using X2 and correlation index. The results revealed that the reinforcement of the cultural and tribal values can lead to the reinforcement of cooperation and activation of NGOs in reconstruction and renewal of the central part of Ahvaz. On the contrary, in recent years, not forming such NGOs, in conjunction with some social and tribal modifications, has resulted in the decline of the cooperation course in the urban reconstruction and renewal.

The main purpose of this research is to compare the relative informational content of operating and financing cash flows of three and five section cash flow statement in explaining future stock return. The time range of research is companies cash flow statements between 1382-1388. The population of research is all companies Listed in Tehran Securities and exchange, from which, a sample of 80 Iranian listed firms was chosen. The type of data needed for hypotheses testing is Pooling-Data. Unrestricted and restricted regressions were utilized to test the hypotheses. The statistical methods used consist of adjusted- R² and Wald-test statistic. Findings indicate that both operating and financing cash flow of 3-section cash flow statement have more relative informational content than the operating and financing cash flow of 5-section cash flow statement in predicting future stock return.

Quercus persica and Pistacia mutica are two known and prevalent forest trees of Baneh and Marivan from Kurdistan province (W Iran). Thirty-five fungal isolates were obtained from 50 bark samples of Q. persica collected in Sept. and Mar. 2010–11. The aim of this study was to identify fungi associated with oak trees of Kurdistan province. Based on morphological features and authentic keys (Ellis 1976، Sivanesan 1987)، 15 isolates were identified as Drechslera triseptata that is reported as a new taxon to the mycobiota of Iran. Drechslera triseptata Subram. & B. L. Jain، Curr. Sci. 35:355. 1966Colony، on PDA، first forming very light olivaceous mycelia which become brown with age، reaching 17 mm diam. after seven days at 25° C. Conidiophore، dark olivaceous to brown، multiseptate، single or in pairs، geniculate above، cicatrized، length more than 400 µm، width 6–8 µm with a swollen base. Conidia، dark olivaceous to dark-brown، ellipsoidal or short cylindrical، 2–3- distoseptate، apical cell narrowing to arounded end، 22–50 × 10–21 µm، germinate only from the basal cell (Fig. 1). This is the first report of this species on Quercus persica in the world. This fungus was isolated from disinfected bark of Quercus persica trees. Materials examined: Kurdistan province، Baneh، on bark of Quercus persica trees، 16. 9. 2010، Roughanian (MRB1، MRB2، MRB3، MRB4، MRB5، MRB6، MRB7)، Plant Protection Department of Kurdistan University; Marivan، Sarvabad، on bark of Quercus persica trees، 17. 3. 2011، Roughanian (MRM1، MRM2، MRM3، MRM4، MRM5، MRS6، MRS7، MRM8)، Department of Plant Protection، Kurdistan University، Sanandaj (Iran).

Out of 163 samples of suspected volunteer plants to fungal infection collected from different areas of Hamedan province (W Iran)، 49 isolates of the anamorphic fungi were identified according to morphological and molecular features. Based on these، 13 species were identified and classified in six genera. Most of them belonged to Cladosporium، Ascochyta and Phoma، respectively. Among them، Embellisia astragali، E. tellustris، Phoma herbicola and Septoria sonchi on Scorzonera cana، Cirsium arvensis، Taraxacum sp. and Sonchus oleraceous are new records for the mycoflora of Iran. To confirm morphological identification، ITS regions (ITS1، ITS2 & 5. 8 S gene) of ribosomal DNA from these species were sequenced. ITS sequences of different species of Phoma and Embellisia were very diverse.

In today's world، discussion of democracy and democratization processes are devoted to an important position on academic research centers. Many thinkers considered paradigms that are as preconditions for the transition to democracy. Carl Cohen discusses the success of democracy in a society which depends on the formation of structural conditions as the five preconditions for democracy. These pre-conditions include the material terms، conditions، based on the constitution، psychological conditions، mental conditions and safety conditions. In the absence of these conditions، democracy cannot be imposed on a country. This study examined the failure of democracy in the constitutional movement based on Cohen's democracy prerequisite. The preconditions for successful implementation of Cohen’s constitutional democracy، the cause of the transition to democracy in Iran during the Constitutionalist movement are better understood، through his view point.