فهرست مطالب zahra esfahanian

Increased production and use of nanomaterials has led to an ever growing exposure of living organisms to these substances. Limited knowledge about possible toxicity of nanomaterials and their potential to harm living creatures is becoming a serious concern. To address this problem, there is a need for development of diagnostic methods enabling effective determination of potential toxicity of nanomaterials. On the other hand, developing appropriate test methods is contingent on identifying cellular mechanism underlying toxicity of nanomaterials. This study reviews toxicity of some of the most widely used nanomaterials. According to the literature, Iron oxide nanoparticles can augment rate of cell death through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Exposure to zinc oxide, gold and silver nanoparticles can result in cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction, expression of abnormal protein in cells, and altering the patterns of gene expression, respectively. Likewise, carbon nanotubes can lead to an increased rate of cell death through the reduction of membrane fluidity, thereby destroying cell membrane. Our literature review identified a lower toxic effect for nanotubes as compared with other nano-structures. Regarding the evident high toxicity of nanomaterials, caution must be exercised in irregular production and use of these substances in the industry. In addition, from the health and environmental standpoints, carbon nanotubes are the preferable nano-structures for development of nanotechnologies regarding their lower toxicity in comparison with other nanomaterials.

Increased production and use of nanomaterials has led to an ever growing exposure of living organisms to these substances. Limited knowledge about possible toxicity of nanomaterials and their potential to harm living creatures is becoming a serious concern. To address this problem، there is a need for development of diagnostic methods enabling effective determination of potential toxicity of nanomaterials. On the other hand، developing appropriate test methods are contingent on identifying the underlying cellular mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity. This study reviews toxicity of some of the most widely used nanomaterials. According to the literature، Iron oxide nanoparticles can augment rate of cell death through oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Exposure to zinc oxide،gold and silver nanoparticles can result in cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction، expression of abnormal protein in cells، andaltering the patterns of gene expression،respectively. Likewise، carbon nanotubes can lead to an increased rate of cell death through the reduction of membrane fluidity، there by destroying cell membrane. Our literature review identified a lower toxic effect for nanotubes as compared with other nano-structures. Regarding the evident high toxicity of nanomaterials، caution must be exercised in irregular production and use of these substances in the industry. In addition، from the health and environmental standpoints، carbon nanotubes are the preferable nano structures for development of nanotechnologies regarding their lower toxicity in comparison with other nanomaterials.

Grape virus diseases are a serious problem in Iran. Leaves and fruits of grape have been used for different purposes like cooking in Iran. The present investigation was carried out to study on the cytotoxic-activities of extracts of fruits and leaves of Vitis vinifera from both virus-free and virus-infected grape cultivars against breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and human embryonic kidney normal cell line (HEK 293). In this experimental study, the considered grape cultivars were as follows: Rish Baba Sefid, Shahani Ghasre Shirin, Rotabi Zarghan, Asgari Najaf Abad, Fars, Kaj Angor Bojnord, Sarkesh Shiraz and Siahe Zarqan. A real-time multiplex polymerase chain reaction (real-time Multiplex PCR) assay was applied to detect virus infected cultivars. The cytotoxic effect of the methanol extracts of different Vitis vinifera varieties on cultured cells was monitored using (3- (4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay at different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000 μg mL-1). Among these cultivars, Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) along with related symptoms was detected in Siahe Zarqan and Fars. Methanolic extracts of leaves and fruits of Vitis vinifera from both virus free and virus infected cultivars showed a range of limited to moderate cytotoxic activity. However, methanol extract of leaves belonged to virus infected cultivars was found to have strong cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-231 at different concentrations. Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) can potentially increase the cytotoxicity of grape cultivars.