فهرست مطالب zahra fereydouni

Aedes mosquitoes transmit important arboviral diseases such as dengue to humans. This study was conducted to determine dengue virus infection in Aedes mosquitoes, emphasizing Aedes aegypti by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay from different regions in Southern Iran. Aedes samples were collected by standard methods from different habitats of Hormozgan province, Southern Iran, in 2016-2017, and identified by morphological characteristics. In this study, TissueLyserII was used to homogenize the collected mosquitoes. In addition, the RT-PCR technique was used to identify dengue virus RNA. Overall, 1351 larval and adult Aedes mosquitoes were collected from five sites in Hormozgan Province, including 452 adults and 899 larvae. Five species from Aedes genera were collected (Ae. aegypti, Ae. vittatus, Ae. caballus, Ae. caspius, Ae. vexans). The investigations of dengue virus infection in Aedes mosquitoes showed no dengue virus infection in this species. This study provides important information about Aedes mosquitoes. Vector control strategies must be emphasized and prioritized. Such actions prevent the establishment of Aedes mosquitoes and the spread of arboviral diseases in new areas. In addition, early detection of arboviruses in vectors and entomological monitoring can enhance the control measures for arbovirus diseases.

Precision tracking and monitoring viral genome mutations are critical during a viral pandemic such as COVID-19. As molecular assays for diagnosing numerous infectious agents are being developed, RT-PCR is still deployed as the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Despite its proofreading capability, SARS-CoV-2, like other RNA viruses, adopts several changes in its genome. If these mutations, especially deletions, occur in the target areas of primers and probes, they will hinder molecular detection methods from identifying the given gene. The authors describe the cases in which, despite the lack of the N gene detection, the ORF1ab gene was discovered with a relatively low cycle of threshold (Ct). Following sequencing, changes were discovered in the annealing region of the forward and reverse primers and probes used in the SARS-CoV-2 detection kit. Among the most significant mutations is a large deletion of 15 nucleotides in the N gene, which has never been seen in prior variants. This highlights the importance of persistent monitoring of hypervariable regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genome through sequencing and updating the molecular detection kits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Phosphorites are marine sediments of biogenic origin containing 15–20 wt% P2O5 and between 50 and 120 ppm U (Boggs, 2009; Tzifas et al., 2014; Zarasvandi et al., 2019). The study of phosphorites, especially trace elements geochemistry, confirms the importance of deposition conditions and diagenesis on the elemental composition of phosphatic minerals. Even more importantly, marine phosphorites are considered to have an economic potential for elements such as REE, Sc, U and Th (Altschuler, 1980). Some trace elements, including Sr, Ba, Se, Mo, Ag, Pb, Zn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and U are commonly found in phosphorites and sediments rich in phosphorus related to the crystal structure of apatite and carrier organic ligands (Tzifas et al., 2014; Zarasvandi et al., 2019). In general, more than seven horizons with an extent of ∼400 to 100km have been delineated in the Zagros Mountains. The Zagros phosphorite horizon of Eocene-Oligocene age hosted by the Pabdeh Formation is located in the Zagros fold belt with NW-SE trend (Halalat and Bolourchi, 1994; Zarasvandi et al., 2019). The aim of this study is to investigate the geochemistry of trace elements in order to obtain the deposition and genesis conditions of these elements in the Zagros phosphorite horizon.

A total of 29 samples were taken from phosphorite, hydrocarbon-bearing shale, phosphorite and limestone and oxide zone of the studied phosphorites of Zagros. Hence, based on stratigraphy, different samples from Zagros phosphorite horizons were collected from the phosphorites of Kuh-e-Sefid (n=9), Kuh-Rish (n=12) and Sheykh-Habil (n=8). Mineralogical and geochemical studies were carried out using ICP-MS analyses. 20 polished-thin sections were prepared. Mineralogy and petrography of the samples was determined and examined using polarizing-reflected light optical microscopy at the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in Iran. Geochemical studies on mineralized and host rocks of Zagros phosphorite horizon were performed by the ICP-MS technique (Thermo Scientific- X Series II; DL= 0.001 ppb) at the Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University in India.

According to the petrographic studies, phosphorite components and non-phosphorite components mainly consist of pellets, Ooids, intraclasts, fish skeletal fragments, micro-fossils, glauconite, calcite, pyrite, iron-oxide and quartz. Several elements that substitute Ca including rare earth elements and trace elements are suitable for contribution in the carbonate-rich fluorapatite (francolite) crystalline structure. Thus, some oxo-anions such as VO4, As2O4, SO2, SO4 and CO3 can be substituted into PO4 structure in apatite group lattices (Tzifas et al., 2014; Zarasvandi et al., 2019). Consistently, the Zagros phosphorite horizon exhibits different concentrations of elements such as Sr, REE, Zn, V, Mo, Cr, Cd, Se, As and U. Trace element distribution patterns in the studied phosphorites are similar to phosphorite in Iran and worldwide, especially in terms of concentration of U, Se, and Cd that can be related to apatite group minerals crystal lattice (Tzifas et al., 2014; Zarasvandi et al., 2019). Due the low entrance rate of detrital components from continental to the basin, the most probable source for trace elements is hydrocarbon-bearing shale in the stratigraphic column as a result of activities of microorganisms.

Field observation and microscopic studies showed that the phosphorite components occur as authigenic apatite with sparite cement, abundant pellets, ooids of symmetrical to elongated shape due to pressures caused by diagenesis, oval shape intraclasts, fish skeletal fragments and abundant microfossils. In additions to phosphorite and biogenic components, non-phosphorite minerals such as calcite, glauconite, pyrite, iron oxide, and microcrystalline quartz are present.There are many indications of change in conditions. They include bituminous shale in stratigraphic sequence, presence of abundant framboidal pyrites, PAAS-normalized patterns of REEs, negative Ce anomaly of all samples and positive Eu anomalies of all samples except bituminous shale sample of Kuh-e Rish phosphorite, the Ni/Co ratio and also the diagram of V/(V+Ni) vs. Ni/Co. These indicate changes in conditions from oxides during phosphate deposition into dysoxic to anoxic due to degradation and decomposition of organic compounds by microorganisms and the entry of trace elements such as uranium into the crystalline structure of apatite in the Zagros Basin.The significant economic potential of organometallic elements especially U and REE is observed in the Zagros phosphorite horizon due to favorable conditions of dysoxic to anoxic as a result of decomposition of organic compounds and then the entry of the elements into the apatite crystal structure.

Mashayekh area is located in Charmahal and Bakhtiari province and is structurally located in the high Zagros belt. This region is characterized by two mining districts, namely, the Dehmadan and the Darreh-Yas, approximately two kilometers apart. The most mineralization is associated with organic-bearing carbonate rocks in the Dehmadan deposit. The presence of Do-ab salt dome and Ab-Vanak reverse fault in around of the study area have been resulted in changing the salinity, Eh, pH and movement of ore forming fluids. The geochemical results represent negative Ce and Eu anomalies, Light Rare Earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) in the Dehmadan deposit that the features are analogous to that of central African Zambian belt sedimentary copper deposits. Darreh-Yas deposit also shows weak negative Ce anomaly and HREE enrichment relative to LREE. In general, the results indicate that metals of old units have been leached by high saline brines with oxic conditions and entered into sedimentary basins. Then, the reaction of ore-forming fluid with organic-bearing carbonate rocks lead to ore deposition in a reduced condition. Finally, the ore has been undergone by late-stage supergene and weathering processes.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin (SELE) are consistently expressed in the vascular endothelium. Several evidence support the crucial role of adhesion molecules in the development of atherosclerosis and plaque instability. Due to the anti-inflammatory activity of Tribulus terrestris (TT), the present study investigated the effect of aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT on the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE genes in endothelial cells during normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced conditions. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human bone marrow endothelial cells (HBMEC) were cultured, stimulated by LPS, and treated with aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT. Finally, the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE genes were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. LPS-induced HUVECs and HBMECs significantly increased the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and SELE in comparison with control groups (P<0.001). Treatment of LPS-induced HUVECs and HBMECs by aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT decreased the expression of all three mentioned genes significantly (P<0.001) in comparison with LPS-induced cells. Taken together, our data suggest that TT has an anti-inflammatory effect. In vivo study about anti-inflammatory effect of this herb may provide new insights into the development of a herbal drug for the prevention/therapy of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation that interferes with blood arteries functions due to the accumulation of low density lipids and cholesterol. To investigate the effect of aqueous extract and saponin fraction of Tribulus terrestris L. (TT) on the proteome and expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human bone marrow endothelial cell (HBMEC) lines. Two cell lines were cultured and induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The primed cells were then treated with aqueous extract and saponin fraction of TT. The protein profile of the endothelial cells was assessed under normal and LPS-induced conditions using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 2D gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin were estimated by use of western blotting. LPS-induced HUVECs and HBMECs were shown to significantly increase the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin in comparison to control groups. Our findings revealed that TT extract resulted in significantly more reduced levels of proteom (80 spots) as well as all the three mentioned proteins compared with the effect of saponin fraction alone. TT extract and its saponin fraction exerted anti-inflammatory effects on HUVEC and HBMEC lines and reduced the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract was greater than that of saponin fraction. Therefore, TT could be considered as a potential candidate for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis.

The formation of the Zagros orogenic belt is attributed to northeastward oblique subduction of the Neotethys beneath the western border of central Iran. This was followed by continental collision between the Afro-Arabian plate and the central Iran microcontinet (Zarasvandi et al., 2015). The Zagros orogen is characterized by three main parallel structural zones consisting of Zagros fold and thrust belt, the Sanandaj–Sirjan metamorphic zone, and the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc (Mohajjel et al., 2003). The Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic arc is dominated by the widespread occurrence of Eocene to Quaternary intrusive and extrusive rocks. It is considered as being one of the main Cu bearing regions in the world, where world class giant porphyry deposits, as well as large and small sub-economic porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au systems have been reported and investigated by many authors (Shafiei et al., 2009; Zarasvandi et al., 2005). In addition to UDMA, the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (SSZ) hosts several Jurassic-Cretaceous intrusive complexes extending from the northwest to southeast SSZ. It should be noted that these granitoids are barren and porphyry mineralization has not been accompanied with these intrusions. This paper tried to compare the available geochemical data of productive granitoids in the Urumieh-Dokhtar (i.e., Dalli, Ali-Abad and Darreh-Zerreshk, Parkam, Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk and Sungun), and those of barren intrusions in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (i.e., Aligodarz, Bourujerd, Alvand, Astaneh, Hasan Robat, and Siah Koh). This investigation is based on the available geochemical data on the six barren intrusions in the SSZ (i.e., Aligodarz, Bourujerd, Alvand, Astaneh, Hasan Robat and Siah Kohe), and productive intrusive rocks (porphyry associated intrusions) in the UDMA (i.e., Dalli, Ali-Abad and Darreh-Zerreshk, Parkam, Sarcheshmeh, Meiduk and Sungun). Data for the UDMA porphyry intrusions (41 samples) were adopted from studies of Daneshjou (2014), Zarasvandi et al. (2005), Taghipour and Mohammadi Laghab (2014), Barzegar (2007), Taghipour (2007), and Hezarkhani (2006). Furthermore, the data of the SSZ barren intrusions (42 samples) comes from Esna Ashari et al. (2012), Khalaji et al. (2007), Aliani et al. (2012), Tahmasbi et al. (2010), Alirezaei and Hassanzadeh (2001), and Arvin et al. (2007). Two criteria were used for selection of 83 representative samples: (1) samples with a relatively similar mineralogical and compositional range (quartz diorite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite and granite), and (2) samples with the least amount of alteration (minimal amounts of Loss On Ignition; LOI wt.% = H2O + CO2). Productive intrusions in UDMA have positive Eu anomalies, LREE enrichment relative to HREE, and high Lan/Ybn ،Sr/Y، Dyn/Ybn، Lan/Smn ratios. In comparison, barren granitoids in the SSZ are characterized by steep downward LREE to HREE, negative Eu anomalies and low Lan/Ybn ، Sr/Y، Dyn/Ybn، Lan/Smn ratios. Based on the presented results, it is proved that due to the lack of considerable crustal thickness in SSZ (during the subduction of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere under the SSZ zone), and the presence of dry magma (low H2O contents), the SSZ granitoids exhibit barren characteristics. In contrast, during the ongoing processes of closure of Neo-Tethys and during compression and crustal shortening, magma mixing and evolution toward high magmatic water content lead to the increasing of metal endowment in the porphyry associated granitoids of (UDMA) It seems that magma generation from the melting of thickened lower crust (garnet amphibolite source) could be considered as one important key factors for the generation of metal-rich magmas with high oxidation state and high H2O contents has led to the development of porphyry Cu systems in the UDMA compared to those of SSZ granitoids.

Introduction Dust storms or sand storms are some of the meteorological phenomena that demonstrate differences with one another terminologically. These kinds of storms usually occur under arid and semiarid areas in circumstances which the blowing speed of a gale is higher than the erosion threshold. In other words, Dust and sand storms are persistent problems in the Middle East Region. The regional dust storms have bad effects on the health of human life which can cause asthma, bronchitis and lung diseases, due to their carrying micro-organisms (such as bacteria, fungi, spores, viruses and pollen) and their sharp edged particles. Several studies researches have shown that microorganisms mobilized into the atmosphere along with desert soils are capable of surviving long-range transport on a global scale. Dust-borne microorganisms in particular can.
directly impact human health via pathogenesis,exposure of sensitive individuals to cellular components. The chemical components of dust are affecting the microbial life besides the precipitation, wind direction, time of day, season and atmosphere inversion conditions, all affecting the survival of total bacteria communities associated with dust particles, and the microbes are capable of surviving long distance transport. Dust storms have become a major environmental concern during the last decades in the oil- and gas-rich Khuzestan province in the southwestern Iran. Dust storms frequently occur in Khuzestan mainly during summer, and intense dust storms are particularly associated with easterly-blowing winds. High frequency (10-15%) and health outcomes of local dust storms in Khuzestan province, requires an extensive study on various factors of local storms such as heavy metal geochemistry and its environmental consequences are very important. In this paper, we present an overview of the geochemical and geo-environmental characteristics of dust storms in Khuzestan.
Materials and Methods Information about dust storms of source and coverage was obtained from meteorological stations in Khuzestan province. In this study, airborne dust samples were collected to obtain TSP and PM10 by using the high-volume air (HVA) sampler model TCR. The geochemistry of airborne dust samples was analyzed at the Actlabs (Canada). The concentration of V, Co, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Zn was determined in Actlab, Canada, using ICP-MS method.
Results and Discussion The obtained results showed that Pb concentration in TSP samples ranges between 8.11 and 197 ppm with an average and median value of 23.6 and 11.15 ppm, respectively. The zinc content in PM10 samples, ranges between 4670 and 5000 ppm. Also, Ni has high concentration that ranges between 5.8 - 43.2 in PM10 samples. Lowest concentration of Cobalt is present in PM10 samples that ranges between 0.6 and 4.7 ppm. Vanadium has the highest concentration in Ahvaz samples. Also, PM10 samples include higher Arsenic concentration than TSP samples. Finally, Cd has the lowest concentration in all of the studied heavy metals with the mean value of 0.12 ppm. Positive correlation (0.9) between Cu with V, Co and Ni shows probably a similar source for these elements. Investigation of heavy metals concentration in various dust storms confirms that arsenic has a higher concentration in local storms. Seasonal studies show that V, Co and As have high concentrations in warm periods and Pb has the highest frequency in the cold season, in Khuzestan province. Based on the study of Contamination Factor (CF), the mean CF of heavy metals was in the order Pb > Zn > Cd >As > Ni > Co> V. Also, Degree of Contamination (DC) factor of the studied heavy metals in PM10 samples with mean value of 40 ppm is higher than TSP samples with average value of 10 ppm. In relation to the Enrichment Factor (EF) for V, Co, Ni, As, Cd, Pb and Zn, the EF mean of these metals was in the order Cd > Zn > Ni > Pb > As > V > Co. The highest Arsenic enrichment factor can be seen in PM10 samples.
Conclusion The obtained results from calculation of Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) in PM10 samples showed that, V, Co, Ni and Pb are non-polluted. Also, Cadmium, Arsenic and Zinc showed a low, medium and high levels of pollution, respectively. Furthermore, based on IPI data in TSP samples, Co, As and V were non-pollution and Pb, Ni, Zn showed low level of contamination. Finally, Cadmium in TSP samples in dicated a high level of Integrated Pollution Index

Introduction Dust occurrences as natural events are common in arid, semi-arid and desert areas. Investigation of the dust with internal sources in the Khuzestan province including about 15 percent of the dust events coming to the region and the presence of the annual average of 50 times of the internal dust (with the concentration maximum of PM10 particles more than 8000ppm in Khuzestan) is very important. Recently, air pollution due to the occurrence of dust is one of the worst environmental problems in the western and southwestern Iran, especially the Khouzestan province. Dust mineralogy is an important factor in source identification of the particles. In this way, frequency, distribution, mineralogy and morphology of the internal dust and so the depositional centers susceptible to dust production in this province were studied for the first time. The source, generation, transport and sediment of dust have been paid significant attention by the scientific community. Investigations of dust events are important because of the impact of the dust on the environment, particularly on the health and human biological system. The regional dust had negative effects on the health of human life which can cause asthma, bronchitis and lung diseases due to their carrying micro-organisms. Dust causes severe soil erosion, desertification, and a significant reduction in the agricultural production and farming as well. Thus, such a crisis is concerned with economic consequences in the short- and long-term periods. In this way, distribution, mineralogy and morphology of the internal dust and so depositional centers susceptible to dust producing in this province were studied for the first time.
Methodology At first, the frequency and the spatial-temporal data related to the internal dust (Code 07) over the 2009-2015 periods were investigated using 13 synoptic data stations in Khuzestan. 32 TSP samples of dust and 65 sediment sample were taken. Mineralogical study of the 11 dust samples associated with 11 sediments samples were determined by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) using Philips 3040 PW at Kansaran Binaloud Company in Pardis Science and Technology Park, Tehran, Iran. With regard to morphology studies, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used on 20 internal and external dust samples at the central laboratory of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz (LEO 1455 VP). Also, grading analysis of the erosional zones using LPSA method and Q10- Q50- Q90% standards were done on 11 samples at the central laboratory in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran.
Results The obtained data shows 406 times internal dust in the studied period. Also, the internal dust has a continuity between 1-3 day(s). Bostan, the northeastern city, with the annual frequency of 78 days, has the maximum, and Izeh and Masjid Suleiman, with the annual mean of 6 days, has the minimum duration of the dust in the province. With regard to time, the year of 2009 and the month of June have experienced the largest amounts of dust. Also, the frequency and duration of the internal-derived dust are compatible with the east-western and north-southern increasing trend. The temperature, height, relative humidity and precipitation indexes do not show the same pattern as the frequency of the internal dust in 2009-June, 2015 period.
Discussion & Conclusions Mineralogical study of the 11 dust samples and 11 sediments samples using XRD shows that carbonates, silicates and evaporates are the main mineralogy composition of the internal dust and the erosional sediments in Khuzestan. Halite and dolomite are considered as the main minerals of dust particles, respectively, in over the 70 and 30 percent of the samples, respectively. Evaporate minerals such as gypsum and halite are found more in the internal dust compared with the external dust coming to Khuzestan. Also, quartz frequency in the internal dust occurrences is about 45% more than the dust occurrences from the neighboring country. In addition, minor minerals such as albite are present in all the samples and the other minerals including gypsum, chlorite, illite, and muscovite are the minor minerals in the dust samples as well. SEM analysis shows that spherical and crystalline shapes are the most abundant ones in the dust with calcite, quartz and halite composition. Grading analysis of the erosional zones using LPSA method and Q10- Q50- Q90% standards, illustrates high amounts of silt particles in the Province. But clay distribution was seen in 10-35% of the samples. 15-24 µm is the predominant grading range in Khuzestan. Mean grading of these samples with about 18.9 µm, is a sign of dust-producing potential of all the desert centers in the Khuzestan province.

IntroductionIt has been recently stated that phosphorite deposits are in fact marine biogenic materials, due to bacterial activity producing bio-apatite. In addition, Phosphorites contain 15–20 wt.% P2O5 (Tzifas et al., 2014). In this deposit, phosphate mineralization has occurred as phosphorite lenses with Eocene age within the Pabdeh Formation, with thickness up to 1.5 meters and width of 15 meters and its hosted rock is black shale. According to the presence of indices of fossils such as Globorotalia, Hantkenina, its age can be attributed to the middle Eocene. The Pabdeh formation is a very rich organic matter in addition to the presence of phosphate (Damiri, 2011). The formation due to planktonic foraminifera rich in organic matter is like the hydrocarbon source rock (Daneshian et al., 2012). In marine basins where upwelling and productivity are limited, phosphates may develop outside of microbial cells and also within bacterial cellular structures, formed by slow bacterial assimilation of phosphorus from assaying organic matter in areas of restricted sedimentation (O’Brine et al., 1981). It is therefore suggested that the upwelling currents did that in the recycling of phosphorus from dead organisms such as fishes and other marine vertebrates. The aim of this study is investigation of organic matter’s species and their roles in deposition and phosphate mineralization in the Kuh-e-Sefid phosphate deposit using XRD, FTIR and Rock-Eval pyrolysis.
Materials and methodsIn field observations, 12 samples were selected and they were taken from units of phosphate and shale host rock in the Kuh-e-Sefid phosphate ore deposit. Ten cross sections were studied by conventional microscopic methods. Rock-Eval analysis was used in order to determine the organic carbon in the geology Department of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The Phosphorite samples were determined by XRD at the Kansaran Binaloud Company in the Science and Technology campus in Tehran. FTIR analyses were carried out on the phosphorite samples in the chemistry department of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
ResultsOrganic matter appears to be essential for phosphogenesis in two ways: 1) as an energy supply for redox change and 2) as a source of phosphate. Similarly, bacteria are important on two levels: 1) they provide a mechanism for the release of phosphorus from phospholipids and other high-energy phosphorus compounds by organic phosphate cracking and organic carbon oxidation, 2) they are capable of concentrating and precipitating phosphate (Jarvis, 1992).The sedimentary organic matter is first decomposed exclusively by aerobic bacteria. When O2 is completely utilized, further decomposition occurs via sulfate reduction until the oxidants are exhausted, then phosphorus and carbon are released from organic matter during decomposition (Ingall and Cappellen, 1990). Field observation and microscopic studies indicate that phosphate-bearing layers mainly consist of shale, marl, limestone with textures varying from wackestone to packestone forms. Also, phosphate components such as plettal, ooid, intraclast, fish skeletal fragments and microfossils are present. In additions to phosphate and biogenic component, nonphosphate minerals such as glauconite, calcite, pyrite, iron oxide and quartz, are present in different forms and sizes. The results of XRD analysis show the mineral phosphate (fluorapatite) besides calcite as one of the nonphosphate components in the Kuh-e-Sefid ore deposit as the main constituents, while the minerals montmorillonite and quartz are minor constituents. FTIR studies reveal qualitative information about the bonding pattern and nature of the components of the organic matters. Thus, phosphogenesis in marine phosphate deposits resulting in the destruction of areas around the continents that contain different components of phosphate and non-phosphate, and the resulting destruction of organic materials as well. Therefore, according to data from the Rock Evil, samples of the deposit represent more continental carbon. In general, it can be shown that, most of the phosphate mineralization in this deposit is mainly of a continental origin, and it is partly as a result of decomposition and oxidation of organic matter by bacteria and microorganisms that occurs.
Discussion- Since shales rich in organic matter are capable of transferring sedimentary phosphorus as organic materials, it can be concluded that the deposits shale as the phosphate deposits host were the main factors of phosphorus transmission and the most mineralization occurs in parts that are rich in organic matter.
- Rock-Eval results showed that more samples contain continental carbon and this suggests that phosphate mineralization is of continental origin in this deposit and it is partly achieved by biodegradation of organic matter by microorganisms.
- FTIR, XRD studies have proved the frequency of fluorapatite minerals with calcite and organic materials that are most probably associated with phosphate mineralization in the deposit.
- FTIR studies reveal mineral-organic bounds such as OH, Carboxylic OH, Carboxylic acid C=O, C≡C Alkaline, group CH2, C=C aromatic, CH Aliphatic and aromatic stretching associated with identified mineralization.