فهرست مطالب zahra gharari

Scutellaria bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm. ssp. mianensis Rech.f is one of the species of Scutellaria genus, Lamiaceae, that have long been used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to analyze the methanol extract of aerial parts of the plant.

Chemical composition of methanol extract of S. bornmuelleri aerial parts was determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

A total of 113 compounds were identified in the methanol extract of S. bornmuelleri shoot. The main compounds were organic acids (23.649%), aldehydes (14.516%), ketones (11.353%), alcohols (5.439%), carbohydrates (3.85%), methyl esters (3.713%), sugars (1.953%), acetates (1.933%), terpenes (2.522%), metal related compounds (1.229%), amides (1.169%) and other compounds (9.423%). Pentacosane (1.021%) was identified as the main carbohydrate, n-hexadecanoic acid (4.1%) as the major acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (10.063%) as the main aldehyde, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-di hydroxy-6-methyl- (2.289%) as the main ketone, syringol (2.395) as the main alcohol, phytol (0.66%) as the main terpene, isopropyl acetate (0.728%) as the main acetate, propanoic acid, 2-oxo-, methyl ester (1.298%) as the main methyl ester, 9-octadecenamide, (Z)- (0.685%) as the main amide, d-glycero-d-ido-heptose (0.532%) as the main sugar, and (4H)1,3,2-dioxaborin, 4-ethenyl-4, 6-diethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)- (0.514%) as the main metal related compound.

The presence of different compounds with known bioactivities can make this plant a suitable medicinal plant for supplementary medication for various diseases. 

Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi belonging to the family Apiaceae are two traditional popular herbs in Traditional Iranian Medicine. Given the wide application of F. vulgare and T. ammi for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, the objective of this study was to investigate their biological activities.

The cytotoxicity of ethanol seed extract of F. vulgare and T. ammi was evaluated on colorectal cancer (HCT116 and SW480) and human embryonic kidney cell lines (HEK293) by MTT assay. Toxicity and biocompatibility of RBC’s also were assessed by Artemia salina and hemolysis tests. The antibacterial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of extracts were measured by disc diffusion and the microtiter broth dilution, respectively.

The proliferation of cancer cells was inhibited by ethanol seed extracts. A moderate degree of cytotoxicity was observed for HCT116 cells growth (IC50=106.46 μg/mL) by T. ammi extracts at 72 hours. In addition, the ethanol seed extracts of F. vulgare and T. ammi exhibited no cytotoxic effects against brine shrimp larvae with LC50 of 2071.65 and 1576.92 μg/mL, respectively. The degree of hemolysis for ethanol seed extracts was less than 5% at 400 μg/mL. The maximum antibacterial activity was obtained for ethanol extracts of F. vulgare and T. ammi against S. aureus by disc diffusion (25.8 and 28.3 mm) and MIC (0.55 and 0.39-fold).

The ethanol extracts of F. vulgare and T. ammi have antiproliferative and antibacterial properties and could be used as adjuvant therapies against gastric and colorectal cancers and pathogenic bacteria.

Scutellaria orientalis subsp. virens is a species of Scutellaria genus (the Lamiaceae family). The aqueous root extract of S. orientalis has been traditionally used by Iranians to treat neurological disorders, dermatitis, and bronchitis. The active compounds in the roots and shoots of S. orientalis are mainly flavones such as baicalin, wogonoside, scutellarin, and their aglycons. These compounds have anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial activities.
This study aimed to identify the root and shoot methanolic extracts components of S. orientalis.
The Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method was used to identify components of S. orientalis.
GC/MS analysis of methanolic root extract identified 63 components, such as flavonoids, fatty acids, ketones, glucosides, amino acids, steroids, and alkaloids, with flavonoids like wogonin (12.6%) as the main components. S. orientalis methanolic shoot extract analysis also identified 79 components such as ketones, alcohols, sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, steroids, vitamins, and diterpenoids, with digitoxin and neocurdione as the main components. In addition, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis of roots and shoots confirmed the presence of normal polymeric O-H stretch, aliphatic alkenes, aromatic alkenes, amides, ammonium ions, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and alkanes in the structure of identified compounds by GC/MS analysis.
The obtained results revealed the presence of biologically active compounds that can be used for various herbal formulations.

Flavonoid derived components have been studied for their therapeutic properties. Apigenin has shown remarkable anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory features; however having a reliable source of apigenin is necessary. In this study the amount of apigenin in flowers, roots, leaf and stems of three varieties of Cosmos bipinnatus: Dazzler, Xanthos and Sensation pinkie and also in transgenic root culture of C. bipinnatus Dazzler was compared by HPLC method. In addition the antioxidant activity of C. bipinnatus Dazzler transgenic root culture was evaluated using FRAP assay. Dazzler variety flowers showed the highest recovery of apigenin with 0.799 mg/g DW; however the sensation pinkie variety leafs had the lowest recovery with 0.089 mg/g. Apigenin content in transformed roots (0.797 mg/g DW) of C. bipinnatus Dazzler was significantly higher than non-transformed roots (0.42 mg/g DW). The ethanolic extract of hairy root showed the FRAP value of 668.1 µM Fe2+/mg that was comparatively more than wild root FRAP value (426.2 µM Fe2+/mg). In conclusion the presence of apigenin in high amounts in hairy root cultures of C. bipinnatus Dazzler indicates its great potential for future pharmaceutical industry.

Many plants of tropical and subtropical areas are severely damaged when exposed to chilling temperatures between 2 and 15°C. Arabidopsis thaliana is chilling tolerant and, therefore provides an alternative model plant system for the identification of chilling tolerance traits. To determine whether the expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase 2 (CSD2) would increase superoxide-scavenging capacity and thereby improve the survival rate of chilling sensitive (chs) mutants of Arabidopsis, four chs mutant (chs1-1, chs1-2, chs2-1 and chs2-2) and wild-type plants were grown under low (chilling at 13 °C and 4 °C) and normal growth (23 °C) temperatures. The expression of CSD2 was not detected during cold stress treatments, while the wild plants showed the expression of CSD2 under cold stress. The increase of antioxidant enzymes activities (POX and SOD) showed the role of these enzymes in the protection of the chs mutants under chilling treatment, also the increase in polyphenol oxidase activity shows the role of that in the emergence of chlorosis phenotype. The lack of expression of CSD2 gene in chs mutants grown at chilling temperature would support the hypothesis that the expression of these genes was affected due to mutation in CHS genes, when they are chilled.