zahra mashhadi

Exercise training is documented to impact many aspects of brain function and has helpful effects on the overall brain, mental health, and performance. The beneficial impacts of exercise on brain performances are the promotion of learning and memory, enhancement of plasticity, protection from neurodegenerative disease, and neuro-rehabilitation following stroke.

Searching keywords including cognitive functions, exercise, neurodegenerative diseases, neurotrophic factors, and sleep deprivation in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar helped us to access approximately 153 articles in this study. Besides, the positive effects of various forms of exercise on the brain function in humans and animal experiments mediated by neurotrophic factors were compared and discussed in this review.

Regular physical activity increases synaptic plasticity by influencing the synaptic organization and potentiating synaptic strength and enhances the expression of certain neurotrophic factors including Brain -Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) which is the key mechanism intermediating wide benefits of exercise in the brain and animal hippocampus. In addition, exercise improves synaptic plasticity by reinforcing the underlying systems which support plasticity including neurogenesis, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Such structural and functional alteration made by physical activities has been indicated in various parts of the brain. These alternations have been studied more in the hippocampal system.

A variety of brain disorders including alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, chronic stress, age-related cognitive decline, psychological disorders have been revealed to avoid, restore, or improve by different procedures of physical exercise.

Density currents flow due to the density difference between the current and surrounding environment. An important category of density currents is called turbidity currents, which density difference created as a result of suspended solid particle presence in fluid. In the present study, it is tried to use both Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian methods, to take advantage of each one. In this way, the larger particle that have a more effective role in sedimentation mechanism due to the more falling velocity are calculated as Lagrangian and smaller particles by the Eulerian method. In order to obtain a criterion for particle assortment, seven currents with different particle sizes in the Eulerian-Eulerian model have been numerically simulated in a simple channel and it is compared with no particle case, and also the Eulerian-Eulerian method has been verified with experimental results and identified when the particle sizes is less than 12 micron, the sedimentation process is not appreciable, and the presence effect of these kind of particle can be ignored. Therefore, the Eulerian-Eulerian method is a suitable method for this case. The Eulerian-Lagrangian method validation has been performed with experimental results. Finally, the current inside the channel with a spectrum of particle dimensions is simulated and described the results by the proposed method (the combination of two methods). To perform numerical simulations, the development of open-source OpenFOAM codes has been used to take into account the effect of particle. Due to the current’s turbulence, a Large Eddy Simulation method has been used for turbulent modeling.

Alopecia areata is an idiopathic disease in which there is patchy hair loss. Many treatments for hair loss coin (less than 50% hair loss) has been proposed Including corticosteroid injections, topical 5% minoxidil, and anthralin cream or ointment on the skin without hair. Since recent studies on the role of autoantibodies and autoimmune disease in alopecia areata have raised and the drugs used in its treatment are immunomodulators, this study aimed to compare the efficiency of tacrolimus and minoxidil with minoxidil alone in the treatment of alopecia areata. This randomized, double-blind clinical trial study was done in Alzahra Hospital and Sedigheh Tahira Center of Dermatology and Leishmaniasis, affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, from September 2012 to September 2013. In this study, 96 lesions in 54 patients with alopecia areata with various size and number of lesions were studied in two treatment groups. One group recived minoxidil 5% solution and tacrolimus 0.1% cream, and the other received minoxidil 5% solution and placebo cream. The mean lesion area at the onset of treatment, one and two months after starting the treatment, and one and three months after ending the therapy were measured compared between the groups in both sexes and various ages. After the treatment, the lesions in group minoxidil and tacrolimus increased and in the group treated with placebo cream and minoxidil solution decreased. In our study, minoxidil 5% solution alone was more effective in treatment of alopecia areata compared to combination of minoxidil 5% solution and tacrolimus 0.1% cream.