فهرست مطالب zahra moqadasi

Today, the debate over the comparison of literary works across various linguistic and geographical fields is regarded as one of the most serious issues in literary criticism. The present study is a comparison of two influential literary novels: a Persian novel, The Patient Stone (Sang-E Ṣabur) by Sadeq Chubak and a French novel, Germinal, by Émile Zola. No dynamic literature can overlook the influence of other countries’ literary works. Iranian and French novels yield to comparative analysis. Emil Zola, the founder of naturalism, introduced positivism to literature, and Sadeq Chubak is the Persian representative of this school. Studies show that Zola considers the chief principles of positivism such as empiricism, observations, in detail analysis of surrounding facts, factors such as inheritance, genetics and human physiology. Choubak too, has a preference for features of positivism such as observation and experiment, inheritance and genetics, and rejection of superstitions in The Patient Stone (Sang-Ṣabur) but there exist some differences in methods of applying positivism in these novels, which will be dealt with in this research through comparison. In this article, with a descriptive analytical method, similarities and differences in the positivistic approach of the two writers will be enumerated and analyzed.

Gashtassb is one of the well-known kings of the Kiyani dynasty. Based on Zoroastrian sources, he promotes improving religion and a favored kingdom. In Avesta and Pahlavi scripts, his wife is named Hotos; an Iranian girl from the Nozar race. Yet there are obvious differences among the personality of Gashtassb and his wife in Avesta and the Pahlavi scripts with the descriptions of these characters in Shah-Nameh by Ferdowsi. In Shah-Nameh, Gashtassb has a negative and undesirable characteristic. Also, unlike these mentioned texts, in Shah-Nameh his wife is called Katayoon; and their union takes place during Gashtassb’s trip to Rome. The present paper makes an attempt to introduce Gashtassb and his wife; while it discusses the dual differences within different texts; such as Avesta and Shah-Nameh.