فهرست مطالب zahra nemati

The current era is known as the "age of information," and the capital market is built on information as the economy's primary engine. The system of financial statements of corporations, which is the most significant source of information used in the capital market, produces an information system called accounting. Fraud and manipulation in these financial statements raise corporate risk, erode investor confidence, and cast doubt on the objectivity of accounting experts. Owing to the significance of fraud, this study aims to offer a way to foretell the likelihood of fraud in the financial statements of businesses admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2014 and 2021. 180 enterprises listed on the stock exchange make up the statistical sample (532 years of companies - suspected fraud years and 908 years - of non-fraudulent companies). According to the independent auditor's assessment, the existence of dormant assets and items, the doubting of the assumption of continuity of activity, the presence of tax discrepancies with other tax areas, and the dearth of adequate performance tax reserves led to the selection of the companies suspected of fraud. 96 financial ratios have been compiled by examining the theoretical foundations and research. In this research, the supervised methods of support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, Bayesian network, neural network, decision tree, logistic regression, random forest and the hybrid method (bagging) have been used. The results of the research showed that the performance evaluation criteria of precision, accuracy, sensitivity, and F-Measure and efficiency (ROC) and the accuracy result of the confusion matrix in the combined method (bagging) were 72.45, 61.21, 64.74, 62.93, 73.50, and 72.45 percent, respectively, which indicates the better performance and greater ability of this method to predict the possibility of fraud in financial statements compared to other proposed methods.

Fraud increases business risks and costs, creates investor distrust, and questions the professional competence and credibility of accounting. Hence, this study aims to employ data mining methods for fraud risk prediction at the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange within the 2014–21 period. For this purpose, 96 financial ratios were collected by reviewing theoretical foundations and research literature. The proposed classifiers such as the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, Bayesian network, support vector machine, and bagging classifier were adopted for fraud prediction. The performance of all classifiers were evaluated relatively poor . Therefore, financial ratios were reduced to enhance the proposed classifiers through the particle swarm optimization algorithm. In fact, 11 effective financial ratios were extracted with a precision of 72.92% and a prediction accuracy validity of 84,82 %. The extracted ratios were then reevaluated by the proposed classifiers for fraud prediction. According to the reevaluation results, all of the proposed methods improved with the extracted financial ratios. The research results indicated that the bagging classifier yielded the highest precision and accuracy, i.e., 84.28% and 76.85%, respectively, and the lowest prediction error, i.e., 23.15%. It was also 87% efficient in fraud prediction.

Financial statements are critical to users, as the increasing fraud cases have left behind irreversible impacts. Hence, this study aims to identify the appropriate financial ratios for fraud risk prediction in the financial statements of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange within the 2014–2021 period. The study is based on data from 180 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, encompassing a total of 1440 financial statements. To select the most appropriate ratios for fraud risk prediction, all financial ratios were tested by three metaheuristic algorithms, i.e., genetic algorithm, grey wolf optimization, and particle swarm optimization. Metaheuristic and data mining methods were employed for data analysis, and these analyses were conducted using MATLAB R2020a (MATLAB 9.8). According to the research results, the fitness function yielded 0.2708 in particle swarm optimization (PSO). With an accuracy of 72.92% after 19 iterations, PSO was more accurate and converged faster than the other algorithms. It also extracted 11 financial ratios: total debts to total assets, working capital to total assets, stock to current asset, accounts receivables to sales, accounts receivables to total assets, gross income to total assets, net income to gross income, current assets to current debt, cash balance to current debt, retained earnings and loss to equity, and long-term debt to equity. The support vector machine (SVM) classifier was then employed for fraud risk detection at companies through the ratios extracted by the proposed algorithms. The accuracy and precision of financial ratios extracted by PSO and SVM were reported at 80,60% and 71,20%, respectively, which indicates the superiority of the proposed model to other models. Considering that the results obtained from the performance evaluation of financial ratios provided by PSO-SVM demonstrate the capability of this method in predicting the likelihood of fraud in financial statements, it can assist financial statement users. By incorporating these ratios about the performance of the target companies and comparing them with those of other companies, users can make more informed decisions in economic decision-making, investments, credit assessments, and more, ultimately minimizing potential losses and risks.

Training in a certain skill not only culminates in better motor performance but also leads to neural adjustments and regulations in different brain regions.

The present study aimed to psychologically assess event-related motor potential in motor-related cortical regions during simple and complicated tasks.

The current research was of a semi-experimental type with a single-phase post-test design without a control group. The participants of the present study consisted of all 20-32-year-old right-handed male table tennis players in Tehran, in 2019. A total of 8 samples were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected at the National Brain Mapping Laboratory. Annett Hand Preference Questionnaire (1970), Ocular Dominance Testing Card (1910), the Newgy Robo Pong Model 2050 Digital Table Tennis Robot, and the Specific Test for Table Tennis Stroke (2016) were used to record speed from Radar gun, and cameras and judges’ scoring were also used to measure accuracy. Moreover, the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical test was employed to assess the differences in two levels of task complexity in SPSS software version 24.

The results showed that the motor potential in the primary motor cortex region had a greater range in the simple task than in the complicated task (P=0.012); however, the premotor (P=0.008) and the posterior parietal cortical regions (P=0.026) of the complicated task had larger ranges than the simple task.

According to the results of this study, the motor potential range is dependent on the task complexity level. Therefore, it is suggested that tasks with different complexity levels be taken into account in investigating event-dependent potentials.

Ancient sites represent the cultural landscape resulting from the interaction between humans and the environment. They are influenced by a set of geographical, natural and socio-cultural factors. The interpretation and disclosure of environmental information of settlement distribution can provide conditions for a better understanding of the interaction between human and the environment in this era. In this interaction, environmental factors are in a way the geographical and natural substrates play an effective role in the distribution of ancient sites. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the geographical foundations of the Sassanian sites in the highland of Arsanjan. Based on this, six geographical factors were considered as environmental factors or independent variables and the area of ancient sites as dependent variables. To investigate these factors, Arc Gis and SPSS software and quantitative analysis methods of inferential statistics with the Pearson correlation method were used. The results of these analysis determined that Sassanid period sites with a number of natural factors such as moderate to weak dependencies and a number of environmental factors also show a high dependency. This number expresses the relatively high and positive correlation between some geographical and environmental factors and the Sassanid era sites of Arsanjān plain. In the analysis and evaluation of the settlement patterns of Sassanid sites using cluster analysis, four patterns were obtained.

A common form of domestic violence is the sexual abuse in marriage which is not explicitly criminalized in law of Iran. This research seeks to answer the following question: "How do public prosecutor's offices and criminal courts respond to victims of sexual abuse in marriage?”. Research data were collected through conducting in-depth and semi-structured interviews with judges, lawyers, and victims, as well as analyzing criminal cases and non-participant observation. The research findings reveal that while it is common practice for public prosecutor's offices to avoid recognizing sexual abuse in marriage, there exists a minority of judges that attempt to protect victims by extending the existing laws to marital sexual abuse. Nonetheless, the majority of cases that do make it to the sentencing phase get dismissed without having reached a conviction. The main reason for this is the judges' traditional interpretation of the concept of Tamkin in Islamic jurisprudence.

One of the most prevalent forms of domestic violence against women is the sexual abuse in marriage. According to the statistics of World Health Organization (WHO), in industrialized countries, about 24% of married women have experienced at least once sexual violence by their husbands, and this rate rises to about 37% (approximately 1 in 3 women) in Middle Eastern countries like Iran. Empirical studies not only do not support the milder trauma to the victim in the case of marital rape in comparison to stranger rape, but also reveal that marital rape causes more severe and long-lasting trauma. Therefore, international documents have emphasized the need to protect women against domestic sexual violence.
As described by 2010 United Nations handbook for legislation on violence against women, domestic sexual violence not only does violate woman's physical integrity and her sexual autonomy but also is a crime against the unity of the family and the health of the community. United Nations encourage the member states to criminalize such behavior and recognize it as a punishable act. Although in recent decades, some countries reforming their criminal laws have criminalized the marital rape, sexual abuse in marriage is not explicitly criminalized in criminal law of Iran. In addition to the lack of criminal intervention which still keeps husbands from prosecution and punishment, there is no protection and treatment intervention for victim women suffering from this kind of violence.
When the criminal law of Iran is silent and vague, the question arises as to how do public prosecutor's offices and criminal courts respond to sexual abuse in marriage? In other words, this research aims to answer the question that despite the legislator's silence, whether it is possible to criminally protect married women of marital sexual abuse or not.

In this research, a qualitative approach and a descriptive-Analytical method were used to evaluate criminal justice system response to sexual abuse in marriage. To answer the research question, in addition to library resources, three other methods were used for data collection: 1) In-depth and semi-structured interviews with 15 criminal court judges and 15 lawyers (by using snowball sampling), and 35 victims of marital sexual abuse (by using purposive sampling), 2) analysis of the content of 23 criminal cases related to the research subject, and 3) non-participant observation.

Our findings suggest that “getting lucky” is a key driver in a safe and helpful criminal justice response to sexual abuse in marriage. As articulated by many interviewees, coming across the “right” officer, investigator or judge could make the difference. Our findings also indicate that prosecutors and investigators are divided into two groups in dealing with victims of marital sexual abuse. First, those who do not recognize sexual abuse in marriage and make decision to give the husband an absolution from accusation with the excuse of lack of law. Second, those who aim to protect women victims and therefore extend existing laws to the sexual abuse in marriage. These prosecutors and investigators attempt to file cases of marital sexual abuse under general offences such as assault and battery, threat, insult, slander, etc.
The interviews and observations showed that the aforementioned first approach is more common in public prosecutor's offices, and the prosecutors and investigators of the second approach are in the minority. The concept of the “Tamkin” (wife’s obedience to her husband in Matrimonial duties) in Islamic law plays an important role in this judicial avoidance. Influenced by this concept, judges often view the intercourse as the husband’s right and the wife’s duty. As a result of such misunderstanding, the sexual victimization of the wives by their husbands is ignored.
Another research finding was that criminal court judges, just like prosecutors and investigators, frequently avoid recognizing sexual abuse in marriage and criminal protect for women victims of it. In criminal court, judges merely convict the husband in the case where sexual abuse against his wife is accompanied by physical violence. In the case of sexual abuse accompanied by emotional and verbal abuse (not bodily violence), they simply acquit the husband because of the difficulty of proving domestic violence. Even when evidence seems sufficient, judges (at their own judicial discretion) prefer to sentence the husband to “Diya”[1] instead of imprisonment or whipping. In addition, the judges (under the pretext of preserving the family) often prefer to put pressure on the victim to forgive her husband, rather than to issue a conviction.

Research  findings reveal that the criminal justice agencies do not tend to convict or sentence the husbands for committing sexual abuse in marriage and on the contrary, they attempt to minimize victims' experience. Therefore, considering the inadequacy of existing substantial and procedural criminal laws, the first and most important suggestion is the criminalization of marital sexual abuse in legal discourse, along with the determine and impose penalties that are appropriate both to deterring the husbands from committing sexual abuse and to meet the needs of the wives. Overall, it seems that the results of this research may help legislators and policymakers of criminal justice system to solve or at least to mitigate the consequences of this ever-increasing phenomenon.

Sexual violence perpetrated by the husband is one of prevalent forms of domestic violence. Women victims of marital sexual violence take action for divorce. Because the law does not recognize sexual violence as a legitimate reason for divorce, they file Osro-Haraj lawsuits. Because the legislature has left the determination for such cases to judicial interpretation, there is rampant disagreement among judges. The purpose of this study is to determine what factors influence judicial interpretations of Osro-Haraj in divorce cases due to marital sexual violence. To find the answer to this question, the case study method was utilized, including in-depth interviews with 10 judges, 10 lawyers and 35 victims, content analysis of verdicts and non-participatory observation by attending court hearings. The findings reveal that judicial interpretations are influenced by factors such as the judicial stereotypes, policies that aim to keep divorce statistics low, the male-dominated nature of family courts, the wife's reluctance to forgo dowry, etc. The above-stipulated factors preclude the judicial system from recognizing marital sexual violence as a form of Osro-Haraj. In addition to amending and revising the divorce laws, protection of martial violence victims requires a transformation in the male-dominated nature of the courts by appointing female judges.

Considering globalization, advertisement translation has turned into an important issue in the field of translation studies, yet it is a rather difficult and challenging job for translators to overcome cultural, social, and ideological differences present in advertisements. With regards to this fact, the present study is designed with the aim of investigating advertisement translation from the perspective of Relevance Theory, an uprising pragmatic theory that provides a unified account of translation. For this purpose, a sample of 10 English advertising slogans, along with their Persian translations were selected from among the slogans available on the Internet. The collected sample was analyzed critically on the grounds of Relevance Theory’s concepts and principles, proposed by Sperber and Wilson (1995). In the process of analyzing the data, Gutt’s (2000) theory of translation, which is based on the application of Relevance Theory to translation, was also brought into focus. Hence, the translators’ choices were justified based on the main tenets of Relevance Theory, and it was observed that in most of the examples, the translations adhered to the principles of Relevance Theory; in Gutt’s terms, the translated slogans interpretively resembled the originals. So, most of the translations were successful advertisements in appealing to the target audience. The findings of the present study gave evidence for the fact that Relevance Theory can be an appropriate approach for evaluating translations, especially in the realm of advertisement translation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of life skills training on attitudes toward addiction. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of nature with a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population includes all-female high school students in Bojnourd in the academic year 1399-1400. To select the samples, 30 students were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 15 (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). Life skills were taught to the experimental group in 10 sessions of 90 minutes. The research instrument was the Attitude towards Addiction Questionnaire of Delavar et al (2004). Analysis of covariance and SPSS.24 software were used for statistical analysis of data. The results showed that life skills training courses in schools 56.9% of the attitude towards addiction, 45.4% of the effects of drug use 38.3% of the risks of drug use, and 43.9% of the desire to use Explains drugs. Therefore, it can be said that life skills training courses have a significant effect on attitudes toward addiction.

Numismatic study of Arab-Sassanid coins can be a turning point in the numismatic study of Both Sassanid and Islamic era. It provides us with extensive information about victories, conquerors, governors, political and administrative geography and etc. General motifs, themes, writings, and pictures on the coins show no different with the Sassanid Dirhams but according to the inscriptions they date back to the first centuries of lunar calendar and categorized as Arab-Sassanid coins. In winter 2012, Vali Zareie found 4 coins in a small shelter at Dūkohak, a small village near the town Arsanjān. The coins had undergone some erosion during the course of time. 2 of them were minted at Bishāpur and Dārābgerd in 34 and 75 A.H which carry the name of Muslim governers Abdollah-ibn-Amer and Mohleb-ibn-Abisofreh in Pahlavi alphabet. The other 2 do not have any Arab governers’ name and the name of Khosrow II (Khoasro Parviz) is readable on them in Pahlavi alphabet; they were minted in 33 and 50 A.H at Jay and Nahāvand. In the following research beside defining the spot where the coins are found the historical geography of the location Dašr-e Tavābec-e Arsanjān and Dūkohak village within Sassanid time and the first centuries of Islamic era, plus the location where they are minted will be studied.

Knee extension torque control decreases after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. There is a controversy in neuromuscular control changes on the uninvolved side. We intended to evaluate the steadiness and accuracy of quadriceps muscle control in the healthy and deficient sides of people with acute ACL rupture.  

In this cross-sectional study, thirteen men with ACL rupture (age: 27.8±7.0, body mass index (BMI): 24.7±2.25: 24.7, days from injury: 48.1±21.3) participated in the study. We measured quadriceps force control, which is quantitatively assessed by the standard deviation (SD) of joint torque for a predefined submaximal target. The accuracy of muscular control or performance of quadriceps is commonly quantified by the root mean square of error (RMSE) was also measured. A two-way analysis of variance was conducted to assess SD and RMSE of two levels of quadriceps contraction (30% of muscle voluntary contraction (MVC), 50% of MVC) across both healthy and deficient knees.  

There was a significant main effect for SD and RMSE of MVC percentage (p<0.001). SD of quadriceps torque in 50% of MVC (1.44 ± 0.13) was higher than 30% of MVC (0.88 ± 0.1). In contrast, there was no significant main effect for SD and RMSE of knee condition.  

After unilateral ACL rupture, the neuromuscular system becomes defected and quadriceps muscle control is then reduced in the healthy side. Therefore, the healthy side is also vulnerable to ligamentous damage. Besides, with the increasing intensity of physical activities, neuromuscular control decreases and the risk of re-injury rises.

Assertiveness is an essential tool in communication between nurses and other members of the hospital staff as well as patients. According to studies, more assertive nurses have higher self-esteem and if they make a mistake, they have more courage in reporting the error and as a result, take timely action and prevent the repetition of similar mistakes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an assertiveness training program on nurses' assertiveness and self-esteem.

This investigation was an experimental study, conducted on two equal groups with pre-test and post-test design. The study was performed on 70 nurses from different wards of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad, Iran. The assertiveness training program in the intervention group consisted of a workshop and a Intragroup session. All subjects in the two groups before, after, completed the Rathus assertiveness scale and Rosenberg self-esteem questionnaires. Data were statistically analyzed.

The intervention and control groups were similar in terms of demographic characteristics (p>0.05). Implementation of the assertiveness training program increased the level of assertiveness and self-esteem of nurses in the intervention group in all post-intervention measurements compared to before (p <0.01). However, the increase in assertiveness and self-esteem of nurses in the intervention group was not significant in any of the post-intervention episodes compared to the control group (p> 0.05).

Based on our findings, the implementation of an assertiveness training program leads to improving the assertiveness and self-esteem.Keywords: assertiveness, self-concept, nurse, Communicating assertively, self-confidence

Multi-attribute utility theory is one of the approaches in multi-attribute decision-making. It is developed based on the logic of the expected utility theory. The main difference between the methods derived from the expected utility theory and multi-attribute decision-making methods is defining the role of the value function. The prospect theory was emerged to criticize the expected utility theory. An issue open to controversy in the field of decision-making is how to apply the prospect theory in developing multi-attribute decision-making methods. Some research has attempted to address the issue in recent years, yet there are shortcomings in applying this theory in multi-attribute decision-making methods, including determining the reference point. The prospect theory calculations permit any reference point to be involved but do not allow multiple reference points to be considered simultaneously. In this area, theories capable of providing interaction of several references points simultaneously are needed.

In this paper, three reference points were used and considered simultaneously to develop a multi-attribute utility theory model.

The developed model was presented in the form of definitions and mathematical relations and its applicability was shown using an example and based upon the data related to the selection of aircraft suppliers.

The proposed model is able to solve the problem of not paying attention to multiple reference points simultaneously and can cover the research gap in the field of decision-making literature.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting the organizational commitment of Tehran Municipality employees. The method of this research is survey and correlation type. The statistical population of this study is all employees of Tehran Municipality. The sampling method is simple random and the sample size is 240 people. The data collection tool and information is a questionnaire, the reliability rate (Cronbach's alpha) of research variables is between 0.80 to 0.92, which indicates the correlation and internal alignment of items. Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multivariate regression, analysis of variance and path analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The results of the analysis of hypotheses indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between social factors, job satisfaction, organizational culture and organizational commitment in Tehran Municipality. The regression results show that 0.239 of the changes are explained by independent variables and the variables of job satisfaction and organizational culture had the greatest impact on increasing organizational commitment. The variable of job satisfaction has the most direct and indirect effect on the organizational commitment.

Many plants grown at low temperature exhibit different adaptation strategies involving physiological, ecological and morphological processes. Solanum lycopersicum L. is affected by cold stress at all stages of growth; however, wild tomato species such as S. habrochaites  rapidly  improve after exposure to the cold stress through various changes in physiological processes. In this study, the short-term stress method was used for rapid screening and cold tolerance selection of tomato lines instead of long-term stress at 4 °C.

This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Iran in 2018. Experimental factors included two levels of cold stress (0 and 2 °C) and three tomato lines (LA1777, LA3969 and LA4024). In the study, electrolyte leakage, MDA, anthocyanin, phenol, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, total soluble carbohydrate content, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX were measured.

According to the results of this experiment, LA1777 line showed the lowest leaf wilting after  exposure to low temperatures. There was a significant difference between these lines in terms of electrolyte leakage. Under cold stress conditions, lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) were obtained from wild line LA1777 that compared to sensitive line LA4024. LA1777 and electrolyte leakage at LA4024 at 0 and 2˚C were 14 and 11% higher than LA1777, respectively. Inhibition of DPPH radical activity of tolerant line LA1777 were higher than sensitive line LA4024 at 0 and 2 °C (43 and 45% respectively). Anthocyanin content of LA1777 and LA3969 lines were 49% higher than LA4024 at 0 °C. Under cold stress, the activity of the three antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD, and APX significantly increased in wild line LA1777, indicating better hydrogen peroxide scavenging system. After cold stress, LA1777 and LA3969 had the highest maximum efficiency of photosystem II, respectively, in light-adapted conditions (F'v / F'm), which may be due to higher cell membrane stability. The results showed that instead of long-term cold stress at 4˚C, the short-term stress method can be used for rapid screening of tomato lines for cold tolerance selection. Assessment of physiological parameters such as chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, MDA level, DPPH radical scavenging, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes showed that these indices can be used to detect cold stress and to quantify the stress in tomato lines.

Based on our data, we conclude that this short-term stress method is a useful method for rapid assessment of tomato chilling tolerance. The physiological parameters used in this study showed adequate difference between tomato lines.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of guided imagery oncompetitive anxiety and perceived stress in girls basketball players.

The present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test design, post-test. The statisticalpopulation of the present study included female basketball students of the University of Tehran whowere physically and neurologically healthy and none of them were familiar with guided visual training.Forty people randomly selected and divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). In thisstudy, the experimental group received guided imagery training for four weeks, three sessions perweek and each session for 50 minutes, but the control group did not received psychological training.Subjects were tested by Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Bischart's CompetitiveAnxiety Questionnaire (2009). Data was analyzed by analysis of covariance.

The results showed that perceived stress and competitive anxiety between the experimentaland control groups were significant (P ≥ 0.001), and this method can be used to reduce perceivedstress and competitive anxiety of basketball athletes.

guided imagery exercises had a significant effect on the selected psychological variablesand this method can be used to reduce perceived stress and competitive anxiety of basketballathletes.

Marital rape as one of the types of domestic violence against women is not a novel phenomenon; however, only in recent decades has it been considered by criminal justice systems to confront with. International documents have pointed out that the marital relationship should not be accepted as a factor to justify sexual violence, according to which the domestic violence is not a simple family conflict, but a social problem threatening the public health. Therefore, member states have been called upon to eliminate or reduce domestic violence through criminal intervention which has been recognized in many countries as essential to confront marital rape. However, legislators do not follow a single pattern in this context. Careful reviewing the different countrieschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) laws about marital rape, we can identify four patterns of criminalization and three ones for penalization. Applying a descriptive-analytical approach, this study is aiming to first provide evidences of different countrieschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) criminal law, and then analyze the justifiable reasons for their obligation to each of such patterns. Furthermore, investigating the current situation of Iranian law, this article is seeking to find solutions for criminal intervention of Iranian legislator in this field through referring to the jurisprudential (Fiqhi) sources.

One of the most prevalent forms of sexual violence against women is that perpetrated by husbands. While some of the victims decide to divorce, others make an attempt to prevent their husbands from violence by filing a criminal case. However, in order to achieve their desired outcome, both groups are required to prove the violence, which is not straightforward given the private nature of sex. Therefore, the questions addressed in the present work are: what are the challenges faced by victims trying to prove their being subjected to sexual violence, and what are the solutions for facilitating the proof of such violence? To address these questions, a qualitative approach and the case-study method are used in in-depth semi-structured interviews with 18 judges, 10 lawyers and 35 victims. Also, non-participant observation technique is used by attending 16 hearings. The findings show that the proof of sexual violence is complicated by disappearance of physical evidence over time, the lack of eyewitness, courts’ evasion of acceptance of scientific evidence, and the fact that sexual violence is not always accompanied by physical injuries. However, it appears that until the laws are amended and supplemented, the difficulty of proving marital sexual violence can be alleviated under the [existing] legal capacity of knowledge of the judge by using other countries’ experiences on evidence in domestic violence, such as calling the victim as a witness, acceptance of expert testimony and child testimony, and considering the history of charged and uncharged crimes, and bad acts of perpetrator.

The number and population of metropolitan areas have increased significantly during the last century, and in line with the increase in population, improved communications, global trends, and other significant factors, there have been many changes in the spatial development of these areas. These changes are observed in metropolitan areas of Iran during the same period, but there have been a few studies on the changes of these areas in Iran. In this study, the urban land density (U.L.D) function was used to investigate the spatial development trend in Shiraz metropolitan area from 1996-2016. The results show that the Shiraz metropolitan area has experienced a decentralized and scattered spatial form from 1996 to 2016. The pattern of changes in the region's spatial development during the years 1996-2006 and 2006-2016 shows that spatial development has become more decentralized and scattered. According to demographic analysis, the highest population density in 2006, 2011, and 2016 can be seen in the central buffer zone of Shiraz metropolis. Based on directional distribution (standard distance), the population distribution has moved to the northwest of the region. In addition, when analyzing the population distribution pattern, the Moran statistics shows that the region population is distributed in clusters. In general, the decentralized and dispersed spatial form and the formation of population clusters in the region's development process show an imbalance in the region's spatial and demographic development. Some of the significant effects of this phenomenon are urban fragmentation, social segregation, car dependency, and the destruction of agricultural lands and gardens.

 Learning difficulties dyslexic students, they have difficulties in school, home and daily life faced, making it difficult for them on academic achievement and sustainability. Interaction between the learning disorder, cognitive development, growth and cognitive development vision is established, has led to reduced activity in the visual perceptual learning difficulties with reading deficits, play an important role. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify the cognitive-visual-frostig method on the reading skills of students with dyslexic learning disorders.

This study is a single study subject using time series design group (AB) was performed. The sample consisted of three male students with reading disabilities studying in the third grade of elementary school in school year 1395 in 96 formed the city Khodabande. To check the status of data collection problems reading the subjects, using reading, dyslexia symptoms and tests of reading and dyslexia checklist was facing. In order to enhance reading comprehension, all three subjects received 18-sessions (9 weeks and 2 sessions each week) in group sessions, developed advanced cognitive-visual activities based on frostiges .Analysis of the data using the method of assessing students' reading difficulties and visual analysis was carried out by Table Measure and the type of problem.

 The results of the evaluation of reading problems before and after training activities Frostig showed that visual perception can be up to twice the visual perceptual activity, the subjects' scores on any cognitive domains of attention, memory, visual, auditory, visual clarity, Audio, video sequences, audio and reduce errors.

 The results of this study show the impact that exercise enhanced activity in reducing visual perception of students with learning disorders have problems reading, It is suggested that an exceptional education officials, teachers and parents to organize courses to raise awareness of the effects of this exercises and skills.

"Conceptual analysis" is one of important analytic philosophers' tools in philosophical argumentations. In the process of analysis, we specify the elements or constituents of a concept on which basis we define the concept. With regard to conceptual analysis, a well-known paradox known as "the paradox of analysis" is proposed holding that a true conceptual analysis cannot be informative in the sense that it cannot enhances our previous knowledge about the concept. If true, our widespread focus on conceptual analysis on philosophical argument is implausible. In order to cash out the meaning of the paradox, we will first elucidate Moore's (1903) open question argument, we will argue that the argument entails the paradox of analysis. We will then argue that the paradox's claim is implausible, that is, true conceptual analysis can be informative. We will then consider, on the basis of our argument against the paradox of analysis, Church's (1956) account of intensional identities. Our argument, apart from showing the informativity of conceptual analysis, undermines any philosophical positions, like Moore's open question argument, presupposing the paradox of analysis.

Coinciding with the rise of human population, the use of medicinal plants began by ancient peoples as medicine, poison, detergent, food and paint upon it. In present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi thyme, T. vulgaris, essential oil was analyzed by three methods (DPPH, potassium ferricyanide reaction and CUPRAC methods) and comparison with TBHQ method for determination of reducing power of T. vulgaris essential oil by potassium ferricyanide method. Phytochemical composition of T. vulgaris essential oil was identified by GC/Mass device. The results showed that T. vulgaris essential oil has a good potential against oxidants even near to TBHQ. The essential oils of this plant are Thymol (40.02%) and Carvacrol (18.31%). The results of antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris using three methods and comparison with TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone) showed Thymus vulgaris essential oil have a good potential for scavenging of free radicals similar to TBHQ.

Breeding and production of new varieties of ornamental plants as well as their propagation and developing are an expanding industry. Researches find it necessary to increase the genetic variation in Lilium, because of value of this ornamental plant as the fourth cut flower in the world. The present study was carried out to investigate gamma radiation effects on in vitro mutation induction in Lilium. ISSR markers were used to determine genetic variation in resulting explants. Thin cell layer (TCL) explants were treated with 2, 6 and 10 Gy of gamma rays. Treated explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Results showed all treatments induced genetic diversity, but the optimal dose was 2 Gy, because of increase diversity and survival rate of explants. The results confirmed the efficiency of ISSR markers for detection of genetic variations. Furthermore, the results suggested that mutatants induced by gamma irradiation are not only as a source for genetic variations but also as a useful tool for early selection of desirable mutants by breeders.

Coinciding with the rise of human population, the use of medicinal plants began by ancient peoples as medicine, poison, detergent, food and paint upon it.
In present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Shirazi thyme, T. vulgaris, essential oil was analyzed by three methods (DPPH, potassium ferricyanide reaction and CUPRAC methods) and comparison with TBHQ method for determination of reducing power of T. vulgaris essential oil by potassium ferricyanide method. Phytochemical composition of T. vulgaris essential oil was identified by GC/Mass device.
The results showed that T. vulgaris essential oil has a good potential against oxidants even near to TBHQ. The essential oils of this plant are Thymol (40.02%) and Carvacrol (18.31%).
The results of antioxidant activity of Thymus vulgaris using three methods and comparison with TBHQ (Tertiary butyl hydroquinone) showed Thymus vulgaris essential oil have a good potential for scavenging of free radicals similar to TBHQ.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of endurance exercise on the level of focus of attention and brain derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in non-athlete male and female students and to investigate the relationship between variations in these factors. 30 non-athlete students (mean age 24.1.6 years) were assigned to 4 groups: males, females, male control and female control based on the Stroop pretest. After blood samples were collected, they continued their endurance exercises for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 40 min. each session with the intensity of 70-85% maximum heart rate based on the endurance exercise protocol. Results showed that endurance exercise significantly increased BDNF in both male and females) P0.05), but level of BDNF was significantly more in female group than the male group (P0.05). Finally, according to these findings, it seems that endurance exercise can increase BDNF level and improve focus, but there are possible differences between males and females that need further research.