فهرست مطالب zahra sharifinia

Self-objectification is a psycho-social phenomenon that is affected by the beauty ideals of society and its daily changes, leading young girls to assess their physical appearance, beauty, and sexual attractiveness from an external perspective, guided by cultural norms and standards. This study aimed to investigate the social factors related to self-objectification of young girls in Kerman city. 

Methods and Data: 

The data of the present research has been collected using the survey technique. The research population included all young girls within the age range of 18 to 35 in Kerman City. Based on Cochran's formula, a sample of 300 was selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling technique. 

The results showed that the relationship between self-objectification and narcissistic variables, gender stereotypes and family is statistically significant and direct (P <0.05). Path analysis revealed that gender stereotypes had the most substantial impact, accounting for 43% of the influence. 

 It can be concluded that gender stereotypes, narcissism, and gender stereotypes are among the social factors affecting the increase in girls' self-objectification. 

Key Message: When traditional interpretations are aligned with family pressures and their psychological narcissism, it encourages girls to objectify themselves, constantly monitor their bodies and follow the approval gaze of others. It is recommended to enhance cultural and educational initiatives in universities, schools, and through media to challenge and eliminate gender stereotypes and narcissism, thereby reinforcing girls' self-confidence and self-efficacy, ultimately reducing harms caused by self-objectification.

Today, housing and related issues are global issues that planners and policymakers in different countries seek to solve related problems. Most governments, in response to the importance of housing, use housing planning in the form of national regional and urban planning. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative issues of housing is done through a tool that is presented in the form of variables called housing indicators and express different economic, socio-cultural and physical dimensions of housing.Housing indicators not only as a descriptive tool to express the current housing situation in various dimensions.The aim of the present study is to examine the situation of housing index in the regions The city of Mashhad and their prioritization based on these indicators and providing solutions provided a suitable platform for equality and justice between different areas of the city of Mashhad. The statistical population of the study consists of the total number of households in Mashhad in 2020 to 930785 households. The sample size using the Cochran's formula is 384 items for data collection by library and field methods and for data analysis by aras technique. The results of the research based on Shannon entropy technique showed that in quantitative indicators, the household dimension criterion, in quality indicators, the criterion of housing units' access to shopping centers, and in economic indicators, the percentage of rent to total household expenditure were the most important criteria. On the other hand, the results of the research using the aras technique indicate that the 17 districts of Mashhad are not in equal conditions in terms of quantitative, qualitative and economic indicators of housing and are classified into three desirable levels: semi-desirable and undesirable.

With the expansion of metropolises in developed and especially less developed countries, the surrounding areas of cities have been exposed to the greatest amount of changes and transformations. his dynamic led to the emergence of different spatial territories and residential forms in the surroundings of cities, one of these residential forms is the growth of second homes. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the factors affecting the formation of second homes in the peri-urban areas of Mazandaran province. This research is based on the practical purpose and on the basis of the descriptive and contextualization method and the library and field data collection method. On the one hand, the statistical population of the research consists of 2886 owners of second homes, which was estimated to be 339 using Cochran's formula. And on the other hand, the statistical community is made up of experts from Jihad agricultural, environmental, governorate and university organizations, 20 of whom were selected as a snowball.To analyze the data, the Delphi technique and Micmac analysis were used. The results of the research showed that among the 19 drivers identified in the Delphi technique, the speculation of real estate consultants, the inefficiency of the laws and regulations related to construction in peri-urban areas, the separation of lands due to the inheritance law and the adaptation of the proposed village area to the future spatial development pattern, with The use of M&M analysis are considered as key drivers, because they are both controllable and affect the dynamics and change of the system.

In many development programs in the third world, the expansion of small home businesses in rural areas has been mentioned as an efficient solution to advance the rural development process and improve the living conditions and income of rural residents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to prioritize the challenges of home business in rural areas of Sari County.

The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical, for which the method of documentary and survey (questionnaire) were used. The statistical population of the research consists of experts of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Mazandaran Province and the Industry, Mine and Trade organization and the Agricultural Jihad organization in Sari County. Fifteen people were selected as a statistical sample. Six factors of economic and financial, infrastructure, education and innovation, insurance and law, marketing and skills were considered as home business challenges in rural areas of Sari County. In order to analyze the data, the combined DEMATEL method and interpretive structural modeling were used.

The results showed that education and innovation, insurance and law and skills barriers are at the highest level of the model, and economic and financial, marketing, and infrastructure barriers are at the lowest level of the model. According to MICMAC analysis, economic and financial, and marketing barriers with strong impact and weak dependence were identified as the most important challenges for home businesses in rural areas of Sari County.

The absence of a comprehensive database for home businesses, especially in rural areas, poor cooperation of experts in completing the questionnaires is the limitation of this study. Creating and organizing a database of home-based businesses are suggested, especially in rural areas that have been less studied and arranging the study platform for other research in this field.Practical implications- Supporting home-based businesses based on local and indigenous capacities and knowledge is a solution that not only promotes the production and creates jobs for the villagers, but also has positive social consequences.

The results of this research can be a guiding tool in the executive organizations in charge of issuing home business licenses (Agricultural Jihad Organization, Industry, Mining, and Trade Organization and Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization) and institutions supporting the vulnerable and poor groups (Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation and the Welfare Organization). It could also help the managers implement the prosperity of home businesses as effectively as possible.

Different factors and forces play a role in the formation and evolution of rural settlements, and each of these factors and forces can have positive or negative effects. But all these factors are somehow affected by the interaction and relationship between the two residential areas of the city and the village with each other that today we see more of the impact of urban development on villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the spatial and physical developments of the development of relations between Bam city and periphery villages. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of field data through a questionnaire. The validity of the elite questionnaire was examined and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.75. The statistical population consists of the population of families in the four villages of Bidaran, Khajeh Asgar, Hazaran and Hamzeh amounting to 2248 families. The sample size was determined based on Cochran's formula, 250 households. The result showed that among the urban villages, Bidran village with 25 hectares and Khajeh Askar village with 6 hectares had the highest and lowest expansion. Proximity to the city of Bam and turning these villages into places for leisure and weekends are the main reasons for this expansion. The result of Chi-square test at a significance level of less than 0.05 showed that Pirashahri villages had a great impact on the urban housing model. These changes are due to the change in the physical fabric of the villages and their orientation towards unproductive and consuming life in the city. The test result also indicates the impact of the expansion of Bam city on the construction boom in the studied villages of Pirashahri.

A review of studies in developing countries shows that economic programs in developing countries to achieve sustainable livelihoods and economic issues have failed to reduce poverty and a sustainable economy in rural areas. Therefore, today, one of the biggest challenges of planning rural communities and undermining the poverty in developing countries is providing livelihood. A approach that has emerged in the last decade is the sustainable livelihood approach, first proposed by Chambers in the 1980s; and recognized by the World Development and Environment Commission. Among development theories, thus, attention to sustainable livelihood approach, for empowerment and capacity building in rural areas in order to change the pattern of life has become a desirable method, and it is one of the important tools to achieve sustainable development.  Therefore, this approach emphasizes comprehensive and integrated framework about poverty reduction and rural development. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer this fundamental question; What are the most important factors affecting the livelihood sustainability of villagers in the study area?

This research is descriptive-analytical according to the purpose. In the descriptive part, to analyze the factors affecting the sustainability of villagerschr('39') livelihoods, documents and statistical methods have been used.  The statistical population of the study is more than 20 household villages in the mentioned rural area of Sari County, which includes 30 villages. The sample size was calculated according to Cochranchr('39')s formula about 377 and was randomly distributed among the villagers.The validity of the questionnaire was obtained from face validity method (opinion of professors and experts after several stages of correction and revision). To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-test (with 30 questionnaires) was performed and Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was 0.698, which indicates the validity of the questionnaire. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods such as central tendency indexes (frequency and percentage), and inferential (factor analytical) indicators have been used.

Poverty is one of the most important challenges for all society, especially rural communities. Thus, various approaches have been proposed to reduce and eradicate poverty. One of these popular ones is the sustainable livelihood approach, which was introduced in the 1980s. Since this is based on the theoretical approach of development and consists of various indicators, achieving sustainable livelihood is not possible without considering all the influential aspects of livelihood. Therefore, in order to recognize the effective indicators in sustainable rural livelihood, the process of policy-making, planning and rural management should consider all indicators holistically and interconnected. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the sustainable livelihoods of villagers in the mentioned rural area of Sari County.  The attitudes of local people were surveyed in 30 villages of this district, and factor analysis was used to answer the questions raised in the research. Therefore, KMO value for factors affecting livelihood stability was 0.924 and Bartlett value was 9764.279, which was significant at 99% confidence level. Findings showed that 15 factors were identified and a total of 53.908% of the total variance explained the variables. So that the first factor, i.e. income and job creation with a specific amount (15.35), explained more than 15.50% of the total variance and the fifteenth factor i.e., cultural core with a specific amount of 1.384 and the amount of variance 53.908 is the last factor. In a general, it can be said that all the factors explain 53.908% of the total variance of the variables, and 47.002% of the remaining variance is related to other factors that have not been predicted.The results of the analysis show that the impact of the index is different from the perspective of local people, which should be considered. The first factor, namely employment and income, which has an important and vital role in the sustainability of rurallivelihood, is one of their basic needs, should be given special attention. It measures to optimize agriculture and activities related to local and regional capabilities.  Therefore, initiatives can be proposed to strengthen sustainable rural livelihoods in the study area. First, according to the economic needs of people living and active in rural areas via diversification of activities and income generation means, and moreover through this approach create a variety of job opportunities and creating wealth and improving the living standards of the villagers, especially those whose predominant livelihood is agriculture. Second, paying attention to the indicators that were considered the first priority by the local people, as well as to prioritize other indicators used in the research, which were ranked first to fifteenth.

The development of eco-resorts is important for accommodation of domestic and foreign tourists, so their quality of indicators should be improved, regardless of its economic approach.  The purpose of this study is to spatially analyze the status of rural eco-resorts in Sari, so the present study seeks to answer these key questions: 1- What is the current status of rural eco-resorts indicators? 2- What is the level of the studied villages in terms of eco-resorts indicators?

The current study is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of approach and aim, respectively.  Documentary and field study methods were used to obtain the required data.  The statistical population of this study consists of two groups, the first group, included experts in tourism who were selected with census method, and consequently, 15 people in total. The second group included tourists who have stayed in these eco-resorts. According to the Cochran's formula, with an error value of 0.07, 181 questionnaires were completed randomly. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation and variance), inferential (one-sample t-test) and VIKOR method were used.

Findings of the study showed that based on the significance level of the one-sample test, there is a significant relationship and difference between 7 indicators of the research. Late Letkan & Late Leteka, Tapurestan and Miansheh ranked first to third, and eco-resorts in Mah Joon (Q = 0.785), Senam and Saray Khan (Q = 0.828) had the lowest ranks. Therefore, it can be said that the resorts, which are at an acceptable level in terms of the studied indicators, have appropriate facilities and services in eco-resorts.

In immigration literature due to immigration more attention has been paid to its positive effects on the welfare and economy of the origin and destination of the households. This paper examines the role of remittances on the Change in the Economic Situation and the Welfare of Their Families of Miankaleh as one of the positive effects of immigration on the development of the community of origin. The research methodology is based on the purpose of the applied research and is based on descriptive method. he data collection tool was a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of the population of the villages of Miankaleh. Using the Cochrane formula 378 immigrant households were selected as samples. To analyze the data descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used. Findings show that the satisfaction of immigrant households varies from income status before and after immigration, Also he impact of migrants' transfer money on increasing the willingness of the rural community improving the level of Economic Situation and the Welfare of their families is moderate to high

Promoting and improving the quality of villagers’ vitality is looked upon as the main objective of implementing rural development programs and from which the most important ones, the guide plans, are considered as the most relevant local development plans. In this regard, it has been of vital importance to implement the necessary evaluation after several years of conducting the guide plans. This evaluations, on one hand aims to determine the consequences of the plan implementing on the quality of villagers’ vitality and on the other hand, by identifying the strengths and weaknesses, necessary information are obtained for better management of the mentioned projects in order to achieve optimal improvement in the quality of villagers’ vitality. Therefore, this research was carried out to implement structural-functional analysis of rural guide plans in improving the quality of villagers’ vitality in the Panj Hezareh Rural Area located in the central part of the Behshahr County. The purpose of this study is the structural-functional analysis of rural guide plans in improving the quality of the villagers’ vitality in Panj Hezareh Rural Area located in the central part of the Behshahr County. In terms of form, the research is quantitative, with regards to the purpose, it is the applied one and with the view to the data collection, it is considered as a descriptive survey. Moreover, according to the time, the research is cross-sectional and data collections were done during specific span of time in 2019.The statistical population of the study was 3772 people including all the population of villages where guide plans were implemented. The sample size was calculated with error of 0.07 based on Cochran software and the questionnaires were distributed randomly among the villagers. The validity of the questionnaires was done through face validity and several stages of reviews and revisions which were accepted by the professors and experts. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, the pre-test with 25 questionnaires was conducted and obtained Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient was 0.745 indicating the validity of the designed questionnaire. Descriptive (frequency and percentage),inferential statistical methods (including chi-square test, one-sample t-test, Spearmanchr('39')s coefficient, and analysis of variance) and VIKOR model were used to analyze the data. The viewpoints of the locals in 9 villages of this county were investigated, then for fulfilling the set goals, the study took the advantages of descriptive and inferential statistical methods including chi-square test, one-sample t-test, Spearmanchr('39')s coefficient, analysis of variance and VIKOR model. The findings show that the implementation of rural guide plans for improving the quality of studied villagers’ livelihoods has influenced the quality of economic, social, cultural, environmental, infrastructural and physical livelihoods. Furthermore, distinguished changes in the cultural and physical indices were higher than the other indices; this result is natural and common due to the fact that implementing the guide plans are integrated more closely with the form and aesthetics modifications of rural areas. Besides, the function of these projects, the attitude of the people towards the quality of livelihood, the way the villagers treat each other and the preservation of the environment, etc. have also changed and in comparison to the past, people have applied more effort and gained further confidence. Otherschr('39') research indicates that the results of these kinds of projects in rural areas have led to a relative improvement in economic and social indicators. The present study suggests that the function of implementing guide plans in rural settlements not only affect the economic and social and economic indicators positively, but also it has provided the opportunity to improve the physical, infrastructural, environmental and cultural fields and ultimately has increased the quality of vitality in the studied rural areas. The findings of the Vikor model indicate that the spatial analysis of the villages and rural distributions by the indicators of economic, social, cultural, environmental, infrastructure and physical, implies a significant difference in the study area. So that according to the quality of vitality among the studied villages, Pasand village with 0 point has the highest rank due to proximity to rural center and access to services and Chaklade village with 0.983 point has the lowest rank owing to its distance from the center of the rural center and the factor of the geographical isolation.

Today, most theorists on the development and reduction of deprivation, especially rural development, believe that sustainable development cannot be achieved without people's participation, and that the transition period has been made easier, faster and less costly with people's participation. Rural civil society with a participatory approach has played a fundamental and fundamental role in the comprehensive development of rural communities. This role will be fulfilled by providing public facilities such as drinking water, baths and schools to improve the living conditions of the villagers and their participation (Roumani et al., 1977: 64).

There has been much debate about the word participation and its literal meaning, but overall its meaning can be described as involvement, activity, and effectiveness (Alavi Tabar, 2000: 15). People's participation means voluntary cooperation and their freedom in the development process (Ibrahimzadeh, 1998: 2). Social participation is in particular the concept of conscious, spontaneous, voluntary and purposeful participation of individuals and groups in social affairs of the community and to facilitate work, expedite and facilitate the conduct of community affairs and contribute to social development goals (Ennorouzi et al., 1386: 95). People's participation in the development process is so credible that they see development as equal to participation. Participation is a process of decision-making and problem-solving, and is applied to individuals and groups who have different interests, interests, expertise, and perspectives and work to benefit those whose decisions and actions will affect them (Tiamsoon). Sirisirisak, 2009: 406).

In order to achieve the goals of the research, careful selection of appropriate research methods and tools is essential. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its data are obtained by library method (for formulating theoretical principles of the subject) and field method (questionnaire). In order to collect field data, after trying to identify the research variables, a questionnaire was used to collect the required data in the study area. For data collection, the sample was distributed and distributed among the local population. Therefore, the statistical population of this study consisted of 8 villages in Bisheh suburb in the central part of Ghaemshahr city. 188 specimens were identified based on Cochran soft formula and Census formula of 1395 and error of 0.07%. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by the faculty of geography at Sari Branch of Azad University. Reliability of the research instrument was calculated by Cronbach's alpha at acceptable level (0.756%) indicating that the research instrument was appropriate. The collected data were analyzed according to the type of research question by appropriate statistical methods such as (one-sample t-test, cluster analysis, independent sample t-test and by-pass model).

The results of the one-sample t-test of the average calculated barriers of local people's participation in rural development were compared with the hypothetical average (3) and showed that the true mean of total respondents' perceptions of economic-financial, personal and personality barriers, institutional and information, and The correlation is larger than 3 and is moderately high, and is significant and generalizable to the whole population, given the significance of these barriers, which is less than 0.05. According to the final centers of the clusters, the mean values of the variables in the second cluster are relatively higher than the other clusters. This indicates that in the second cluster, given the sample size, the barriers to local people's participation in rural development are greater than in the first cluster. The results of ANOVA table show which variables have the most role in clustering. Therefore, the significance of social, cultural, economic, financial, individual and personality, institutional and organizational barriers and information and communication barriers of error smaller than 0.01 have the greatest role in separating clusters. Therefore, respondents' opinion was divided into two groups. The results of WASPAS model showed that the highest Qi was observed in the village of Pashaklafrakti and the lowest Qi was observed in Pashaklafaraki village. This means that the villages with higher Qi have more severe barriers to local people's participation in rural development. And less Qi villages have less barriers to local people's participation in rural development.

The occurrence of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes leave a number of damaging effects in the majority of geographical regions, particularly in rural areas. Given their close connection to the natural environment and their limited capacity, rural areas are more vulnerable compared to urban regions. The essential assets and properties of rural residents are reduced by annual floods which destroy agricultural products, houses, infrastructure, and machinery. Consequently, today’s conditions makes governments shift from focusing on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience against disasters in order to decrease the effects of natural hazards.
The purpose of the present study is to assess the villages in Chahardangeh region in terms of social resilience against flood. The aim is to offer a number of practical solutions in line with increasing social resilience and ultimately, reducing the severity of damages caused by floods. Accordingly, this study seeks to provide answers to the following questions: What are the most significant social resilience indices in villages under study? What are their significance coefficients? What are the conditions of investigated villages in terms of social resilience? 

Review of Literature and Theoretical Framework
There has been numerous studies conducted on the area of social resilience. Having conducted a study on the social resilience indices of Farahzad District against earthquakes, Heydarian, Rahimi, Fathollahi and Ghafoori (2017) concluded that indices including awareness, knowledge, and social dependency had the highest and lowest effects on the social resilience of this district, respectively. Ebadallahzadeh Maleki, Khanloo, Ziyari and Shaliamin (2017) assessed social resilience in Ardabil City and ranked districts including Touy, Gazran, Aali Ghapou, and Owjadkhan from the 1st to 4th, respectively. Mobaraki, Lalepur and Afzaligorooh (2017) analyzed various dimensions of resilience in Kerman City in addition to institutional, economic, and physical indices. Saja, Teo, Goonetilleke and Ziyath (2018) proposed the “5S model” which involves social structure, capital, mechanism, equity, and beliefs as a comprehensive and compatible framework to measure social resilience. WASPAS technique, however, was employed in the present study which is a combination of weight accumulation and production model and is based upon objective methods in order to assess social resilience; It is more accurate and sensitive compared to other independent methods. Moreover, while the concept of resilience has been discussed through viewing the physical, economic, institutional, administrative, environmental, and social dimensions in previous research simultaneously, the concept is examined in the present research exclusively through a social outlook and with respect to the flooding crisis.

The present study was conducted using a descriptive approach with applied purposes. Data were collected using library and field studies. The total population of the study included a number of villages in Chahardangeh region, most of which are subject to floods. According to the official 2016 census, the total population of rural areas under examination is approximately 1435; however, the sample population of the study was calculated 303 using Cochran’s formula. They were selected via stratified random sampling. The validity of questionnaires was confirmed through the comments of experts; its reliability was also indicated as 0.83 using Cronbach’s Alpha in the SPSS software. Finally, data were analyzed using the FANP model and WASPAS technique.

In this study, the weight of indices were indicated using FANP model. Subsequently, factor analysis was carried out using 24 candid indices (according to theoretical research) via the SPSS software. Ultimately, factors were named using the 5S model of social resilience proposed by Saja et al. (2018). Given the relative significance coefficient of indices, the highest and lowest effects in social resilience across Chahardangeh region belong to neighborhood bonds and willingness to help against disasters with values of 0.0935 and 0.0061, respectively.
Results obtained from WASPAS calculations showed that the highest extent of social resilience against flood belong to Araa and Chaharroudbar villages with values of 0.9184 and 0.9126, respectively, while the lowest value belonged to Zekryakola village with a value of 0.6597.

The results obtained in this study according to the FANP model demonstrated the unequal coefficients of social resilience indices. On the other hand, results obtained from the WASPAS model in assessing the extent of social resilience also showed that the studied villages are at different levels in terms of social resilience. Between villages including Araa, Aliird, Chalou, and Chaharroudbar with high extents of social resilience and villages including Bard, Bandbon, Tillebon, Zekryakola, Saeid Abad, and Ghalehsar with low extents of social resilience, there are a number of differences in terms of social resilience indices which are listed below:
Overall, villages including Araa, Aliird, Chalou, and Chaharroudbar has a younger mean age compared to villages including Bard, Bandbon, Tillebon, Zekryakola, Saeid Abad, and Ghalehsar; therefore, the former group would have a more positive reaction in times of crisis.
Social interactions in villages including Bard, Bandbon, Tillebon, Zekryakola, Saeid Abad, and Ghalehsar has been reduced majorly due to housing instabilities which indicates the lower resilience of these villages in the social aspect.
In villages including Bard, Bandbon, Tillebon, Zekryakola, Saeid Abad, and Ghalehsar, only 46% of the respondents were willing to cooperate after crisis; according to these respondents, the reason for their unwillingness was lack of necessary knowledge in this context.
As a result of the lack of knowledge and awareness, people in villages Bard, Bandbon, Tillebon, Zekryakola, Saeid Abad, and Ghalehsar, saw crisis management as the sole responsibility of governmental bodies. Only 30.7% of the respondents were willing to form NGOs to cooperate before, after and during the occurrence of floods.

Subsequently, the following recommendations are listed in line with increasing social resilience in order to induce more flexibility among rural residents during possible occurrences of floods:
Increasing the local knowledge and the awareness of rural residents with respect to the dangers of flood through attempts made by rural management and Islamic Councils of rural areas;
Providing suitable platforms for the participation of rural residents through holding flood maneuvers with operational and educational purposes rather than exhibitive;
Altering flood paths so that the properties and belongings of rural residents such as houses, animals, and farming and gardening lands remain unharmed;
Holding seminars, workshops, and educational courses on how to prepare and confront possible floods in order to designate and operationalize social resilience indices.

Given the expanding tourism market and economic crisis affecting conventional industries, tourism has increasingly been considered as a remedy for urban economy. There are numerous key factors in sustainable development of tourism which should be taken into account. In addition to factors such as the dynamic growth of management, climate change, poverty reduction and protection support for tourists and residents, security is of substantial significance. The success or failure of a tourism destination depends, more than any other economic activity, on its ability to offer a safe and insured environment for the visitors. Positive and satisfactory experience of visitors is a proper index for tourists’ willingness to visit the tourism destination a second time in the future. Security is synonymous with being safe, safety, peace and comfort whereas it is the complete opposite of fears, phobias and panics. As a result, security or sense of security is one of the important needs of anyone in their social life so as to achieve peace, assurance and quality of life. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is one of the theories explaining security; Maslow (1960) classifies humans’ needs into five categories including physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. In this hierarchy, he has placed safety immediately after the basic physiological needs and believes that unless the individuals’ needs at the lower levels are met, it would be less possible to tend to those needs at higher levels. By asserting social relationships in social systems, the school of functionalism considers the presence of safety in light of structural coordination, integrity and social solidarity. The tourism sustainable development approach is a shift from conventional approaches of neoclassic economy in the area of tourism development to a general systemic approach. The systemic approach regards tourism destination management as a purposeful system consisting of various, related elements in which a set of functions and activities work together for the system’s purpose. As one of the functions of tourism system, successful safety and security provides a seamless systemic approach. The success and sustainable growth of tourism depends on the proper, coordinated performance of numerous interconnected factors and elements; “security of tourists and tourism destination” is one of these important factors. In terms of purpose and method, the present inquiry is an applied study conducted using the descriptive approach, survey and correlations. The population of the study included all tourists who had traveled to Sari in 2016. Given the fluctuations in the number of tourists at different time periods, the individual estimation method was used to estimate the sample population (100 individuals were selected in each urban region) through the available sampling method. For data collection, library and field studies were employed. The independent variable of sense of security was assessed through 23 items in three dimensions including social and mental, economic and financial, and physical and environmental; the independent variable of tourism development was assessed using 4 items. As for the analysis of data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation), inferential statistics (K-means cluster analysis model, Pearson correlation coefficient, multi-variable linear regression and grey TOPSIS technique using SPSS and Arc GIS softwares) were used. 1. In this study, four criteria including recommending the trip to family and friends, positive mental image of the city, increased time of residents and willingness for a second visit in the future were identified based on theoretical studies in order to prioritize the three districts of Sari city in terms of tourism development index, followed by an analysis using the grey TOPSIS technique. The results showed that district 1 is at the highest rank in terms of tourism development while district 3 and 2 are respectively at the lowest and middle levels.
2. To indicate the sense of security level in three districts of Sari, K-means cluster analysis was used. According to this model, it was shown that in general, sense of security in districts 1 and 2 is at the highest level whereas it is at the lowest across district 3. The results of regression analysis shows that the sense of social-mental and economic-financial security have been effective at a significance level of 0.01.
3. To obtain the relation between the threefold sense of security and tourism development across the districts of Sari, Pearson correlation coefficient was used. The results of regression analysis shows that the sense of social-mental and economic-financial security have been effective at a significance level of 0.01. According to the results of study, moving from the north, west, east and city center (districts 2 and 1) towards south (district 3), the physical and environmental texture of the city becomes more heterogeneous and the population increases compared to district 1, while the household dimension increases relative to both districts. On the one hand, the highest number of immigrations to Sari, which has been rising since the 1990s, consists of residents in the rural settlements inside this province (almost 60%), the majority of whom have settled in district 3 and the surrounding areas; this has led to heterogeneity of the physical construction of the city as well as weakening the level of social bonds between the original residents of the city and immigrant which is a threat against urban security. It also confirms Jacobs’ theory who, in explaining urban security, asserts and emphasizes the interaction between physical space and social processes forming the environment. It also confirms the school of functionalism which regards the presence of security in light of structural coordination, integrity and social solidarity. Consequently, the urban sense of security is one of the basic needs of any cities which, unfortunately, has been missing from the chain of management and tourism development plans; the significance of this problem becomes more apparent through more investigations. As a result, the following recommendations are listed in order to enhance the sense of security level across Sari:Timely and immediate investigation of tourists’ complaints by security and law enforcement agencies, using closed-circuit cameras in tourism environments, monitoring the proportionality of prices with the quality of products offered to tourists, coordination between urban and tourism managers in line with organizing abandoned lands scattered across the city, organizing inappropriate applications in the vicinity of tourism attractions, proper lighting for tourism environments, improving the quality of passages toward tourism centers, and developing green areas in the city.

Today tourism development in the most of developing countries is an effective factor for social and economical development. But considering the important role of this industry in developing urban and rural district, there are always some obstacles preventing the development of tourism. So the present study analyzes the obstacles of tourism development in Qaemshahr and also present some suitable strategies to improve present tourism conditions in this township. The study is descriptive- analytic. Data was collected through library and field methods.statistic community included the population of Qaemshahr township in 1390. And it was prepared through 383 Questionaries. Descriptive results show about 69 percent of participants stated that the situation of publicity, organizational, service, and foundational facilities for tourism in Qaemshahr is very low(weak). Using Binomial test, analytic results show that significant level is less than 0.05, so Qaemshahr has shortcoming in publicity, organizational, service, and foundational facilities for tourism in order to attract tourists. Data analyzing was done through Binomial test. Descriptive results show that 69 percent of tourists estimated low the quality of accommodation and entertainment centers. And analytic results show that the significant level is less than 0.05. Therefore the quality of accommodation and entertainment centers in isnt Qaemshahr desirable.

This article studying informal habitation and formation of informal settlements inAzadshahr City (Gholam Tape Bazi district). After studying the necessary variantscontained in the questionnaires completed by 187 heads of family residing in informalsettlements of Gholam Tape district. It is argued that the cause of this problematicphenomenon is uncontrolled immigration on one side, and financial problems, absenceof unified and coordinated management in solving financial problems and also theabsence of unified and coordinated management of immigration and settlement issueson the other side. Data analysis carried out by factor analysis method and the use of"SPSS" software load the social and economic indicators as the first and secondpriorities, hygienic - environmental and anatomical – physical indicators as the thirdand the fourth priorities, servicing and managerial indicators as the fifth and sixthpriorities for Improvement and Organization of Gholam Tape Bazi district. At theend, proportionate to the research finding, appropriate strategies are proposed.

In the present article the aim is considering the role of economic rural poverty in destruction of environment in the surveyed pastures of poshtab district in zabol township.the research method is applied based on objective. And data collected via library and field method. For this reason the effection of both direct and indirect function of human on environment(pasture)  destruction resulted from rural exploiters' social and economic poverty have been considered. The factors such as : low average of per capita income of rural families ,low pasture's output and non availability of job opportunities are economic poverty factors of rural exploiters; and the low literacy level of rural family and high number of family are social poverty factors of rural exploiters. The results of research show that villager's social and economic poverty cause to environment (pasture) destruction with direct function of human) cutting shrubs to secure fuel, sale and creating pen), and indirect function of human (keeping livestock more than capacity of pasture).