فهرست مطالب zahra zangene

This paper delves into the concept of revelation, its linguistic expression, and the impact of its interpretation on religious texts, particularly in relation to verses concerning women in the Quran and the Bible. It examines how, in the modern era, the language of sacred texts has become problematic for both interpretation and the institution of religion. In response to these challenges, liberal, liberation, and feminist theologies emerged to preserve Christian faith in the Bible while upholding human well-being. These theologies, emphasizing modern values of reason, science, and ethics, have advocated for non-literal approaches to understanding and interpreting texts. Modern shifts in worldview have also impacted Muslims and their understanding of the Quran, leading to new and contemporary interpretive efforts. Muslim reformers have sought to offer a fresh interpretation of revelation and Quranic language that preserves the Quran's universal message while addressing its lexical challenges. The idea of "hermeneutics of suspicion" among Christian feminists, including the concept of a "canon within the canon," has been employed in interpreting the Bible and resolving conflicts related to women. By identifying patriarchal underpinnings in the language of the text and its interpretation, these approaches emphasize the liberating aspects of the Bible, thereby navigating problematic language. Similarly, among Muslims, approaches such as Fazlur Rahman's two-movement theory have informed the work of Muslim feminists. Historical contextualization, intra-textual methods, and the Tawhidic paradigm have been employed to address lexical challenges in the Quran. While Muslim feminists have endeavored to engage with the text and separate it from patriarchal interpretations, they cannot abandon the search for the text's original intent. Their efforts have focused on presenting the Quran as an egalitarian text, yet, upon encountering problematic language in certain verses, they have reached impasses. By highlighting Tawhid and social justice as the Quran's core messages, they have implicitly sought to minimize other aspects of the Quran to overcome these challenges, a strategy not dissimilar to the Christian idea of a canon within a canon. Given the possibilities of comparative theology, it can be argued that the idea of a canon within a canon, which has been implicitly employed among Muslims for Quranic interpretation, merits further and more serious examination and consideration by Muslims.

Managing regional crises requires the formation of cooperation and intgration between countries in the region. Solving environmental crises is one of the issues that is no exception. Obviously, in the absence of regional convergence, managing this crisis will face a real challenge. The environmental crisis, in particular the crisis of the microstats, which has been a serious challenge to the Middle East region in recent years, calls for regional cooperation. But contrary to expectations, countries in the region have not been willing to form a cooperative regime. In this research, the barriers to the formation of this convergence have been investigated. The question is, what are the barriers to the establishment of an environmental cooperation regime in the Middle East? The thesis hypothesis is that managing environmental crises requires a set of factors such as consensus, multilateral diplomacy and international regimes, in the current Middle East region, the existence of crises and political conflicts, including the occupation of Iraq, the developments of 2011 Its implications as well as hydropolitan disputes between countries in the region have created unfavorable conditions for the management of environmental crises, including the problem of waterfalls. In this thesis, the analytical-descriptive method has been used.

Central Asian energy reserves have drawn the attention of important international actors. However, the creation of security of energy transmission routes and its supply to improve the efficiency of industry and economy arches are among the main concerns of these actors. Narcoterrorism, or in other words, threats from drug traffickers in Central Asia have caused serious security problems in the area. By the descriptive-analytical method, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of narcoterrorism on EU energy security and collected information from library sources. The main question of the article is, how is EU energy security threatened by narcoterrorism? And what is the most important EU strategy for securing energy in Central Asia? Research findings indicate that in order to strengthen forces and buy weapons, extremist groups in Central Asia have used drug trafficking as a continuous source of income, and created serious problems for security of the region. On the other hand, through initiatives such as cooperation with the European Council, NATO, the Organization for European Cooperation, in order to secure the transmission route of Central Asia to Europe, EU reaction in the face of these threats has not been effective.