zarandi

LL-37 is one of the well-known antimicrobial peptides which is effective on the extended expecetrome of microbial pathogens. The aim of this study was to design a modified digital analog of LL-37 with enhanced antimicrobial activity and restricted toxicity of the host cell.

Online databases and software were used for determining LL-37 characteristics such as hydrophobicity, Booman index, and hemolysis probability. Variant structures based on the replacement of leucine and lysine with tryptophan and arginine were calculated as well. Finally, the best sequence was selected and analyzed for approving as an antimicrobial peptide.

The antibacterial characteristics of LL-37 were improved by replacing the arginine and tryptophan and according to systemic calculations, it was defined that this peptide is an antimicrobial peptide by 97% confidential.

In general, bioinformatics tools are considered as one of the most available and efficient tools for antimicrobial peptide designing. Therefore, future studies could use kLL-39 as an antimicrobial peptide and investigate its antimicrobial effects in vitro.

Nowadays, landfill method is used as the last strategy in the integrated solid waste management hierarchy. It is more common and has lower costs than other sanitary disposal methods. Selecting the suitable landfill site can prevent the inappropriate ecological and socio-economical effects. Landfill site selection requires the analysis of spatial data, regulations and accepted criteria. The main objective of this study is to determine the suitable common municipal solid waste landfill site for Khomeynishahr and its 6 adjacent cities. For this purpose, the multi criteria evaluation method, GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were used to evaluate the suitability of appropriate landfill site by emphasizing on regional vision. Different information layers related to the maps of the study area were provided and superposed using both the Boolean and fuzzy methods (classification of suitable areas in the valued range of 0 to 255) in the GIS environment. The AHP was used for weighing the information layers. After the necessary analysis, the proposed suitable landfill sites with an area of less than 1% were defined in 5 regions and in central parts of the study area. The results obtained from this study can be used as the first priority to help the decision makers in suitable landfill site selection.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent which is often used as a degreaser for metal parts. Due to adverse health effects and carcinogenic properties of this solvent, knowing its concentration in the workplace atmosphere is really crucial. Nowadays, carbon nanotubes with high efficiency are being used for sampling of this chemical.
Three types of static standard atmosphere with the concentrations of 18, 35, and 53 ppm were produced. Then, sampling tubes which contained 10 mg of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared. Subsequently, air standard atmosphere was made inside sampling bags. The mean adsorption efficiency was examined in three sampling flows (0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 L/minute). Finally, desorption was performed by carbon disulfide and analysis was conducted using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry) GC/MS (according to the instructions of NIOSH 1022 and OSHA 1001.
The highest amount of adsorption occurred in the flow of 0.1 L/minute (81.51±3.72). Furthermore, considering the three studied concentrations of trichloroethylene (18, 35, and 53 ppm); the highest efficiency was recorded at 18 ppm concentration (83.18±11.67). The highest adsorption efficiency with the lowest standard deviation (80.55±3.85) was observed in samples that were immediately injected into the GC/MS machine.
Given that time-lapse had no significant effect on adsorption efficiency, it is argued that the pollutant had suitable stability on the surface of the adsorbent. The results of this study show that multi-walled carbon nanotubes have better performance at lower concentrations of trichloroethylene.

Bachground and Aim: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the important caues of nosocomial infection. Resistance to antibiotics specially carbapenem antibiotics is on the increase which can be an alarming sign for healthcare managers and personnel. The aim of this study was to investigate phentypic and genotypic characteristics of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii in the samples obtained from the patients in Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran city. Material and Methods: 100 strains were identified as A. baumannii by biochemical tests and molecular methods. Multiplex PCR method was used for identification of the genes of bla OXA family. Drug susceptibility pattern was determined by disk diffusion method. Among 100 isolates, 95(95%) were resistant to carbapenem antibiotics( imipenem and meropenem). PCR method was performed to identify blaOXA family genes. 9 isolates had blaOXA-51 gene while 38 had both blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 genes. 20 isolates were positive for blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-24 genes, 6 isolates had blaOXA-51 and blaOXA-58, and 8 isolates had blaOXA-51, blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-23 genes. 7 isolates were positive for blaOXA-51, blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58. 4 isolates had blaOXA-51and blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-58 genes. We detected blaOXA-51and blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58 genes in three isolates. According to our results carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains spread increasingly among hospital units. We found that carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter strains with a high resistance rate are common in the hospitals in Iran

Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution supplies is possible through the process of adsorption. One of these processes involves the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles on activated carbon (AC). Adsorbed coppre ions on the surface of Fe3O4-AC are separated from aqueous solutions using external magnetic fields. In the present study, magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. Fe3O4-supported AC was also used for the removal of copper ions from an aqueous solution. In additon, the effects of parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial Cu(II) concentration on the removal process were investigated. The optimal conditions for the removal of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions were at the pH of 7, adsorbent dosage of 0.1 gram, and initial Cu(II) concentration of 10 mg/l. Removal percentage was estimated at 96.37% for Fe3O4-AC, while it was 61.52% for AC. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were also used in equilibrium studies. According to the findings, Temkin isotherm was well-fitted with the experimental data. In the kinetic studies, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were assessed, and the pseudo-first-order equation provided the optimal correlation with the obtained data.

Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) is one of the most important fresh fruits in Iran particularly during summer. After China, in terms of production and cultivation area, Iran placed second in the world. Research conducted in different regions (especially in arid and semi-arid regions, like Iran) indicated that poor germination and establishment of seedlings in the field causes low yield, particularly in vegetables. Seed priming, (to increase the percentage and rate of germination) and transplanting to increase plant establishment and use of bio-fertilizers to increase food availability during the growing season are inevitable to transfer to ecological agriculture. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeds osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers on watermelon grain yield.
This experiment was conducted at split plot based on complete block design with three replications in the Laboratory, Greenhouse and the Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013. First factor was seed priming in two levels (unprimed and primed), the second factor was transplanting in two levels (direct sowing and transplantation) and the third factor was bio-fertilizers containing pseudomonas and Azotobacter in two levels (non bio-fertilizers and bio-fertilizers). Leaf area index (LAI), number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, 1000 seed weight, grain yield and total dry matter were determined.
Transplants produced using osmoprimed seeds that had been sprayed with bio-fertilizers on the field (T2P2K2) had higher LAI than the other treatments (Table 3). Bio-fertilizers in both transplanting and direct sowing produced more LAI, but osmopriming of seeds with PEG 6000 had little impact on LAI (Table 3). LAI is one of the growth parameters which had a great effect to achieve maximum yield that needs to be at higher level before flowering. Izadkhah et al. (2010) and Ghiasabadi (2012) reported that onion and corn leaf area and LAI 50 days after transplanting were higher than the direct sowing According to the results, osmoprimed seeds of watermelon, transplanting and bio-fertilizers and interactions of bio-fertilizers with osmopriming treatment had significant effect on the number of fruits per plant (Table 2). Osmopriming of seeds increased (8%) the number of fruits per plant compared to the control (unprimed seeds) (Table 4). The number of fruits per plant with grain yield (r= 0.63**) and total dry matter (r= 0.71**) had a significant correlation. Mature plants resulted from transplanting produced 2.9 fruits per plant, compared to direct sowing, with 2.5 fruits per plant (Table 4). Rahnama and Bakhshande (2005) reported that oilseed rape transplants produced higher numbers of pods per plant in compare with direct sowing. Primed seeds with application of bio-fertilizers caused an increase in the number of fruits per plant. Fertilizer treatments in the primed seeds, with 3.5 fruits, and primed seeds without fertilizer treatment, with 2.2 of fruits per plant, had the highest and lowest fruits per plant, respectively (table 5). Seed yield per plant is one of the most important economic indexes. The results showed that the effect of osmo-priming (at %5 level), transplanting, fertilizers and bio (at 1% level) and the triple interactions on grain yield (at 5% level) were significant (Table 2). As the results, osmo-priming of seeds, transplanting and fertilizer were superior compared to control treatments (table 4). In this study osmopriming, transplanting and bio-fertilizers increased grain yield up to 13%, 23% and 65%, respectively (Table 4).
Resowing generally is one of the major problems of farmers in direct sowing of seedy watermelon due to poor germinability and establishment, sowing at heavy soil, low rainfall, irrigation water shortages conditions or lack of ability to absorb water and fertilizers. Osmopriming with saving inputs will lead to an early and ultimately increase performance. To face this, transplanting using primed seeds alongside of application of organic fertilizers is recommended.

This paper proposes and compares three anomaly correction methods in embedded systems: 1) Markov-based, 2) Stide (Sequence Time-Delay Embedding)-based, and 3) Cluster-based correction methods. All these methods work online on data streams coming from sensors of embedded systems. In these methods, detection is first obtained using training on normal data, and next in runtime, the correction mechanisms can be applied. Markov-based method is based on probabilities between states, Stide-based method is based on storing common events and Cluster-based is based on clustering similar members. In detection phase, these methods check normal behavior of input data based on what is learned at train phase. Evaluation are performed using a total of 7000 data sets. The window size and the number of injected anomalies varied between 3 and 5, 1 and 7, respectively. Correction coverage for Markov-based, Stide-based, and Cluster-based methods are on average 77.66%, 60.9%, and 70.36%, respectively. Therefore, Markov-based method is the best in terms of correction coverage. Moreover, area overheads of these methods are 249.64, 63.35 and 2.08 μm2, respectively. As a trade-off, Cluster-based method shows best correction coverage compared to area, power and delay overheads.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common type of bacterial infectious diseases which occurs in all age groups. The aim of this study was to determine anti-microbial resistance pattern of bacterial pathogens causing UTIs in hospitalized patients at the Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Urine samples were collected from 11157 hospitalized patients at different wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran, between January 2015 and December 2015.The cultured plates were assessed for significant bacterial growth. Anti-microbial susceptibility test was performed using standard disk diffusion method. Out of the 11157 collected urine samples, significant bacterial growth of 25.38% was observed. The most common cause of UTI was gram-negative bacteria (82.2%). More than 50% of the gram-negative bacteria were resistant to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Enterococcus spp. (10.1%) was found as the third causative agent of UTIs and the most common gram-positive bacteria. we conclude that the examination of the most common etiological agent of UTIs and their antimicrobial resistance patterns is advantageous and necessary in order to design a guideline for empirical therapy.

Providing a self-care program appropriate for patient needs in a supportive educative nursing system format could reduce migraine-induced disability. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of Orem's self-care program on headache related disability in migraine patients.
In this randomized clinical trial, episodic migraine patients with or without aura who signed the informed consent were randomly assigned to two groups (44 patients each). The data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire, an Orem cognition form, and a self-care checklist. The programs were held as four 30 to 45 minutes training sessions for experimental group. The MIDAS were filled out before and three months after program in two groups. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software, version 16 and using chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests.
There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables (P > 0.05). The mean total MIDAS score in the experimental group, before and after the intervention was 28.1 ± 17.5 and 6.03 ± 4.52, respectively (P = 0.001); and for the control group, it was 37.6 ± 16.4 and 55.6 ± 14.5, respectively (P Self-care program was suitable for needs assessment and provided basis for acquiring positive results in order to decrease disability and saved patient treatment costs.

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Although smoking and environmental pollutants are the most important risk factors of lung cancer, the role of infectious causes should also be considered in the pathogenesis and progress of lung cancer..
This study examined the relationship between Helicobacter pylori and lung cancer through serology, real-time PCR, and urease tests..
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 52 adult patients with lung cancer who were selected after having their history taken and being physically examined by a pulmonologist. Then, the patients underwent a bronchoscopy, a BAL, and biopsy sampling. A urease test was run for each biopsy sample, real-time PCR was used for each BAL sample, and H. pylori serology was used for each patient’s serum..
The patients’ average age was 60.65 ± 9.15 years; 11.5% were female and 88.5% were male. The prevalence of H. pylori in lung cancer patients was 11.5% according to the BAL PCR test, 92.3% according to the serology test, and 3.8% according to the urease test..
The results demonstrated an association between of lung cancer and H. Pylori infection via the hypothesis of direct damage and chronic inflammation through inhalation and aspiration and the systematic immune response induced by H. pylori colonization. Helicobacter pylori, together with a host’s genetic predisposition and other environmental risk factors, could be attributed to the induction of lung cancer..

Air pollutants including gases, vapors and particles, are emitted from different sources. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the most important pollutants in the ambient air of industries. The present study was carried out to identify and measurement of volatile organic compounds in concentration unit of Sar-Cheshmeh Copper Complex.
Material and In this study, sampling of the volatile organic compounds was done by using activated charcoal tube. To identify and measure these compounds gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) were used.
Thirteen volatile organic compounds were identified in the ambient air of concentration unit. Among these compounds, the mean value and maximum concentration of isopropyl alcohol and nonane were 255, 640 μg/m3 and 1577, 14400 μg/m3, respectively.
By using SPSS software and independent sample t- test, showed that there were no significant difference between mean value concentration of isopropyl alcohol and nonane in the ambient air and TLV values of these compounds (isopropyl alcohol; 200 ppm and nonane; 200 ppm) (P >0.05).

Seedy watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a crop that is planted in as a second crop after winter crops some parts of country. This crop is more attended by farmers due to the short time between planting and maturity, low production costs and greater profitability rather than other spring crops. In order to evaluate the interaction effects between weeds and seed priming on growth indices on different seed lots of seedy watermelon (Citrullus lanatus).
this experiment was conducted in factorial design based on complete randomized block design with three replications in Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013. First factor included three seed lots of Seedy Watermelon (Kalaleh, Neishabour and bojnord), second factor included seed hydropriming in two levels (primed and non-primed seeds) and third factor was weedy and weed free conditions. The studied traits were include plant height, Leaf area index, fruit setting, fruit number per plant, Seed number per fruit, 1000weight and seed yield.
results showed that weeds had effect on growth and yield components of seeds, which caused reduction in seed yield in seedy watermelon lots by 79%. Seed priming reduced the effects of weeds on leaf area index and thousand kernel weights, but didn’t have any significant effect on seed yield, but increased seed yield rather than control treatment. In general, the most seed yield and thousand kernel weights were observed in Neishabour lot with 1581 kg per ha and 144 gr, respectively.
based on the results of the experiment on weed interference all traits, especially grain decreased significantly with the removal o the weeds can be to a certain extent or in the presence official said grasses weeds can also be performed using the appropriate varieties as well (Neishabour seed lots) as the preparation of seed germination as well as providing good condition (seed priming) can be achieved optimal performance.

T study aimed to comparison of knowledge, attitude and practice of general physicians, pediatricians and dentists regarding the children’s oral health in Tabriz at 1393.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 225 participants (75 general physicians, 75 pediatricians and 75 dentists) which answered a questionnaire including 8 knowledge questions, 12 attitude questions and 6 practice questions. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and One-way ANOVA using spss-21 (P The overall grade of acknowledgment and attitude was highly favorable among 3 groups; items such as caries due to breast feeding, milk during night and sugar contain liquids ranked lowly. Practice of general physicians and pediatrics regarding to children oral health care was low noticeably.
Overall grade of acknowledgment and attitude was highly favorable among 3 groups. This study showed that the correlation between medical and dental system is needed to evaluate the practice of providers and nation oral health status.

Centroid of a general type-2 fuzzy sets can be used as a measure of uncertainty in highly uncertain environments. Computing centroid of general type-2 fuzzy sets has received an increasing research attention during recent years. Although computation complexity of such sets is higher than interval type-2 fuzzy sets but with the advent of new representation techniques, e.g., α-planes and z-slices, computation efforts needed to deal with general type-2 fuzzy sets has decremented. A very first method to calculate the centroid of a general type-2 fuzzy set was to use Karnik-Mendel algorithm on each α-plane, independently. Because of iterative nature of this method, running time in this approach is rather high. To tackle such drawback, several emerging algorithms such as Sampling method, Centroid-Flow algorithm and, recently, Monotone Centroid-Flow algorithm have been proposed. The aim of this paper is to present a new method to calculate centroid intervals of each α-plane independently while reducing convergence time compared with other algorithms like iterative use of Karnik-Mendel algorithm on each α-plane. The proposed approach is based on estimating an initial switch point for each α-plane. Exhaustive computations demonstrate that the proposed method is considerably faster than independent implementation of existing iterative methods on each α-plane.

Unstimulated whole salivary p53 was evaluated in non-involved subjects, in patients suffering from oral lichen planus (OLP) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A total of 34 patients with OLP, 24 patients suffering from oral SCC and 41 non-involved participants were enrolled. The unstimulated whole saliva p53 level was assayed by ELISA. Data was analyzed by ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test. Saliva p53 concentration in patients with SCC (5.36±1.08) was significantly higher than in healthy participants (0.41±0.04) and in patients suffering from OLP (0.94±0.31). This study could not confirm the precancerous nature of OLP based on the relatively low p53 expressions in comparison to SCC.

A new, FRP flange-bonded scheme, with practical application to 3D RC frames and with the aim of relocating plastic hinges away from the joints is presented and its performance is compared with that of the web-bonded scheme. For this purpose, nonlinear pushover analyses of detailed Finite Element (FE) models of retrofitted joints of a benchmark RC frame are carried out. The optimal thicknesses of the Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets for relocating the plastic hinges are first determined. The moment-rotation curves of the joints are then utilised to create a representing model for the RC frame. Further, nonlinear pushover analyses are carried out on the retrofitted and the original frame to evaluate their capacity curves and seismic performance parameters such as ductility, behaviour factor and performance points in relation to a specified demand earthquake. The results are then compared with those of the same frame when retrofitted with the web-bonded scheme as well as with steel bracing. Results point to the marked superiority of the flange-bonded scheme compared to the web-bonded scheme in different aspects including, capacity, ductility and the performance level and cost. The performance of the FRP flange-bonded scheme also compares well with that of the steel bracing method.

The behavior of nanoscale energetic materials is quite different from micronsized energetic materials in many ways. Recently, some techniques such as sol-gel method, high speed air impaction and vacuum codeposition have been employed to obtain nanoscale energetic materials. However, only few attentions were paid to nanoscale energetic materials because of the fabrication difficulty. In this paper, the simple preparation of a nitramine 2,4,6,8,10,12 hexanitro 2,4,6,8,10,12 hexaazaiso wurtzitane (HNIW) with nanometer size by microemulsion method is presented. The microemulsion systems contained tween80, 2-propanol and n-butyl acetate as the oil phase. On the base of DLS measurement average particle size is 8 nm. The prepared nanoparticles are semispherical based on SEM picture.

Bioaerosols are one of the most important agents that cause post operating infections in hospitals. Surgical masks are recommended for prevention of bioaerosols transmition in operating rooms. This study aimed at evaluation of submicron particle filtration efficiency of domestic and imported surgical masks. In this cross sectional study, 5 types of surgical masks that have the most utilization in operating rooms of country’s hospitals including domestic and imported surgical masks were tested. To evaluate all samples, the submicron particle filtration measurements were carried out based on ISIRI 6138 and American DOP standards. Filtration efficiency calculations and pressure drop measurements were performed and the results were analyzed using statistical tests. Results showed that particle filtration efficiency of domestic and imported masks were 56.130% (±10.7) and 31.906% (±7.062) respectively. Also, filtration efficiency in domestic masks were more than imported masks (P> 0.001). Among all samples, Arman mask had the most filtration efficiency (66.5475 % ±6.14951), where the least (27.8275 % ±4.44152) filtration efficiency (P> 0.001) belongs to Blosom. The maximum mean of pressure drop in Arman mask (35 ±2. 58 Pa) and the least mean of pressure drop in Zist filter mask (11 ±1.82 Pa) were observed.According to the effect of filtration efficiency and pressure drop on general quality of mask, the quality factor of masks were also evaluated. Results showed that Zist filter mask had the most quality factor (0.068) while Blosom had the least quality factor (0.016). This research showed that domestic surgical masks have a better quality toward imported surgical masks but can not obtained quality confirmed by standards, yet. To reduce respective infections and prevalence of diseases, it is recommended using filters with suitable physical characteristics and also carrying out test of surgical masks before supplying.

In this paper, we present an adaptive method that is a combination of SEU-avoidance in CAD flow and adaptive redundancy to tolerate soft error effects in SRAM-based FPGAs. This method is based on the modification of T-VPack and VPR tools. Three different steps of these tools are modified for SEU-awareness: (1) clustering, (2) placement and (3) routing. Then we use the unused resources as redundancy. We have investigated the effect of this method on several MCNC benchmarks. This investigation has been performed using three experiments: (1) SEU-awareness in clustering with redundancy, (2) SEU-awareness in clustering and placement with redundancy and (3) SEU-awareness in clustering, placement and routing with redundancy. With a confidence level of 95%, the results show that, using each of these three experiments, the system failure rate of ten MCNC circuits has been decreased between 4.52% and 10.42%, between 10.25% and 21.63%, and between 10.48% and 24.39%, respectively.

Introduction & The present study evaluated staining as a result of the chlorhexidine use and the role of sodium perborate in removing stains; in addition, the amount of decreases in plaque and gingival inflammation and the role of sodium perborate in chlorhexidine efficacy in removing plaque and decreasing gingival inflammation were evaluated. In the present randomized clinical trial 40 patients (20-30 years old) referring to the Department of Periodontics, who had mild-to-moderate gingivitis were randomly divided into two groups with a parallel study design and were evaluated in a double-blind scheme. At baseline the patients underwent scaling, root planning and polishing procedures and brushed their teeth daily for two weeks. After two weeks, plaque indexes (PI), gingival indexes (GI) and bleeding indexes (BI) were determined and recorded. In the control group 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash and in the experimental group 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash containing 0.2% sodium perborate were used for 30 seconds. The subjects refrained from tooth brushing during this period. After 14 days the above-mentioned indexes were again determined and recorded, along with staining indexes.Also staining potential of mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash containing sodium perborate was analysed with spectrophotometric devices. Data was analyzed by t-test. There were no statistically significant differences in PI, BI and GI between the control and experimental groups, although there were more decreases in PI, GI and BI in the experimental group compared to the control group. Regarding the intensity of staining, there was a significant decrease in the intensity and extent of staining on tooth surfaces and gingivitis in the experimental group compared to the control group (P=0.001). The use of chlorhexidine mouthwash containing sodium perborate significantly decreases the amount and extent of stains but has no inhibitory effect on chlorhexidine potential to reduce plaque and gingivitis.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship among defense mechanisms, experience and expression of anger in a college student sample. Method of research was correlational and 213 college students were selected using available sampling from Shahid Beheshti University and completed the DSQ Bond et.al (1986) and STAXI-II Spielberger, (1986) scales.For data analysis statistical methods and indexes frequency, mean, standard deviation and regression analysis were used. Results showed that mature defense mechanisms have a significant and positive relationship with experience and control of anger and a significant and negative relationship with the expression of anger and some subscales of it such as expressing anger verbally, expressing anger physically, angry temperament, and angry reaction. Immature and neurotic defense mechanisms have a significant and negative relationship with experience and control of anger and a significant and positive relationship with expression of anger and some subscales of it. People who use mature defense mechanisms can experience their feelings such as anger and because of experiencing this feeling; they can control their anger better. But in the case of immature and neurotic defense mechanisms it is different. In both of the mechanisms people avoid from experiencing of their feelings, but it does not mean that they have lost their feelings and their neglected feeling are set out in the form of behaviors that in some of time it is out of the control. It is therefore important that people trained to use the mature defense mechanisms.

In the present study virulence factors of 30 wheat leaf rust isolates were determined in the cereal rusts greenhouses in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Rust samples were collected from 13 parts of Iran during 2007. After purification and multiplication of urediniospores, all isolates were separately inoculated on 40 leaf rust near-isogenic lines and maintained in a greenhouse at 22-24˚C. Avirulence/virulence formula was determined for each isolate. The results showed that near-isogenic lines carrying genes Lr3, Lr3bg, Lr14b, Lr20, Lr22a, Lr22b, Lrb, Lr35 and Lr37 were susceptible to all isolates indicating the presence of virulence factors for them in all parts of the country. Virulence factor was not existed for genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr10+, Lr25 and Lr28 in any of the isolates. Genes Lr23+ and Lr2a with 16.6% and 20%, had also the lower.