zarchi

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary crude protein and protease enzyme on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and protein digestibility in Japanese quails. Four hundred fifty day-old quails were randomly distributed into nine experimental groups in a completely randomized design with 3 × 3 factorial arrangement including 3 levels of protein (18, 20 and 22%) and 3 levels of protease enzyme supplementation (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) with five replicates and 10 birds per replicates. In 1 to 21 days of age, the highest weight gain and feed intake were achieved in birds fed diet with 22% crude protein (P<0.05). Also, birds fed with the diet supplemented with 200 ppm protease enzyme showed higher feed intake and weight gain, in comparison to the birds fed no enzyme supplemented diet (P>0.05). But, the best feed conversion ratio was seen in birds fed a diet contained 400 ppm enzyme. In 22 to 35 days of age, different dietary treatments have no significant effect on growth performance. Carcass percentage of quails fed with diets contained 20 and 22% CP was significantly higher than those fed 18% CP diet (P<0.05). Also, enzyme supplementation had beneficial effects on the carcass, breast, and thigh relative weights (P<0.05). In the 13-15 days period, CP digestibility coefficient was significantly decreased by increasing the CP level from 18 or 20 to 22%. Also, protease enzyme supplementation at 200 ppm level had significantly a positive effect on CP digestibility (P<0.05). It could be concluded that the optimal dietary CP level for growing Japanese quails for 1- 21 and 22-35 days of the growing period is 22 and 18%, respectively. Also, dietary supplementation with protease enzyme at 200 ppm level could be beneficial at 1 to 21 days of age.

microRNAs (miRNAs) play important role in progression of tumorigenesis. They can target self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) abilities in tumor cells, especially in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The objective of this study was to implement data mining to identify important miRNAs for targeting both self-renewal and EMT. We also aimed to evaluate these factors in mammospheres as model of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and metastatic tumor tissues. In this experimental study, mammospheres were derived from MCF-7 cells and characterized for the CSCs properties. Then expression pattern of the selected miRNAs in spheroids were evaluated, using the breast tumor cells obtained from seven patients. Correlation of miRNAs with self-renewal and EMT candidate genes were assessed in mammospheres and metastatic tumors. The results showed that mammospheres represented more colonogenic and spheroid formation potential than MCF-7 cells (P<0.05). Additionally, they had enhanced migration and invasive capabilities. Our computational analyses determined that miR-200c and miR-30c could be candidates for targeting both stemness and EMT pathways. Expression level of miR-200c was reduced, while miR-30c expression level was enhanced in mammospheres, similar to the breast tumor tissues isolated from three patients with grade II/III who received neo-adjuvant treatment. Expression level of putative stem cell markers (OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC) and EMT-related genes (SNAIL1, CDH2, TWIST1/2) were also significantly increased in mammospheres and three indicated patients (P<0.05). Simultaneous down-regulation and up-regulation of respectively miR-200c and miR-30c might be signature of BCSC enrichment in patients post neo-adjuvant therapy. Therefore, targeting both miR-200c and miR-30c could be useful for developing new therapeutic approaches, against BCSCs.

In vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes retrieved from ovarian tissue has been considered as a valuable approach for fertility preservation in cancerous patients. To evaluate the efficacy of vitrification on oocyte maturation, survival rates, as well as the subcellular oocyte quality post IVM. The ovarian cortexes from 19 women with cervix and uterine malignancy aged 21–39 yr were collected. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were aspirated from all visible antral follicles. 102 immature oocytes were collected, and 43 oocytes were detected appropriately for IVM (control group). Also, 59 immature oocytes were vitrified, then matured in vitro (IVM) in two groups: with Growth/differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) (group 1) and without GDF9 (group 2) supplementation. Rates of oocytes viability, maturation, and survival along with meiotic spindle visualization and zona
pellucida birefringence were assessed with Polyscope. The rate of maturation was significantly higher in controls (55.8%) compared to the other groups. Maturation rate was 23.3% in oocytes cultured in IVM medium enriched with GDF9, and 27.6% in those cultured in IVM medium lacking GDF9 (p=0.86). Also, the meiotic spindle was present in 74.4% of control oocytes which was significantly higher than the other groups. The proportion of high zona pellucida birefringence was higher in the controls when compared with group 1 (51.2% vs. 23.3%, respectively, p= 0.04). Vitrification had a detrimental effect on oocyte maturation, viability as well as the subcellular quality of the oocytes after IVM in cancerous women.

Context: Pelvic masses are a prevalent cause for referral to gynecologic oncology departments to evaluate the possibility of benign or malignant conditions. Pelvic mass often was found in pelvic examinations among females with ovarian. Tumor markers are advantageous biomarker in tumor diagnosis. Evidence Acquisition: We performed a computerized search in Medline/PubMed databases and Google Scholar with key words: “Cancer antigen 125 (CA125), Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4), risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA), Risk of malignancy index (RMI), and Pelvic mass”. The usage of tumor marker CA125 alone is associated with serious limitations like low sensitivity for early or stage I disease and lack of specificity especially in pre-menopausal women. Serum HE4 is a good biomarker for discriminating ovarian cancer from benign pelvic disease, but could be affected by several factors including pregnancy, age, and smoking. ROMA has a high sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value to predict the presence of ovarian cancer in women with a pelvic mass. RMI could differentiate between benign and malignant pelvic masses, but RMI expression was higher in women with 55 years or more. According to the results of this study, combination of these biomarkers or at least 2 or 3 biomarkers are suggested for early stage diagnosis of pelvic mass with high sensitivity and specificity.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the cumulus oocyte complex (COC) is composed of several molecules that have different roles during follicle development. This study aims to explore gene expression profiles for ECM and cell adhesion molecules in the cumulus cells of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients based on their insulin sensitivity following controlled ovarian stimulation (COS). In this prospective case-control study enrolled 23 women less than 36 years of age who participated in an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) program. Patients were subdivided into 3 groups: control (n=8, fertile women with male infertility history), insulin resistant (IR) PCOS (n=7), and insulin sensitive (IS) PCOS (n=8). We compared 84 ECM component and adhesion molecule gene expressions by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction array (qPCR-array) among the groups. We noted that 21 of the 84 studied genes differentially expressed among the groups, from which 18 of these genes downregulated. Overall, comparison of PCOS cases with controls showed downregulation of extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1); catenin (cadherin-associated protein), alpha 1 (CTNNA1); integrin, alpha 5 (ITGA5); laminin, alpha 3 (LAMA3); laminin, beta 1 (LAMB1); fibronectin 1 (FN1); and integrin, alpha 7 (ITGA7). In the IS group, there was upregulation of ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 8 (ADAMTS8) and neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) compared with the controls (P<0.05). Downregulation of ECM and cell adhesion molecules seem to be related to PCOS. Gene expression profile alterations in cumulus cells from both the IS and IR groups of PCOS patients seems to be involved in the composition and regulation of ECM during the ovulation process. This study highlights the association of ECM gene alteration as a viewpoint for additional understanding of the etiology of PCOS.

Background: Multiple studies have been carried out examining the association of tumor necrosis factor-α gene (TNF-α) promoter region polymorphisms with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) risk. However, the results remain con- troversial and incomplete. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of the TNF-α -308G>A and -238G>A polymorphisms with RPL risk.
Materials and Methods: In this meta-analysis, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Knowledge and EM- BASE was performed to identify relevant studies published until December 1, 2017. The associations were assessed by odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results: A total of 29 case-control studies, comprising 20 studies on TNF-α -308G>A (3,461 cases and 3,895 con- trols) and nine studies on TNF-α -238G>A (2,589 cases and 2,664 controls), were included in the meta-analysis. Over- all, we found TNF-α -308G>A to be associated with an increase in RPL risk under the homozygote (OR=1.716, 95% CI: 1.210-2.433, P=0.002) and the recessive (OR=1.554, 95% CI: 1.100-2.196, P=0.012) models. TNF-α -238G>A was also significantly associated with increased risk of RPL under the allele model (OR=1.554, 95% CI: 1.100-2.196, P=0.012). Stratified analysis revealed a more significant association between the TNF-α -308G>A polymorphism and increased RPL risk in Asians under the homozygote (OR=2.190, 95% CI: 1.465-3.274, P≤0.001), the dominant (OR=1.642, 95% CI: 1.269-2.125, P≤0.001) and the recessive (OR=1.456, 95% CI: 1.039-2.040, P=0.029) models, but not in Caucasians. A non-significant association was, however, identified between TNF-α -238G>A and RPL risk based on ethnicity. Moreover, TNF-α -308G>A and -238G>A polymorphisms were significantly associated with in- creased risk of RPL in high quality studies and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) subgroups.
Conclusion: The present meta-analysis demonstrates that TNF-α -308G>A and -238G>A polymorphisms are associ- ated with an increased risk of RPL.

This research explains airplane model with two vertical vibrations for airframe and landing gear system. The purpose of this work is to advance vibrational model for study of adjustable vibration absorber and to plan Proportional-Integration-Derivative approach for adapting semi active control force. The coefficients of this method are modified as stated by Bee multiobjective optimization using minimizing accelerations and impact forces as objective functions. The consequences implies that the semi active shock absorber system based on artificial Bee colony improves passengers and ride comfort and fatigue life of fuselage, shock strut and tyre by reducing movement of body, suspension system and impact load in an important way compared to passive performance during touchdown phase with various sink speeds and runway surfaces for robustness and sensitivity investigation of optimization performance.

Landing impact and runway unevenness have proximate consequence on performance of landing gear system and conduce to discomfort of passengers and reduction of the pilot’s capability to control aircraft. Finally, vibrations caused by them result in structure fatigue. Fuzzy logic controller is used frequently in different applications because of simplicity in design and implementation. In the present paper, this control approach is performed by minimum error criteria procedure and bees algorithm as the optimization technique for the model of semi-active suspension system that chooses damping performance of shock absorber at touchdown to be the purpose of control on landing gear and its efficiency is evaluated with the competence of passive control. Results of numerical simulation by matlab/simulink software indicate that the force induced to body and the vertical vibration of fuselage have significant improvement about 60% and 50% averagely for fuzzy intelligent method optimized by bees algorithm compared to passive performance which lead to increase in quality of landing, easiness of passengers and structure’s fatigue life in various operation conditions.

This paper describes third aircraft model with 2 degrees of freedom. The aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model for investigation of adoptable landing gear vibration behavior and to design Proportional Integration Derivative (PID) classical techniques for control of active hydraulic nonlinear actuator. The parameters of controller and suspension system are adjusted according to bees optimization algorithm by minimizing body acceleration objective function. The results of numerical simulation indicates that the active landing gear system based on bees intelligent algorithm increases passengers and ride comfort and structure fatigue life by decreasing displacement, acceleration and load transmitted to airframe and shock absorber system significantly about 70% and 80% averagely compared to passive performance during touchdown phase with sine wave runway disturbance.

human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) throughout the world. The incidence of HPV has been increasing over recent years. Since scant information has been reported on the prevalence of HPV and its related risk factors in Yazd province, the present study aimed to evaluate effects of demographic characteristics as well as the risk factors associated with HPV in Yazd province, Iran.
A total of 119 patients with genital warts entered this case series, who referred to Shahid Sadoughi hospital. Demographic information and productivity factors were collected using some questionnaires.
The mean age of the patients was (32.9) that most of the infected were between the ages of 31 to 35. Approximately, 58.8% of the patients started sex under the age of 20, and only 5% of the patients had more than one sex partner. Besides, almost 8 .4% of the participants were infected with other STDs. In 87.4% of cases, the diagnosis of genital warts is first appear in woman then their sex partner, and % 61.3 of the patients chose vaccination.
The findings of the current study revealed that HPV is more prevalent within young adults, in particular those who are sexually active. As a result, further research seems to be demanded in regard with sexual health, relationship training, as well as HPV vaccines such as Gardasil for high-risk people.

Today, in order to provide desirable health care services, too much emphasis is placed on the physical and mental health of nurses, and job burnout among nurses is introduced as harmful elements to the health of nurses.
This study was performed to evaluate job burnout in Shiraz Nemazee Hospital in relation to demographic characteristics.
This research is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study. The research community included all nurses in the whole sections of Nemazee Hospital out of which 245 were selected by classified random sampling as the study sample. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. After collection, data were entered in statistical package for social sciences SPSS software (version 18) and T-test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyze the variables.
The mean score of emotional exhaustion, lack of personal accomplishment and job burnout were at an average level, and depersonalization was at a low level. As regards the intensity of burnout, most nurses were moderate. Between components of depersonalization of job burnout with marital status and age, there was a significant relationship (P According to the findings of this study and in terms of the stressful nature of nursing profession, it is necessary that hospital managers and healthcare authorities pay attention to job burnout in nurses, its level, as well as provide and implement strategies for its prevention, thereby decreasing its effects and risks.

The quantity and quality of manpower, especially in health systems, are major factors affecting speed of service delivery, cost, and accuracy, or, in other words, the quality of service.
This study purposed to investigate the manpower required in various units of the laboratory at Shiraz Faghihi Hospital.
This is a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical research conducted on all testing processes in the fields of parasitology, hormone biology, microbiology, and urinalysis performed at the studied hospital. The Westinghouse ergometer and timing method was used to estimate manpower requirements, and SPSS18 software was used to analyze data.
The average standard time of every duty cycle in parasitology units, hormone biology, microbiology, and urinalysis are 12, 5, 9, and 5 minutes, respectively. The numbers of human resources required in said units were estimated to be 2.6, 3, 4, and 3.7 respectively. In parasitology unit there is lack of 1 manpower. In hormone unit there are two manpower surpluses. In biology unit there is one manpower surplus and urinalysis unit is estimated to be proportional to the number of troops.
It is suggested that new, scientific tools be used to evaluate the status of department staff and make improvements to avoid the high costs and difficulties that manpower shortages and surpluses cause for the organization.

This paper deals with the study and comparison of passive and active landing gear system of the aircraft and dynamic responses due to runway irregularities while the aircraft is taxying. The dynamic load and vibration caused by the unevenness of runway will result in airframe fatigue, discomfort of passengers and the reduction of the pilot’s ability to control the aircraft. One of the objectives of this paper are to obtain a mathematical model for the passive and active landing gears for full aircraft model. The main porpuse of current paper is to design Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) for active landing gear system that chooses damping and stiffness performance of suspension system as control object. Sometimes conventional feedback controller may not perform well because of the variation in process dynamics due to nonlinear actuator in active control system, change in environmental conditions and variation in the character of the disturbances. To overcome the above problem, this research designs a controller for a second order system based on Linear Quadratic Regulator. The performance of active system is compared with the passive landing gear system by numerical simulation. The results of current paper in compared with the previous work mentioned in reference, demonstrate 37.04% improvement in body acceleration, 20% in fuselage displacement and 13.8% in the shock strut travel. The active landing gear system is able to increase the ride comfort and good track holding by reducing the fuselage acceleration and displacement and load induced to airframe caused by runway excitation.

The most important criterion for healthcare success is customers’ satisfaction. The number of patients leaving the hospital on their own decision or Against Medical Advice (AMA) can be a sign of their discontent and a problem with considerable importance. In this regard¡ the present study was designed aiming at evaluating the causes of AMA discharges at a hospital affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.
This is a qualitative study on all patients who were discharged AMA from the studied hospital during 3 months in 2012 (March 21 – June 21). Data were collected through telephone interviews. All interviews were written by the researcher and analyzed using grounded theory with thematic method.
The most frequent reasons for discharge AMA were classified into 3 general themes: issues related to hospital status¡ the staff and the patients. Additionally¡ the most frequent reasons causing discharge AMA were as follows; 1. Sense of recovery; 2. Failure to register discharge order despite verbal order¡ 3. Physicians and nurses’ inadequate care (technically); 4. Lack of informing the patients and their relatives as to the patient’s condition properly; 5. Crowded wards; 6. Lack of attention to patients by the staff (emotionally).
It seems that if hospital managers want to reduce discharge AMA¡ it is better to consider the causes. Based on such causes¡ effective intervention can be implemented which may differ in terms of resource-consuming.

human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease (STD) throughout the world. The incidence of HPV has been increasing over recent years. Since scant information has been reported on the prevalence of HPV and its related risk factors in Yazd province, the present study aimed to evaluate effects of demographic characteristics as well as the risk factors associated with HPV in Yazd province, Iran. A total of 119 patients with genital warts entered this case series, who referred to Shahid Sadoughi hospital. Demographic information and productivity factors were collected using some questionnaires. The mean age of the patients was (32.9) that most of the infected were between the ages of 31 to 35. Approximately, 58.8% of the patients started sex under the age of 20, and only 5% of the patients had more than one sex partner. Besides, almost 8. 4% of the participants were infected with other STDs. In 87.4% of cases, the diagnosis of genital warts is first appear in woman then their sex partner, and % 61.3 of the patients chose vaccination. The findings of the current study revealed that HPV is more prevalent within young adults, in particular those who are sexually active. As a result, further research seems to be demanded in regard with sexual health, relationship training, as well as HPV vaccines such as Gardasil for high-risk people.

Malignancies are not rare in girl and women during their reproductive years. Over the past three decades, the survival rate for cancer has been improving due to progress in cancer diagnosis and treatment. These patients frequently experience a variety of treatment, and disease-related side effects that diminish their quality of life during and after treatment; among these are loss of fertility and sexual dysfunction. There have been recent advances in the field of fertility preservation, which can allow many of these genital cancer survivors to have children in the future. This topic review discusses available options and specific strategies for fertility preservation in adolescent and young women with malignancies who wish to preserve their ability to become pregnant in the future.

In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in causing apoptosis by increasing the amount of protein apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2- associated X protein (Bax) and Caspase-3 and decreasing protein anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) in the hippocampus of rats and its effect on memory in a time-dependent manner at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after injection were examined. Male Wistar rats of 230 to 250 g for Western blotting, enzymatic test and shuttle box were used. Increase in the protein content of apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 and decrease in antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein in a time-dependent manner was observed in cases compared to the controls. The results of testing the enzyme Caspase-3 confirmed Western blotting results. Dysfunction caused by LPS in memory determined by shuttle box test. All the results were significant at the level of P 0.001. Results showed that LPS increased the incidence of apoptosis and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus region of the brain of male Wistar rats in a time-dependent manner and decrease animal's memory.

The aim of this study was to assess the role of consolidative intraperito-neal chemotherapy with carboplatin in decreasing relapse and increasing survival in advanced epithelial ovarian cancers, as well as evaluation of its toxicity. In this clinical trial 30 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer in stages II-IV who had complete surgery (optimal debulking surgery) received six standard cycles of intravenous carboplatin and paclitaxel. They were enrolled through non-random se-quential selection. The control patients were similar to case group in stage (II-IV) and pathology (epithelial ovarian cancer). The control group was evaluated retrospectively through hospital files. This clinical trial performed in Gynecology Oncology department in Tehran Valiasr University Hospital, during 2005-2010. They including 18 cases as the intervention group receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy and 12 patients as the control group with only retrospective follow-up. The cases received 3 cycles of 400 mg/m2 intraperitoneal carboplatin every 21 days following intravenous chemotherapy. Relapse of disease was diagnosed as increasing or even doubling CA125 serum titer during one month, or any CA125 above 100 IU, or an abdominal or pelvic mass in ul-trasound or physical exam. Mean survival of two and five years, progression-free inter-val (PFI), overall survival (OS), relapse, demographic parameters, drug toxicities, path-ologic types of cancers in two groups were coded and compared using SPSS 14. Any P<0.05 was considered as a significant difference. The mean ages of cases and controls were 52.4±8.6 and 55.1±11.5 years. The mean duration of relapse-free survival was 13±8.6 months for the cases and 9.5±4.3 months for the control patients (not statistically different, P>0.05). The mean overall survival for cases and controls were 39±16.5 and 30.8±16.2 months, respectively (no significant difference, P>0.05). The frequency of drug toxicities in the cases was 5.6%, and consisted of mild-to-moderate abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. It seems that consolidation therapy with intraperitoneal carboplatin may not increase overall survival, reduce relapse rate or decrease mortality, though it does not induce considerable side effects. Since the mean survival in the intervention group was nine months more than controls, this difference may be clinically significant.

In this work the effect of preheat and post weld heat treatment on the properties of AISI 4140 steel was evaluated. TheExperements were carred out on three different conditions: 1-without preheat and without post weld heat treatment. 2-with preheat and without post weld heat treatment. 3-with pre heat and with post weld heat treatment. Welding process was SMAW. The effect of preheat and post weld heat treatment on mechanical properties was evaluated by mechanical testes such as impact test، tensile test، hardness test and bend test. The changing of microstructure was studied by optical microscope. With preheat and post weld heat treatment the mechanical properties of weld area should be controlled. The post weld heat treatment can improve the fracture toughness.

Nanotechnology is the production، use and development of tools and materials whose dimensions are about 1 to 100 nm. Silver nanoparticles are used in packaging، cosmetics، health، medical and poultry industries. Due to the excessive application of silver nanoparticles with its broad antibacterial properties، the evaluation of biocompatibility of silver nanoparticles on biological systems appears to be necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of nanosilver on blood cells in rats. In this study، silver nanoparticles with doses of 25، 50، 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight orally administered for 28 days to 50 male rats were placed in five groups each of which with ten rats. Then، blood samples were taken from rats; finally، blood cell count was determined and blood coagulation tests were performed. In this study، no significant changes on the number of blood cells including white blood cells، red blood cells، and platelets were observed in any of the doses used. Despite normal blood clotting time at all doses tested، bleeding time test and clot retraction test showed significant changes at high doses، i. e. 200 mg/kg body weight of rats. The increased bleeding time and decreased percentage of the serum collected are the consequence of the suppressive effect of silver nanoparticles on the clotting function of platelets in high doses.

Background Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have attracted significant attention in the field of cancer nanotechnology. This study determines the effect of folate-based Fe2O3 nanoparticles. This study aimed to decorate nanoparticles with folate (FA), a molecular ligand for ‘active’ targeting of cancerous cells and the application of modified-nanoparticles in cancer treatment. Materials and Methods The nanoparticles were prepared by a solvent evaporation and emulsification cross-linking method and anticancer activity of agent was evaluated on CCRF CEM cells, derived from human blood cancer samples. Results The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by various techniques, and uniform nanoparticles with an average particle size of 110±15 nm were obtained. Cytotoxicity tests showed that the SPIO-FA had higher cell toxicity, and confocal microscopy analysis confirmed excellent cellular uptake efficiency. Conclusion These results indicate that FA based SPIO-NPs have potential uses as anticancer drug carriers and also have an enhanced anticancer effect.

Nanotechnology is the science that today is considered by many researchers and different industries. The produced nanostructures with this science despite several advantages are the main concern of researchers because of their harmful and toxic effects. In this study the effect of silver nanoparticles on the hormones LH، FSH and testosterone in male rats was investigated and it is hoped with observing the obtained results، to find ways to prevent from entry of nanoparticles into the human body. In this study، silver nanoparticles with doses of 25، 50، 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight were orally administered for 28 days to 50 male rats in five groups of 10. Then blood samples were taken from rats. Hormonal tests of LH and FSH were performed by DIAPLUS Inc kit and hormonal test of testosterone was performed by DRG instruments kit and the groups were compared. In this study any significant changes were not observed in the mentioned hormonal concentration up to 100 mg dose of silver nanoparticles. But significant changes in testosterone concentration (reduced concentration) in high doses، i. e. 200 mg (1. 8±0. 5 nmol/L vs. 2. 5±0. 6 nmol/L) were observed that could be due to inhibition effect of silver nanoparticles on the function of testosterone-producing cells (p<0. 05). The results of this study showed that silver nanoparticles changes the LH، FSH and testosterone hormones rate in male rats that this can lead to interference in the metabolism and liver renal failure.

It is not clear whether sibling’s gender ratio is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examines whether inattentiveness severity and hyperactivity/impulsivity severity are associated with birth order of children with ADHD. Participants are a clinical sample of 173 children and adolescents with ADHD and 43 ones without ADHD. Diagnoses were made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders forth edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), diagnostic criteria according to face-to-face interview with the children and their parents. ADHD DSM-IV checklist was used to measure inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores. The association of birth order and diagnosis of ADHD was not statistically significant after adjusting for covariate factors. The gender ratio of siblings is not associated with ADHD. Birth order and siblings gender ratio are independent of ADHD diagnosis. The results of this study support the fact that genetic factors rather than environmental factor of birth order is associated with ADHD. Moreover, contrary to autism, the current results do not suggest the androgen theory for ADHD.

The electrochemical effects of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine 3',5'- tetraphosphate (GTP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP), on the cytochrome c, were investigated with the iodide modified silver electrode in 0.01 M KNO3 at pH 7.0. Anodic and cathodic peaks were observed at 550 and 94 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, and the formal potential was calculated to be 322 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The effects of ATP, GTP, GDP and GMP concentrations were determined on the anaerobic redox reaction. ATP led to a positive shift in the anodic and cathodic peaks of cytochrome c (Cyt c) to 599 and 141 mV, respectively. These shifts caused a facilitated-reduction reaction whilst the oxidation one became harder in the presence of ATP. GTP caused a positive shift in the cathodic peak up to 152 mV and a negative shift in the anodic peak to 495 mV, resulting in facilitated oxidation and reduction reactions of Cyt c. GDP decreased the anodic and cathodic peak currents without changing their potentials, whilst GMP did not affect the cathodic and anodic peaks of Cyt c, indicating the lack of affinity of Cyt c for this material.