فهرست مطالب zeinab ghazanfari

Pregnancy is a unique period during a woman’s life and is characterized by complex physiological changes, which may adversely affect oral health.

The current study aimed at determining pregnant women’s knowledge, attitude and practice on oral health in 2018 to improve their knowledge, attitude and practice and subsequently decreasing oral diseases.

In a cross- sectional study, 320 pregnant women referring to Ilam city health centers were selected through simple random sampling method. Data collection was done employing a questionnaire containing four main parts viz demographic, knowledge, attitude, and practice questions on oral health.

The mean age of pregnant women was 27.74 years. Their knowledge, attitude, and practice on oral health during pregnancy were moderate. Further, 16.2%, 12.5%, and 18.1% of them were having good knowledge, attitude and practice on oral health, respectively. The statistically significant relationship was seen between mothers’ knowledge and occupation, education, insurance coverage, and training provided in health centers on oral health (P < 0.05). The practice of pregnant mothers on oral health showed a significant relationship with their education at 0.05 level.

Based on the finding obtained, the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women on oral health during pregnancy were almost good. Paying much more attention through proper educational interventions on oral health during pregnancy is highly recommended.

Pediculosis Capitis is one of the important health issues in students, which causes physical, social, and mental complications. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the preventive behaviors against head lice infestation among female primary school students at Eyvan, Iran in 2016. The present study was a descriptive-analytic study performed on 157 female 4th and 5th grades primary school students, who were selected by cluster sampling in 2016. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, which was designed based on Health Belief Model (HBM) and its validity and reliability was confirmed. After completing questionnaires by students, the data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software, using independent t-test, Pearson correlation test, and logistic regression analysis. The 4th grade students had higher awareness (p=0.001) and perceived severity (p=0.003) than those of the 5th grade students. Also, the awareness of people with pediculosis history was significantly higher than those, who did not have history of infection (p=0.039). There was a significant correlation between self-efficacy and preventive behaviors against pediculosis infection (p<0.001; r=0.499). Moreover, self-efficacy predicted 26.4% of behavioral changes (p<0.001). Self-efficacy of students have a significant role in adopting preventive behaviors of head lice.

Objective (s): The present study aimed to investigate on knowledge, attitudes and responsible environmental behaviors among female secondary school students This was a descriptive study of a sample of students in Ilam in 2016. Students were selected using cluster sampling and entered into the study at all three grades of secondary school. Data was collected by a self-designed questionnaire. The environmental status of school was also assessed by the observations. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics (including chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression). In all 330 female students were entered into the study. The mean scores were 10.3 ± 2.8, 73.6 ± 11.1 and 45.9± 14.8 for knowledge, attitude, and behavior respectively. There was a significant correlation between knowledge-attitude, and attitude-environmental behaviors. The results of regression analysis showed that attitude (P < 0.001), income (P = 0.033) and school grade (P = 0.028) were associated with environmental behavior. The findings indicated that attitude and students’ social class are important factors in responsible environmental behaviors.

Objective (s): Diabetes is a disease with high and increasing prevalence rate that can affect all aspects of patients’ life. The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of life of diabetic patients (type I and II) and compare it with non-diabetics patients in Illam province. This was a comparative study. A sample of 122 diabetic patients and 122 non-diabetic counterparts in Abdanan, Ilam province, Iran were selected by stratified random sampling method. The quality of life of was assessed using the SF-36. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics in order t compare quality of life in diabetics and non-diabetics patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables (P> 0.05). The results showed that diabetic patients had significantly lower scores in terms of physical functioning, role physical, role emotional,vitality, social function, bodily pain and general health (P<0.05). However, the difference was not significant for mental health (P> 0.05). The results indicated a low quality of life in diabetic patients compared to comparison group. Therefore, it is essential that these patients receive educational, counseling, appropriate care and support services aimed at improving quality of life.

Premenstrual syndromes are among the disorders associated with reproductive age that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral signs during the luteal phase that occurs periodically from 7 to 14 days before menstruation. These signs are not present at the begining of menstruation or during the first few days of bleeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of premenstrual syndromes in high school girls of Ilam during the year 2015.
This descriptive-analytic study has been performed on 266 single girl- students aged from 15 to 18 years, with the average age of 16.34, considered to have regular and natural menstruation cycles (with gaps of 21 to 35 days between each two menstruations lasting for 3 to 7 days). To assess the frequency of premenstrual syndromes, the prospective questionnaires (Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool: PSST) was used for two consecutive cycles. In this research, statistical tests such as Chi-square, Variance analysis, and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the data.
Findings: Based on our results, the frequency of medium or sever premenstrual syndromes was 36.84% and the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was 11.65%. According to logistic regression model, severe bleeding multiplies chances of the individuals suffering from dysphoric disorder by 5.1 times, while pain multiplies chances of the girls suffering from premenstrual syndrome about 4.1. There was a significant relation between the mild and severe premenstrual syndrome with pain, (PDiscussion & Our research concluded that prevalence of such syndromes among Ilami's high school girl-students was relatively high. Considering the negative effects of these syndromes on physical condition as well as psychological, emotional, and social wellbeing of teenagers, and the significance of this period from the educational point of view, more investigations and interventional moves are recommended to manage these signs.

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries and 350 million people in world are at risk. This study was developed, conducted, and evaluated to describe and analyze the preventive behaviors of people in the endemic area of Mehran County.
In this study, 92 people having 18 years living in Mehran Township and referred to health care center No. 1 of Mehran town in 2014 were selected through convenience sampling method. Data gathering was done using a researcher-made questionnaire, which was on the basis of BASNEF model, and its reliability and validity was verified. The completed questionnaires were encoded; their data were entered into SPSS software and analyzed by chi-square, independent t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Findings: The relationship between age, gender, marital status, education level, family income, family history of leishmaniasis, and the preventive behaviors of the respondents toward the disease were examined and no significant statistical relationship was found (P>0.05). The results of this study illustrated the importance of subjective norms in this regard. The relationship between subjective norms and variables as enabling factors(r=0.262, PDiscussion & The most prevalent of suitable preventive behavior was relevant to remove the solid wastes in a proper way (91.3%) and least prevalence was relevant to using the mosquito nets while sleeping (5/4%).

Cesarean, as a major abdominal surgery, if done without a medical indication, may impose numerous complications on the mothers and the babies and increase frequency of cesarean deliveries in subsequent pregnancies. This study aimed to predict the behavioral tendencies of pregnant women in selecting their delivery approaches, based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).

This cross-sectional study was performed on 100 pregnant women referred to healthcare centers of Kermanshah city (western Iran). A researcher-made questionnaire was applied, based on TPB constructs including attitudes, perceived behavioral controls, subjective norms, and behavioral tendencies. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation, Spearman, s regression, and ANOVA were used via the SPSS statistical software, version 20.

The average age of pregnant woman was 23.7±3.93 years old. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between the subjective norms and behavioral tendencies (r=0.335, P=0.001). A significant relationship was seen between the perceived behavioral controls and tendencies (r=0.277, P=0.004). A significant relationship was found between the perceived behavioral control and the attitude (r=0.293, P=0.002). The results of the regression results demonstrated that the subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls can significantly predict 14.1 percent of changes in the variable of tendencie.

The findings indicate the strength of the variable of subjective norms as the most effective factor in predicting the delivery approach; therefore, systematic and planned training seems necessary, not only for the pregnant women, but also the individuals affecting this group. Thus, to reduce caesarean sections, physicians, as an effective factor, need to be urged to boost natural childbirth.

Children are the most vulnerable individuals in society and oral disease is one of the most common human diseases, especially among this group. The role of oral health behavior is very important in the prevention of diseases; it is, therefore, a top priority for the Ministry of Health and World Health Organization. This study aimed to predict the factors affecting oral health status based on Health Belief Model.
This cross-sectional study included 100 children of 3-6 years age from urban health centers. The data were collected by a researcher made HBM questionnaire. Some of oral health behaviors were surveyed through interviews with mothers and then children's oral examinations were carried out. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software at the significant level of 0.05.
Findings: Most of children's mothers participating in the study (96 %) were housewives. Almost half of fathers (48 %) had high school educations. Self-efficacy, cues to action, perceived threat and perceived benefits were significant predictors for oral health behaviors and totally accounted for 33 % of the variance in behavior. In terms of importance in the regression model, self-efficacy was the strongest variable and perceived benefits were the weakest one.
Discussion & The findings showed that self-efficacy is the most important variable to strengthening oral health so; it is suggested to promote self-efficacy for promoting oral health status.

Breakfast is repeatedly called to as the most important meal of the day and has positive effects on nutritional profile, cognitive activities and disease prevention in schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to assess the eating breakfast status in a sample of primary students of Ilam city.

Participants of this cross-sectional study were 298 schoolchildren grade 4th, 5th and 6th from 8 primary schools of Ilam city. Data were collected by researcher-made self-report brief questionnaire and were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics data editor.

The subjects included 148 boys (49.7%) and 150 girls (50.3%) from eight primary schools. The majority of sample (35.9%) educating in 4th grade and 54.0% of sample were living in the inner city areas. The results showed that 32.2% of study schoolchildren skipped breakfast. There was a significant difference between boys and girls breakfast habit, (P<0.018). Also, the results revealed that boys (47.22%) more likely to skip the breakfast than girls (23.07%) in outskirt, (P<0.004). But, there was no significant difference between boys (30.26%) and girls (27.05%) to breakfast skipping in inner city, (P=0.728). Furthermore, lack of appetite and breakfast not ready at home reported as main reasons for not eating breakfast. As with this study results, breakfast eaters usually ate more bread (76.5%), tea (69.8%) and milk (53.7%), But ate less fruits/vegetables (11.1%), fruit juices (13.4%) and breakfast cake (14.4%).

With attention to high rate of skipping breakfast in this study sample and also weak quality of breakfast in breakfast eaters, it is needed to conduct the schools health promotion programs to encourage students to eat healthy breakfast.

Injury from needle is one of the main ways of transmitting blood diseases in the medical staff. Prevention and reduction of such disease's side effects have been emphasized by the Health Ministry. This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the behavior of the Elam city medical staff when working with sharps instruments. In a cross-sectional study, using a census method, all healthcare staff working in the health centers of Abdanan Dehloran city (total n=66) after providing written informed consent were enrolled. Data were gathered by a questionnaire. After verifying the validity and reliability, the data were collected, and analyzed using SPSS19 and descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test. 59% of the participants were male; 80% were married; 62% had academic educations, and 47% worked in the nursing and injection sections. The mean scores of knowledge and attitude of the participants were 3.1±1.38 and 1.7±4.1, respectively, and just 13.4% of the subjects had not reported control tests and injury events. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the medical staff of injuries from sharp objects are not desirable. it seems that empowering the staff through theoretical and practical training is proper solution in this regard.

In today’s era of academic competition test anxiety among students is increasing. Anxiety may result in difficulty in concentration and information processing and hampers students’ performance. The current study aimed to determine test anxiety among Ilam UMS’ students.Method and materials: A descriptive correlational design was used. The sample of the study consisted of one hundred and seventy undergraduate students which were included in the study by stratified random sampling. Data were collected by using Sarason’s Test Anxiety Scale (TAS). Data were collected three weeks prior to examination date and were analyzed using descriptive methods by SPSS software. Our findings showed that 34.1%, 51.8%, and 14.1% of students experienced mild, moderate, and severe test anxiety levels, respectively. Further, a significant relationship was found between test anxiety score with only residency status at 0.05 level. In other words, nursing, local, and married students showed more test anxiety. However, no relationship was seen between test anxiety with age and gender. since anxiety has negative effects on educational performance, implementing anxiety preventive programs including psychological consulting services, identifying & improving potential causes are suggested. Much more attention should be paid to high risk students, local, and especially married and nursing students.

Sulfur mustard (SM), also known as mustard gas,was widelyused by the Iraqi army during the Iraq-Iran war. The aim of this study was to comparing quality of sleep between SM exposed from Sardasht and unexposed from Rabat. This historical cohort study was conducted on 320 civilians of Sardasht and Rabat in two age matched groups, including 240 SM exposed participants from Sardasht and 80 unexposed subjects from Rabat. Quality of sleep over the last month was determined using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). PSQI is a self-report instrument used to evaluate the quality and patterns of sleep. In all 500 participants were studied (320 exposed and 80control groups). There were no significant difference in terms of age and education between the control and exposed groups. There were significant differences in sleep quality (P = 0.001), sleep latency (P = 0.020), sleep disturbances (P < 0.001), sleep medication (P = 0.001) and total of PSQI (P = 0.001) between control and exposed groups. SM exposure led to lower quality of sleep inchemical survivors compare to control group.The findings from this study might be essential for health care systems, and for providing appropriate set-up and suitable educations programs may help to improve quality of sleep in these populations.

Physical activity has two important therapeutic goals including providing health and prevention of secondary diseases for chemical victims. Identification of the effective factors on physical activity specifically factors decreasing physical activity and caring them by patients & care providers can effective in chemical victim’s health promotion. In this study, the self reported physical activity of chemical victims, 20 years after sulfur mustard exposure, and its potential association with BMI was investigated Patients and In this research, that was a cross-sectional study, self-reported physical activity in 338 people of the chemical victims was studied. Sampling was in systematic model. Physical activity was measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) that evaluate work, recreational, transport and sitting activities with interview method. BMI studied in three groups include <25, 25-30, & >30 and the physical activity compared between them. 38.1 percent of study samples have BMI < 25, 46.5 percent have BMI 25-30 and 15.4 percent have BMI >30 kgm2. Metabolic equivalent in the obese group significantly decreased compared with other groups (p=0.04). A significant difference was found in terms of transport related physical activity min/week in BMI > 30 kg/m2, but there was no significant difference in work & recreational activities. In all section, physical activity decreased in obese peoples. Considering the association between physical activity & body mass index and it’s important in chemical victim's health, discover solutions that in addition to weight control, promoting those physical activities.