فهرست مطالب zeinab mohammad ebrahimi

Fortition as one of the common phonological processes is the opposite of lenition. It occurs mostly in the initial position of the syllables and words. The present research has studied the fortition processes and evolutions from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian based on positional strength approach, sonority sequencing principle (SSP), and syllable contact law (SCL). To do this, 120 middle Persian words were selected from different Pahlavi dictionaries and were analyzed. The research findings are as follows: 1. Middle Persian words in their evolution to Modern Persian have undergone occlusivization, glide fricativization, buccalization, devoicing, and insertion on their initial positions; 2. The process of glide fricativization in the initial position of syllables has occurred based on sonority sequencing principle and syllable contact law, and it has also occurred to keep syntagmatic and pragmatic oppositions. 3. The strong position of words and syllables in their evolutions from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian is disjunctive. 4. The fortition trajectory from the Middle Persian to the Modern Persian has two dimensions namely desonorization and the change in laryngeal position and the place of articulation.

Error analysis developed when contrastive analysis was abolished. After sometimes error analysis lost its popularity too. But in recent years error analysis and inter-language were considered again. The theoretical framework of this article is Corder’s classified error analysis (1976) and Selinker’s fossilization and inter-language framework (1972). In this article, the inter-language and error analysis of 4 Chinese learners at advanced level were analyzed. The aim of this research was to identify the inter-language features as a unique language in learning process. The research method was a field one and the students’ papers were collected during 4 progressive months. The written texts include different creative and repetitive subjects. The individual inter-language of each learner was analyzed. The results showed that the majority of fossilized errors which were the main part of inter-language rules of language learners were related to the grammatical part and selection module. Moreover, as the inter-language contains two kinds of special and general rules, errors were divided into two parts too: inter-language and intra-language. The main origin of inter-language errors was negative transfer from the source language which caused fossilization and penetration of its rules into inter-language of language learner. The results of this research may deeply affect the development of teachers’, students’, and instructional designers’ functions.

The present study is an attempt to re-identify grammatical verbs in Persian language, and teaching them to non-Persian speakers based on the CLT approach and within the MP framework. In this regards, two successive objectives are followed: First, revision of grammatical verbs in Persian grammar, explaining the role of each of these verbs, and providing an explanatory analysis for syntactic structures associated with these verbs. Second, teaching grammatical verbs to non-Persian speakers and developing new grammatical texts and rules (such as the position of sentential negation marker) based on this revision. So the main question is: if we put away the traditional descriptions of grammatical verbs, what is the effect of this new linguistic approach on the second language learners? Following a detailed discussion on the Persian grammatical verbs, in the experimental-field research part of study we will try to provide an integrated syllabus within the communicative language teaching approach, based on the theoretical findings of the research. By comparing two groups of Persian learners, i.e. the control group and the experimental group, we will show that teaching grammatical verbs according to the new syllabus leads to facilitation of teaching, learning, and remembering processes, and Persian learners of experimental group will have better and more successful performances, with the average of 5 points higher than the control group.

This article, as a part of a broader study about the efficacy of the Conceptual Blending Theory in explanation of cognitive component of meaning construction process, examines how Conceptual Blending Theory can be applied for exploring text coherence in folktales. Two main questions of this paper are that: by using the parameters of Conceptual Blending Theory, is it possible to analyze the text coherence of a folktale and to what extent the findings of this paper can be generalized. It is assumed that by using Conceptual Blending framework we are able to explain the text coherence, as an important factor in meaning construction. The findings of this paper show that the application of Conceptual Blending provides an excellent analytical tool for exploring text coherence and meaning construction process in human mind.

Physicians are more presumptuous than patients in verbal interaction. This study was conducted to measure the ratio of physicians’ and patients’ presumptuousness، and the role of gender in order to find an appropriate model for doctor-patient interaction. One hundred and one interviews in Mazandaran Medical Sciences hospitals were studied by using Stiles coding system. The physicians were 10. 4 times more presumptuous than the patients. The most presumptuousness in the physicians was in physical examination، and in the patients، it was in conclusion. The least presumptuousness in physicians and in patients was in history taking and in physical examination، respectively. There was a meaningful difference in presumptuousness between men and women in the patients (P<0. 05)، while there was no meaningful difference between men and women in the physicians. Among the patients، rustics، low educated ones، and the elders were more presumptuous. When the gender of physicians and patients was different، the presumptuousness increased; however، the presumptuousness decreased when the gender was the same. We can conclude that the physicians were much more presumptuous than the patients. Their presumptuousness varied from the most in physical examination to the least in the history taking، because the physicians received information during the history taking and they listened more. In physical examination، the patients were in a special situation، sometimes unrobed. It strongly affected the presumptuousness. Presumptuousness had a direct relation with social class. Social class was the main factor when there was a gender difference، and it increased the physicians’ presumptuousness. The Results showed that in the patients، politeness in lower class decreased the presumptuousness. Knowing these factors can help physicians and patients to have an appropriate outcome.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of semantic and syntactic rā morpheme in Sorani Kudish based on Van Valin’s (1996, 1997, 2007) Role and Reference Grammar. In this paper, it is shown that attaching –rā to the verb causes to absent all specific roles related to actor, e.g. agent, force, instrument and other specific roles such as experiencer, performer, consumer, etc. in the syntax level. These specific roles directly affect the undergoer. Since in all of the mentioned cases, the manifestation of -rā causes to the absence of actor in the syntax level, the crucial role of this morpheme is an anti-actor. In terms of semantic properties of NP, the more agency of NP, the more attaching –rā to the verb. Although the manifestation of -rā often occurs in the sentences containing two-argument verbs. It also occurs in intransitive sentences containing actor, and causes to the absence of the actor. Moreover, based on the presence of –rā morpheme in a structure, it further plays the role of a non-active morpheme, and it is shown that all non-active structures have semantically actor.Keywords: Role and Reference Grammar, Generalized semantic role, Actor, Undergoer, Anti-actor.The Study of Structural Differences in Numeral Phrases in Nominative and Objective Forms between Russian and Persian LanguagesAmir Hosseini1*, Shler Ebrahim-Sharifi21. Associate Professor, Department of Russian Language, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran2. Ph.D. Student, Department of Russian Language, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranReceive: 22/8/2013 Accept: 24/12/2013One of the important aspects in learning foreign languages is considering differences between languages and their effects on the learning process. Number of objects is one general phenomenon, which is shown in different ways in different languages. There are many different ways to represent the number of objects in Russian and Persian languages, especially in morph-syntactic level. So learning and using numeral phrases (number + noun, number + adjective + noun) correctly in the nominative and objective cases in Russian is one of the difficult problems for Iranian students. In Russian language, this structure changes according to such criteria as grammatical case, number, animacy and inanimacy, and all of these structures are in contrast with similar structures in Persian. The purpose of this paper is to compare these structures between Russian and Persian languages. We further study and analysis the mistakes of Iranian students in learning and using numeral phrases in nominative and objective forms, and resolve them.Keywords: Number, Noun, Noun phrase, Syntax direction, Number.Discursive Analysis of Nima’s Poem Based on Semiotics Pattern (Case Study: Poetry, "Manzoome Be Shahriar") Akram Ayati *Assistant Professor, Department of French Language and Literature, Isfahan University, Isfahan, IranReceive: 15/9/2013 Accept: 11/1/2014The “Discursive Semiotics” of speech is proposed as a new method for the analysis of literary texts in which the production of meaning is directly linked with sensory conditions’ perceptive. In these circumstances, the meaning does not follow a logical plan, rather due to the presence of the perceptual subject that makes the sign phenomenal in discours, it is continuous, fluid, multi-dimensional and always being reborn. This study examines the discursive process in three dimensions (emotional, perceptual and aesthetic) in the poetry of Nima, and presents this approach as a new method of text analysis. The study also looks at the way in which the poet describes the world. This study not only creates a new reading of the poetry of Nima but also shows how the process of producing the dynamic sense in the poem is formed.Keywords: Discursive semiotics, “Manzoome Be Shahriar” of Nima, Perceptive dimension, Emotional and esthetic dimensions.The Dominant Psycholinguistic Approaches on the Process of Idiom Comprehension Omid Azad1*, Mojtaba Monshizadeh2 1. Ph.D. of Linguistics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran2. Associate Professor of Linguistics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranReceive: 12/4/2014 Accept: 11/6/2014Idiomatic expressions are defined as linguistic structures, which, in contrast with ordinary sentences, can not be interpreted via meaning amalgamation of their constituents. This study aims at surveying the most important psycholinguistic models proposed in the study of idiom comprehension. Furthermore, the significant characteristics of these approaches have been discussed. The common feature of the traditional approaches is their emphasis on the literal meaning processing, that is, these approaches are either adherents of serial meaning processing, i.e., they would assert that literal meaning processing takes place before figurative meaning processing, or they are interested on the parallel meaning processing. However, the common ground of the novel approaches is that they emphasize on the important role of the contextual features in accelerating idiom comprehension. At the end, the notable graded salience hypothesis has been criticized, and the possibility of posing a unified theoretical framework in idiom comprehension has been investigated.

Cognitive narratology is a systematic approach that, following the achievements of cognitive semantics, has played an important role in determining the nature and function of the narrative texts. G. Fauconnier and M.Turner have thoroughly explained the principles and the framework of the conceptual blending. This article, after introducing the theoretical approach of conceptual blending, examines the processes of meaning formation and characterization in two Persian folk tales based on the hypothesis that creativity and dynamism of meaning formation in folk tales can be analyzed by the paradigms and principles of conceptual blending. The article aims at explaining the processes used in activating imagination and creating meaning in order to provide the possibility of a better reading of the folk tales.

This article studies the cohesive ties in AL– Naml and AL– Fajr surahs, based on discourse analysis rules and Halliday and Hassan’ ideas and since in translation of this holy book, Quran, the texture and text system are of special importance, it compares these ties to their Persian translation. The following results were obtained after studying and comparing the cohesive ties: 1) There is no complete correspondence between these surah's cohesive ties. And those of translated ones. ties. The application of cohesive ties in AL-Naml is 45/09% but in its Persian translation is 34/49% and the usage of cohesive ties in AL-Fajr is 40/19% but in its Persian translation is 36/01% 2) The cohesive ties referent has been used mostly in these 2 surahs and their translation.