فهرست مطالب zohre najafi

In this paper, we have investigated the fostering of theological concepts through verses and narrations in the preface of Amir Khusrau Dehlavi's Masnavi. The research type is analytical-descriptive and its method is library. After investigating the prefaces from a theological point of view, we have come to the conclusion that Amir Khusrau Dehlavi has quoted verses from the Holy Quran or hadiths of the infallible Imams, either directly or indirectly and implicitly, in most of the verses that contain theological concepts. Thus, he sought to achieve two goals: One is that he attempted to foster theological concepts by quoting verses and hadiths in order to make his beliefs believable to his audience, and on the other hand, he sought to pay tribute to the Holy Quran and the hadiths of the infallible Imams. Among the three poems investigated, theological concepts in the preface of the poem Hasht Behesht are more than the other two poems, and in the preface of this poem, the poet has discussed diverse and various concepts of theology. Most of the theological concepts used in the preface of these three poems are concepts that have been repeated in other poets' poems before Dehlavi, however, Dehlavi is one of the prominent poets in terms of verses, hadiths and narrations that have been used to document and foster theological concepts.

In this article, we review the characters of Shirin and Farhad in Vahshi Bafghis poetry based on Alfred Adler's personality theory. The type of this research is based on library method and its approach is analytical-descriptive. The research hypothesis is the possibility of examining the characters of this poem due to the mutuality between some characters based on Adler's theory. After examining the characters based on the components of Adler's theory one by one, we conclude that due to the theme of the poem, which is romantic and its inseparable part of competition and envy, all the important characters of the poem are possessed of the Adler's theory signs including the envy of inferiority, social interest, supremacy, domination, dependence and acceptance alternately. While Shirin is a superior character, the sense of humiliation inflicted on him by Khosrow's indifference leads him to seek revenge and dependence on Farhad. Khosrow is a completely superior and domineering personality. Farhad is a "useful to society" personality whose lifestyle is in line with the characteristics of the "social interest". Shekar and other characters, including the courtiers of Khosrow's court, cannot be examined from Adler's point of view due to their small role in the poem.

The lack of a fixed and clear protocol causes confusion for nurses resulting in care performance delay in the emergency room (ER). Given that the purpose of triage is to examine the patient upon arrival in ER for the rapid classification and prioritization of emergency patients in need of treatment, it seems that the development and implementation of hospital triage standards can greatly affect this purpose.

The present study was conducted to review the experiences of experts in hospital triage in terms of determining the standards of hospital ER triage.

This qualitative research was conducted through content analysis method based on Donabedian model. Participants include experts (Politician, Nurse Supervisor, Nurse, Midwife, Faculty of Nursing, Emergency Medicine Specialist) working in educational and private hospitals and single-specialized ERs. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews lasting between 25-60 minutes. The main interview questions were: What are the structural standards of a good triage? What are the process standards for a good triage? What are the standards of a good triage? Data analyzed through Content Directed Analysis with Shannon and Hsieh approach.

Totally, 21 experts the mean age of 46.9±1.8 (ranged from 30 to 57) years and the mean work experience of 18.9± 8.21 years were participated, of whom 16 (76.2%) persons were male. From the analysis, we extracted 48 codes, 14 subcategories and 3 main categories of "structural standards", "process standards" and "outcome standards".

Guidelines are needed so that the nurse in charge of triage can quickly and accurately undertake the important responsibility of patient triage. Additionally, having structure and process and outcome standards improves triage performance.

The conflict between human’s right of environment and his right of development has been amongst intricacies in the field of environment because, on one hand, the development is inevitable for human life and on the other, development almost results in the destruction of the environment. Therefore, to solve this problem, the United Nations has underscored the principle of sustainable development in many international treaties including declarations of Rio and Stockholm in which protecting the environment and securing the needs of the coming generations is axiomatic. Studying Quranic verses, tradition and views of scholars, the current study has explained the view of divine law on this conflict and uncovered the inefficiencies of the principle of sustainable development. It is also suggested that the solution to the conflict resides in the Islamic justice-based development. Institutionalization of the holiness of environment, environmental ethics, environmental religious commandments, Islamic environmental law, universal and systematic justice, and intra-generation justice are amongst the principles of Islamic justice-based development.

Thyroid functional disorders are relatively common in the general population. Different factors play a role in the development of thyroid disorders. These factors can be associated with the deterioration of the oxidation state of the body and the induction of oxidative stress. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the oxidation state.

Regarding the role of oxidative stress in different pathologies and the development of various complications, including thyroid disorders, we aimed to compare the biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in hypo and hyperthyroid rat models.

Twenty-one male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups of control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were inducted with PTU (propylthiouracil) and LTX (levothyroxine), respectively. After five weeks of induction, serum biochemical factors and oxidative stress parameters, such as TAC (total antioxidant capacity), MDA (Malondialdehyde), and the thiol group, were measured in these groups.

The means of TAC, MDA and UA (uric acid) in the hyperthyroid group were significantly higher than those in the hypothyroid group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05) but the mean of thiol in the hypothyroid group was significantly higher than that of the hyperthyroid group (P < 0.01). Also, the mean of TAC level in the hypothyroid group was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05) and the mean of thiol group in the hypothyroid group was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05), but there was no other significant difference between the groups compared to the control group. Among the biochemical parameters, the mean LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) in the hyperthyroid group also showed a significant difference in comparison to the hypothyroid group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups in the mean of the other biochemical parameters.

According to the results of this study, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with a disturbance in the oxidation state of the body, and the use of antioxidants can help improve these diseases, especially in hyperthyroidism, due to enhanced metabolism and production of more free radicals.

Structuralism is an attempt to apply linguistic theory to non-linguistic subjects and activities. In this paper, the narrative of Zahak Mardush is examined based on the theory of Claude Bremond, the French structuralist narrator. Bremond considers sequence to be an essential element of narrative. His model is based on the dual approach of winning or not winning the champion. In this paper, the narrative has been analyzed by a descriptive-analytical method. After examining it, it was concluded that the narrative has a systematic design and has used the method of narration linearly.

Attention to several clinical issues simultaneously and timeliness of proper treatment is of prime importance in Emergency Medicine. Simulation Based Training is a growing trend for clinical resident training which has been proposed for enhancing of residents multi-tasking abilities. The Simulation Module for Assessment of Resident’s Targeted Event Response is a methodology which derives specific scenario scripts from core competencies intended for residents. In this study we take that methodology one step further and use it to design multiple patient scripts hoping to enhance multiple knowledge and skills including multitasking.  Using qualitative study of literature we derive multiple patient scripts incorporating simulation technologies which aim to obtain multiple clear educational objectives including the skills required for multitasking. Furthermore we test this teaching method on first year emergency medicine residents. We analyze the effects using paired student T-test of pre/posttests. Also the students’ satisfaction and impression about the method is measured using a questionnaire. The step by step development of a multiple patient scrip is described and a sample script is presented. Cumulative scores of skill and knowledge for resident improved significantly (P<0.001) before and after the course. Almost all students (96%) preferred SMARTER-shift to a clinical shift for teaching purposes while only 52% preferred it for practicing the skills they had already obtained. The SMARTER-shift is an effective way for education of multitasking skills to residents of emergency medicine and it is strongly preferred by residents.

Emergency medicine has always been a leader in taming new technologies for medical education. Many forms of social media have been reported in medical education with very little quality evidence to clarify their role. In this study we look at a popular multimedia messaging application in our setting and the aim was to evaluate the effects of a virtual classroom in social media platform on the knowledge of emergency department interns. This was a randomized controlled trial carried out on 65 interns divided into lecture (n=31) or virtual classroom (n=34) groups during their emergency medicine rotation. A block randomization method was used. Ten blocks of emergency medicine interns were randomly assigned to either a traditional lecture course on the subject of shock, or a virtual classroom conducted in the Telegram Messenger© via a group chat. Students’ knowledge of the topic was assessed before and after the courses using a pretest and a posttest. The group participating in the virtual classroom were also asked to fill a questionnaire regarding their rate of satisfaction with the method. The results were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests in SPSS software version 21. The groups were found to be homogenous prior to the course in all demographic variables and their pretest scores. Most students participating in the virtual classroom preferred this method (81.5%) but the majority found it not to be effective in motivating clinical enthusiasm, solidifying knowledge, or exposing their shortcomings (59.3%). The pretest and posttest revealed that both groups’ knowledge had improved (P<0.001) before and after teaching regardless of the method used. But there was no significant difference in posttest scores between the two methods (P=0.788). A virtual classroom in a social media messaging platform appears to be as effective as a traditional classroom in conveying knowledge, and it is more preferable for the interns

Immobilization in the elderly can reduce the size and strength of muscle mass and ultimately lead to sarcopenia, the severity and progression of which can be prevented by exercise. However, due to physical and mental conditions, the elderly may be unable to take full advantage of regular exercise. Therefore, fun exercise through motivation and effective participation of older adults is likely to have positive effects on decreasing the volume and power of muscle mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fun physical activities on the progression of sarcopenia among elderly residents in nursing homes.
This study was a two-group randomized controlled trial conducted in 2014. Sixty three older adults were recruited by the random sampling. The elderly in the fun physical exercise group did the exercise for 8 weeks, three times a week for 20 minutes at a time, and in the control group, the adults did the routine exercises. The Berg Balance Scale, a dynamometer, and the Six-Minute Walk Test were used to measure sarcopenia criteria (balance, muscle strength, distance traveled).The statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 13.
The results showed that the mean score of the sarcopenia criterion (balance, distance walked, muscles strength) was significantly increased in the fun physical exercise group than in the control group.
The fun physical activity reduces sarcopenia progression through improving balance, increasing distances walked, and strengthening muscles.

Stroke is the most common debilitating neurological disease in adults. Therefore, rehabilitation is a major consideration to reduce costs and relief disabilities. Biofeedback, a newly recommended method is claimed to be able to improve the consequences following stroke by enhancing the understanding of the psychological functions of the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of biofeedback on the motor– muscular situation in balance and ability to walk, muscle stiffness (spasticity), hand muscles strength of stroke patients.
The present study was a randomized clinical trial done in 2016. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups (case and control group). In the intervention group, biofeedback was performed. The check list of main variables, including balance and ability to walk, muscle stiffness (spasticity) and hand muscles strength was completed by a physician before the intervention and at the end of the intervention (16th session). The statistical analysis was conducted, using SPSS version 13.
The mean score of balance in intervention group versus control group showed significant differences. The results showed that by eliminating the effects of muscular strength before the intervention, this variable had made improvements and significant differences in both intervention and control groups after the intervention. Comparison of the average spasticity showed that spasticity evaluation score before and after the intervention revealed no significant difference between the two groups.
Biofeedback therapy is a promising treatment modality for improving the motor–muscular situation of patients after stroke.

Nurses play a key role in the process of organ donation and transplantation, and previous studies have widely addressed the level of knowledge and attitude of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses in this regard. Considering the direct correlation between the positive attitude of the healthcare team, especially nurses, and the level of consent on organ donation, knowledge and attitude of nurses are important factors that have been assessed in several studies. However, no definite conclusions have been drawn in this regard. The present study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of ICU nurses toward organ donation and the related factors.
A systematic review was conducted via searching in databases such as ProQuest, Medscape, MedlinePlus, MagIran, PubMed, and ScienceDirect to identify the articles published during 1990-2015 using keywords such as knowledge, attitude, organ donation, and nurses.
Awareness and knowledge are the main determinants of attitude in nurses, which should be applied in order to foster positive attitudes in the process of organ donation. Furthermore, extensive clinical knowledge should be acquired on organ donation and communication skills by ICU nurses through proper training programs.
According to the results, using standard guidelines or scheduled training programs in nursing schools could improve the level of knowledge in nurses, which in turn enhances nursing performance. In addition, our findings indicated that positive attitude and knowledge of nurses could largely infleunce the viewpoint of families toward organ donation.

Fear of falling is one of the most serious potential health problems. This issue is of high importance in the elderly with serious consequences such as limitations in daily activities, gait imbalance, social isolation, and increased risk of falling. One way to resolve this problem is the use of modern teaching methods such as demonstration and videos. The present study aimed at comparing the effect of education through video versus demonstration on fear of falling in nursing home residents of Mashhad city, Iran.
This quasi‑experimental study (with pre‑test and post‑test) was performed among 66 elderly residents of nursing homes in Mashhad. The participants were randomly divided into two groups of demonstration and video. Then, they received training using the abovementioned methods. The participants’ level of fear of falling was measured through Fall Efficacy Scale.
After the intervention, mean scores of the fear of falling were 47.50 and 49.84 in demonstration and video groups, respectively. As indicated by the results, after the intervention, participants’ fear of falling decreased by 23.7% and 20.7% in demonstration and video groups, respectively. This difference is statistically significant (P = 0.001).
Training through video methods reduces the fear of falling in the elderly. Because of the special conditions of the elderly, the video training method may require more consideration due to its lower costs and easier performance.

There are verities of none-prescribed slimming products available in the markets which are not approved by the FDA. Hence, different kind of problem has accrued and many complications are unresolved, and an individual healthy is exposed to risks. In this case, although all measures were taken to treat the patient but recovery was extremely slow and it lasted several weeks.

Chylothorax is a rare complication that is created following the leakage of lymph fluid from thoracic duct into the pleural space. This situation reduces the lung volume and in case of not being controlled, can lead to respiratory distress, cyanosis and even death. This study introduces a case of traumatic chylothorax.
Case Report: In this study, the patient was a 12 year old female experiencing shortness of breath and respiratory distress since 5 months ago following trauma to the chest during play at school. After conducting laboratory tests and chest X-ray, bilateral chylothorax was diagnosed for the patient and then bilateral chest tube was placed and thoracic duct was blocked. The patient was hospitalized for 4 days in intensive care unit and then transferred to department of Thoracic with good general condition. Finally, after several days of hospitalization, the patient was discharged with normal general condition.
Timely diagnosis and treatment of chylothorax have a major role in saving patient's life and can prevent complications due to lung problems.

Originating from Islam teachings, Islamic Sufism developed in the context of Iranian culture and was influenced by Iranian thoughts. Such thoughts and ideas affected theories, demeanors and customs of Sufis with different trends, and resulted in different mystical perspectives. In his Hikmat al-Ishraq (illuminism), Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi explained the history of philosophy in ancient Persia to his time and called mystics such as Bayazid Bastami, Abul al-Hasan al-Kharqani, and Abul al-Abbass al-Qassab Amoli the followers of this philosophy. One of those who was influenced by Iranian thoughts in his view is Najm al-Din Razi. In Mirsad Al-Ibad Men Mabda’ Ela Al-Ma’ad, one of the most important mystical sources, he expresses his views. His words about light and darkness, tribes’ behaviour, kings’ values, the place of fire and some other issues is reminiscent of Mazdean thoughts.The purpose of this research is to find the influences on the Islamic Mysticism in its history by various ideas and cultures. The study seeks to answer the question how Najm al-Din Razi, as one of the experts of Islamic mysticism, had interpreted the Iranian thoughts and ideas. The study is inductive, and identifies ideas in the explanation of which the author of Mirsad Al-Ibad seems to be influenced by pre-Islamic culture, in addition to Islam. Through a full review of Mirsad Al-Ibad, as well as other works of Najm al-Din Razi, it was determined that although he received his basic mystical thoughts from the religion of Islam and there is no conflict between his speeches the Islamic teachings, however he has been influenced by Hekmat Khosravani in explaining and describing such ideas, especially at the sociopolitical level.

Background and The aim of this study was to compare the effect of routine and fun physical activities on degree of mobility and muscle strength in elderly residents in nursing homes in Mashhad.
A randomized clinical trial was conducted (in 2013-2014) in which two groups of elderly living in nursing homes in Mashhad were recruited. Data was collected using Elderly Mobility Scale and Dynamometer (T.K.K.5401). The intervention group participated in fun physical activities while the control group had routine physical activity. Both types of exercises were conducted 20 minutes every other day for 8 weeks.
Significant differences were seen between the two groups in mean score of mobility and muscle strength after the intervention.
Motivating elderly to begin fun exercise could increase their level of activity, thereby preventing movement disorders among this population.

The mystical language of Mulānā Jalāl-al Din Rumī is distinct and special. He utilizes linguistic signs, significants, significances and signifieds for expressing his mystical ideas. One of the most applied signs, in his poems, is sun. He relates it, as a significant, to different signifieds or different features of a signified. In mystical texts, sun is one of common linguistic signs, but Rumī uses it according his own mystical experiences and doesnt imitate his predecessors. So, sun, as a linguistic sign, includes a widespread field of significance and suggests different ideas to readers in different poems. The present article tries to show applications of the term of sun, its meaning and its various significances in the works of Mulānā Jalāl-al Din Rumī; in this way it is possible to have a better interpret of some of his poems.

Humanism was introduced to psychologists through Maslow and Rogers’s views in the twentieth century. This school deals with the human needs and his innate tendencies. Utopia, exalted experiences, religious experiences, high motivations and human nature are among Maslow and Rogers’s ideas. Attar, one of the greatest Muslim mystics of the 6th and 7th centuries has also considered these subjects in his poems and has tried to explain and interpret them. Many of Attar’s ideas can be explained using ideas and principles in humanism and it can be highlighted that he has tried to advance some theories in this field. In fact, it is obvious that, like many other mystics, Attar has utilized psychological concepts in his teachings, and his ideas and theories in this regard can be unraveled through scholarly research on his writings on the part of experts in psychology. On the other hand, to interpret many of the mystical ideas, it is necessary to be familiar with some theories in psychology. The present research, as a descriptive-analytical research, tries to explain Attar’s ideas about human needs, perfect man, exalted experiences and high motivation using the ideas and principles in humanism.

The elderly have less physical activity due to laziness, having no partners, lack of interest and motivation in life. Exhilarating physical activities can increase number of meetings between elderly, their amusement, and increase tendency to do exercise, which eventually results in the improvement in their balance and fear of falling.

To compare the effect of exhilarating and normal physical activity on the balance and fear of falling in the elderly residing in nursing homes.

In this two-group clinical trial, 63 elderly residents in nursing homes of Mashhad were studied. The intervention group did exhilarating physical activities for 20 minutes 3 times a week for 2 months while the control group did routine exercises of the nursing home. The research tools were Berg and fear of falling tests. Data were analyzed by independent-t and Mann-Whitney tests using SPSS 11.5 Software.

The mean age of the elderly was 72.5 ± 7.0 years. The mean balance scores for post-intervention were 38.3 ± 12.0 in the intervention and 29.4 ± 6.1 in control groups (P<0.001). Analysis of covariance showed that the elimination of the variable of fear of falling in elderly before the intervention, the average correction for fear of falling was significantly different between the two groups: control (51.7 ± 31.2) and intervention (41.5 ± 22.4) (P<0.001).

Fun physical activities are deterrent of balance and fall disorders. Therefore, with informing the authorities of nursing homes of the exhilarating physical activities protocol and performing it, the onset of several motor deficits and balance can be prevented.

Style is said to be the special mode of speaking in which a writer or poet expresses his or her thoughts and materials. From the ancient times up to now, many divisions and definitions have been provided for the literary style. In the examination of the style of each literary work, it is analyzed not only for the features of its language and thought, but for its literary features also. Among the new and noticeable issues in the contemporary literary currents is the rise of the popular novel which has been closely heeded to and has received the title of "the Best Seller" in the last decade. Therefore, it is essential that we pay closer attention to the analysis of such works. The style in which an author writes about his or her thoughts and themes is among the outstanding features of each work of literature. It shows the world of the author as well as his recognition and his outlook about the world around him. Therefore, the stylistic analyses of the popular novels can help us take a step forward to understand why in the last decades such works of fiction have been so popular. In the last years, Morteza Moaddabpour has been among the most successful writers of popular fiction, and has absorbed the attention of many readers. In the present research, the writers have attempted to analyze the stylistics of 4 of his novels. This study indicates that Moaddabpour is realistic in style. He writes in a simple prose style in which there is no complexity; with the exception of metonymy, he takes use of no rhetorical technique; and he expresses the social and political problems in the lives of the youth in a simple language.

One of the parts of dialectology is the study of syntax and in this study subject of prepositions in dialects is more similar to each other because prepositions are closed category. but there are dialects which in prepositions are very different from norm. One of these dialects is Neysianian which in despite of being neighbors to other villages prepositions are perfectly determined. This paper tries to review prepositions and their different from normal Farsi in this dialect. For this at first the propositions which differ from normal language are determined and then the application and meaning of them are explained by examples.

In all its meaning the term ‘ascension’ has a special place in Muslim’ beliefs. Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, who was at the highest point of purity and piety acquired a unique ascension in its highest and the most complete form. As no one has reached the Prophet’s position after him, no human could experience such kind of divine journey. However, some humans who tried to remove worldly concerns and desires from their souls succeeded in getting spiritual ascensions which did not take place for others. Mystic poets are among those people who spoke of spiritual ascension and heavenly Journey. In the works of distinguished poets like Sanayi, Nezāmi, ‘Attār, Mowlānā, and Hāfedh, there are a lot of poems in which they describe their spiritual ascension. This show the poets’ ascending to the highest stations, wayfaring to the angelic realm and seeing the Cherubim. In this article, this subject is studied is studied according to the works of the mentioned poets.