فهرست مطالب zohreh momeni

Plants are a rich source of bioactive chemical compounds that play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. In this study, the ability of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of sumac (Rhus coriaria) fruit to inhibit the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans were investigated in vitro.

Extraction of sumac fruit was done by soaking and stirring with water and ethanol and its antimicrobial effects were evaluated by Broth microdilution method by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ethanolic extract against Trichomonas vaginalis was 1.8 mg/ml and for aqueous extract was 3.55 mg/ml in 24 hours. No concentration of the aqueous extract of Sumac fruit was able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans, while the ethanolic extract at 60 mg/ml inhibited the growth of Candida albicans after 24 hours.

Sumac fruit extracts can be considered as a potential alternative to chemical drugs in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infections, but these compounds have not shown favorable antifungal results against Candida albicans.

Microbial pigments are a type of secondary metabolite that can play a good role due to their antimicrobial properties. Prodigiosin is an antimicrobial tri-pyrrole pigment that can be extracted from Serratia marcescens. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan that enters the human reproductive system. Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease treated with metronidazole. Side effects and drug resistance are the two main problems of this drug that make doctors look for new treatments. The aim of this study was to extract prodigiosin pigment from Serratia marcesens to evaluate the antiparasitic properties of this pigment against Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.

Serratia marcescens strain RTCC 2281 was purchased from Razi Institute and mass cultivated. prodigiosin was extracted using Ethyl acetate and acetone tools and the relativity of the pigment was confirmed by TLC chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, and its effect on Trichomonas vaginalis and PC12 cell line was examined in different concentrations.

Prodigiosin pigment at 10000 μg/ml in 24 hours and 5000 μg/ml and 2500 in 48 hours caused 100%, 92.89%, and 84.26% growth inhibition of the parasite. Its IC50 in 48 hours was 112.8 μg/ml and the CC50 of this pigment on the PC12 cell line reached 842.4 μg/ml.

This pigment was tested on Trichomonas vaginalis and its toxicity on the cell line was 7.46 times (SI = 7.46), so it can be concluded that prodigiosin pigment had an antiparasitic effect more comprehensive study of prodigiosin composition in vitro and in vivo is suggested.

Pyocyanin is a blue pigment with oxidation and reduction potential and metabolically active, which has medicinal effects on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, the most important non-viral    sexually transmitted disease in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of  pyocyanin extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Trichomonas vaginalis and PC12cell line.

This study was carried out by an interventional  method. First, pyocyanin was extracted from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain RTCC1474 with the help of chloroform. The relative purity of the pigment was determined by thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry UV-Vis and FTIR. Its effect in different concentrations were investigated on Trichomonas vaginalis and PC12 cell line.

Pyocyanin at a concentration of 10,000µg/ml in 24 hours and concentrations of 5,000 and 2,500µg/ml in 48 hours caused 100% inhibition of the parasite growth. Its IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration of 50%) level in 48 hours was 17.44µg/ml and the CC50 of this pigment on the cell line was 930 µg/ml, so pyocyanin is effective against the Trichomonas vaginalis and its toxicity on the cell line is 53 times higher than of the parasite (SI=53/32).

Considering the inhibitory effect of pyocyanin on the growth of Trichomonas    vaginalis  based on the results, it is possible that with further research on the extraction and purification of this pigment from various isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and with additional tests in vitro and in vivo, a more accurate judgment regarding the antiparasitic power of this      pigment can be expressed.

Trichomonas vaginalis, which is a pathogen of the human reproductive system, is the cause of trichomoniasis. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of this disease, which has side effects such as dizziness, carcinogenesis, and drug resistance. Therefore, it seems necessary to find an alternative medicine. Therefore, the present study was performed with aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris and Tribulus terrestris on two subtypes of Trichomonas vaginalis in laboratory conditions.

In this study, aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris and Tribulus terrestris in dilutions of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/ml and metronidazole with dilutions of 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml were administered to Trichomonas vaginalis type i and g at 24 and 48 hours. Live parasites were counted with Neobar slide and then cytotoxicity of Metronidazole and extracts was evaluated by MTT method on Hela cell line. Data were analyzed with two way ANNOVA graphpad method.

Ic50, CC50 and SI indexes were calculated and the decrease in the percentage of parasite survival was significant in all concentrations and in both 24 and 48 hours compared to the control group (p=0.0001). Ethanol extracts of Tribulus terrestris and Malva sylvestris have a higher SI than water extract of Tribulus terrestris and Malva sylvestris, but they are very different from the SI index of metronidazole. These two extracts have a good inhibitory effect on parasites, but their toxicity was high. Because the cell-killing effect of these extracts on the hella cell line was high, it is suggested to conduct a study on the effect of these extracts in the treatment of cancer cells.

The ethanolic extract of Tribulus terrestris has a good inhibitory effect on both types of Trichomonas vaginalis, especially type g, while the ethanolic extract of Malva sylvestris has a very good inhibitory effect on type i of the parasite in 48 hours. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris and Tribulus terrestris have lower SI than metronidazole, so the effects of the extracts are less than metronidazole.

Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Metronidazole is currently used for the treatment of trichomoniasis, which has side effects. In recent years, the use of plants has been considered by researchers. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-trichomonal activity of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.

In this experimental study, the extracts were prepared, and to evaluate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, the concentrations of 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 µg/ml were prepared. Metronidazole and TYM medium were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Afterward, 105 live parasites were added to all wells, and all groups were kept at 37°C. Live parasites were counted at 24 and 48 h intervals by Trypan Blue using a neobar slide microscope (Hemocytometer). Also, the effect of metronidazole (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 10 µg/ml) was investigated as a drug control. Subsequently, the IC50 value for the above extract was calculated using GraphPad Prism 9. It should be noted that all steps of the experiment were performed in triplicate and the results were considered as average.

The IC50 of aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel on Trichomonas vaginalis were calculated at 226.3, 109.9 μg/ml after 24h and 60.16 and 32.6 μg/ml after 48h, respectively. The IC50 of metronidazole was calculated at 0.28 and 0.1 μg/ml after 24h and 48h. The highest mortality rate (100%) was observed at a concentration of 3200 μg/ml after 24h of exposure.

While the aqueous and alcoholic extract of pomegranate peel has an anti-Trichomonas effect, the anti-Trichomonas properties of the alcoholic extract are more than its aqueous extract. Further and more comprehensive studies are suggested to investigate this plant's constituents and the parasite's lethal effect in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Trichomonas Vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Moreover, it is an important source of reproductive complications and increased risk of HIV transmission, Therefore, it is considered a public health issue. This study aimed to determine the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of Trichomonas Vaginalis among women in Alborz Province, Iran.

In this study, 50 positive samples of Trichomonas Vaginalis were collected from vaginal discharge, and after isolating the parasite using the culture medium and extracting DNA, the PCR was performed on the ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 gene. Out of the isolated positive cases, 10 samples were sent for sequencing.

All 50 samples were positive using the wet spread method, culture medium, and PCR. Based on the observed results, the size of the proliferative product of this gene was 372 base pairs. The results of this study were analyzed using phylogenetic tree and neighbor-joining. Furthermore, the possible mutations were investigated in this study.

The results of this study showed that the ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 gene isolated from these samples was more than 99% similar to the sequences in the gene bank. The sequence of the 5/8SrRNA gene and its surrounding areas of ITS1 and ITS2 showed the low polymorphism of this gene.

Vaginal infections are one of the major reasons women visit a gynecologist. Increased resistance to conventional antibiotics is one of the main factors mitigating the development of new antimicrobial agents, especially those of natural origin. In traditional Persian medicine, Trachyspermum ammi has been claimed to clear vagina from excessive discharge. Therefore, in this study, the antimicrobial activity of Ajwain essential oil was evaluated against some vaginal pathogens. The essential oil of ajwain was picked up and the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were revealed. The most frequently detected microorganisms involved in genital infections including Candida spp., Gardnerella vaginalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Lactobacillus acidophilus were considered. Evaluation of the essential oil of Trichomonas vaginalis was done by calculation of percent of growth inhibition. The essential oil showed a remarkable activity against the studied bacteria and fungi with MIC at a range of 0.0315 - 0.5 mg/ml and MBC at a range of 0.125 - 4 mg /ml. The highest inhibition and bactericidal activity was observed in S. agalactiae and G. vaginalis. 100% inhibition of T. vaginalis growth was shown at a concentration of 2000 μg/ml after 48 h by essential oil. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was more than that of thymol. Supposedly essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi fruit could inhibit vaginal pathogens growth. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to confirm the efficacy of this natural agent in vaginitis.

Trichomonas vaginalis infectious disease is an important worldwide health problem. Although, several drugs especially metronidazole and tinidazole have been used in the treatment, their-resistant strains have been developed and unpleasant adverse effects exist. Garlic and other Allium species are old medicinal plants, which were used for infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders and hair and skin cosmetic diseases.

We aimed to compare the anti-trichomoniasis activities of three species of Allium.

The Trichomonas vaginalis strain was isolated from vaginal discharge of women with vaginitis symptoms and cultured in a modified TYM medium. After confirmation of herbarium of the plants, their extracts were prepared. For testing, 24 sterile plates were used. In all 24 homes, 200 μL of TYM were poured out. The tube containing the parasite, counting the number of angels with the aid of Neubauer slide and set to 500,000 per mL, was added to the amount of 100 μL to all wells. In order to investigate the anti-trichomoniasis of the plant, concentrations of 37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 µg/mL of extract have been tested. For positive control, 50 mL of metronidazole, 50 μg/mL, was added to culture medium. In addition to, no herbal extract and metronidazole was added to the well of negative control.

The leaf extract of bell circus with a concentration of 2000 μg/mL after 48 hours and boiled cabbage bulb onion at a concentration of 24 μg/mL and leaf extract of turmericum at a concentration of 1500 μg/mL in 48 hours and boiled horseradish onions at 48 μg/mL concentration in 24 hours could achieve 100% GI and significantly inhibit parasite growth. Leaf extract, boiled onions and essential oils inhibited the growth of Trichomonas parasites, were not as high as 100%.

According to the results obtained in our study, these Allium plants have inhibitory activity on growth of Trichomonas vaginalis parasite.