فهرست مطالب zohreh oveisi-keikha

Reconstruction and rehabilitation have gone through a long period, and now in its latest version, experts have considered regeneration as a comprehensive solution. A kind of improvement that not only seeks to improve the physical space but also considers the social, cultural, economic, and other aspects of such issues in the field as well as the surrounding areas. In this research, the concept of urban regeneration and in particular, urban regeneration in France and the city of Paris, in the “Beaubourg” neighborhood has been discussed and the pillars of the success of the urban regeneration project of this neighborhood have been studied. The neighborhood, which has now become one of the best-known neighborhoods of the city through the “George Pompidou Center”, was one of the less developed neighborhoods of Paris in the past. This part of the research is a descriptive-analytic study whose theoretical data have been collected through library studies and in the section of collecting information about the current situation of the neighborhood through direct field observation. Then, following the process of follow-up studies, the weaknesses of this plan were identified using a creative problem-solving process. Considering that the authors of the article were not native and had a new look at the objective structure of the neighborhood, finding weaknesses that were hidden from the French resident observer was on the agenda, and the western front of the Arsene of “Saint-Merry” cathedrals courtyard, was identified as a weak point of the Beaubourg neighborhood regeneration project. To continue the process of recreating and extending its success to the identified weak point, a research process and development have been pursued to provide practical solutions. In the final result and presented solutions, the concept of “Terrace”, as the most important pillar of the success of the Beaubourg neighborhood regeneration project, has been the authors' work tool.

Proportion is one of the significant design principles featured in Iranian architecture. Several factors are influential in applying a certain type of spatial proportions. Climate and ecology are the most important ones. Bushehr is one of the cities in the hot and humid climate in Iran and features historical houses which include a large variety of open and semi-open spaces. The general appearance of the mentioned spaces in the historical buildings shows that the proportions of these spaces apparently follow certain principles. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of studying the proportional and geometrical principles used in the open and semi-open spaces in the historical houses in Bushehr. The findings and the results of the research can be used by contemporary architects and designers. The research is organized in two parts: the theoretical foundations and the fieldworks. In the theoretical basis part, the archival method was used to introduce and examine the history and the functions of these spaces. In the fieldwork part, the direct observation was the main method. The study of existing building drawings and their adaptation to the numerical measurements using laser meter were the next steps. The findings obtained from the geometry and the extracted numbers and sizes show that the open and semi-open spaces of the historical houses in Bushehr do not follow the proportional principles which, conversely, are common in other regions of Iran. However, the open and semi-open spaces have similar proportional geometry in all cases. The courtyard spaces have a square geometry or close to it, with a high height to width ratio. The height to width ratio in the corridors, arcades and “Tarmehs” is large and about the number three, in order to create more depth for shading. The dominant geometry of semi-open spaces is elongated rectangle in shape, their height is high, and their proportions are close to the number four in order to accelerate the convection of the heat upwards.

The southeast region of Iran, especially the Hirmand civilization area, played a key role in regional and inter-regional trade during the late 4th and 3rd millennia BC. During this period, we witness the formation of large urban centers with numerous related settlements, workshops, and specializations, followed by administrative management, and social and economic complexity. So far, many archaeological studies have been conducted in this region, but little has been done to study administrative management systems based on archaeological evidence. The Department of Archaeology at Zabul University conducted six seasons of fieldwork at Tepe Taleb Khan in the framework of the student’s educational excavations. As a result, and due to the fact that this mound is a representative of the Hirmand Civilization, the recovered evidence helped us to examine the cultural, social, and economic aspects of this civilization. Ample archaeological evidence related to administrative management was documented at the site. Here, an attempt is made to read such evidence that was recovered in the fifth and sixth seasons of excavation. According to the objectives, the main questions are as follows: What was the nature of administrative-related evidence that was recovered from Tepe Taleb Khan? And what are their cultural significance? During the excavations, numerous pieces of evidence related to accounting and administrative management were found, including seals, sealing-related material, and tokens, which could reflect social hierarchy in the region during the third millennium BC. In addition, the production of such various materials was controlled by the elites. In this research, the administrative structure of the Hirmand civilization was studied within the framework of the administrative management system. The archaeological findings obtained from Tepe Talebkhan include seals, sealing, tokens, bullae, and numerical clay tablets. They could collectively be considered as important evidence related to the management and administrative systems, correlated to what happened in the related settlement of Shahr-i Sukhta during the third millennium BC.

Gypsum is one of the oldest materials that has been used in Iran from about 14,000 years ago until today. In the Sassanid era, the extensive use of gypsum in the construction and decoration of buildings and the production of various artifacts is a prominent feature. Despite the great evidence of the use of gypsum in different periods and extensive research on Sassanid tore, no scientific and archaeological evidence has been reported from the workshop units related to gypsum baking and processing until 1393 AH. In the spring of 2014, from the excavation of the Sassanid site of Barzqualeh in Lorestan, a workshop unit was discovered, and evidence showed its function as a kiln for baking gypsum. The importance of this finding as the first known example of such a workshop in Iran and the Sassanid era caused it to be addressed in this article. The main purpose of this study is to describe the process of discovery and introduction of the workshop, inform researchers, and compensate for the lack of information about this type of workshop. The most important research questions include: 1- Where are the gypsum baking workshops set up in the Barzqualeh area? 2- What variables were effective in choosing the place and form of their construction? 3- What patterns and components are included? The hypotheses were that due to the environmental conditions and its gypsum formation in the northern and northwestern parts of the city, it was possible that there were gypsum baking workshops in these parts. Variables such as frequency, ease of access, and proximity of mines to the city, constant water flow, the presence of inter-valley terraces, sufficient fuel, wind flow in the valleys were effective in choosing the construction site. Their construction plan is probably circular or multifaceted and has a firebox, ventilator, and raw material loading site. The present study is a descriptive-analytical method and is based on the results of archaeological surveys and theoretical studies.

Housing types depend on the relationship between human needs and the environment. They are variable and complex due to humans’ different lifestyles and environmental conditions. What distinguishes them is not the constituent parts; rather, it is the logic of the spatial arrangement of the components, which varies based on the time, place and way of residence and represents the cultural, economic and climatic characteristics of the residence method. Identifying and preserving the heritage of vernacular architecture in general and of rural architecture in particular help us to preserve national historical assets and apply the long-established principles remaining from the past eras to new physical forms via discovering the mysteries, signs and symbols hidden in these assets. This can also help to preserve the identity and authenticity of vernacular architecture in rural settlements. On the one hand, the study of rural architecture can improve spatial designing based on the characteristics of different regions. On the other hand, it can solve some of the problems related to the fabric of urban and rural settlements and lead to formation of favorable villages. Vernacular housing types, especially in rural areas, are strongly influenced by their surrounding environment. Therefore, discussing the housing typology of each region requires an understanding of the context, location and rural fabric of that region. Typology is one of the most basic scientific steps toward this goal. Proper identification and categorization of the different types of architecture can help better understand, preserve and protect various spaces and find modern and effective designing methods. Developed via field measurements, observations and library research, this article is the result of the study of local housing samples from 20 selected villages in Sistan (located on a low flatland in the southeastern parts of Iran and north of Sistan and Baluchistan Province whose fabric is rich and valuable) using the descriptive-analytical research methodology. This study sought to classify and introduce the physical characteristics of vernacular housing in Sistan in terms of the formation of open and closed spaces. The results showed that Sistan, situated east of Iran with more than 900 villages and a 5,000-year history of permanent settlement from the era of Shahr-e Sukhteh, has special climatic conditions, and its social and livelihood structure has led to formation of unique housing architecture types. The common houses of Sistan’s people used to be very simple and rudimentary in the past but the types of these residential abodes have grown more complex and varied throughout time. These types include basal, linear, L-shaped, U-shaped, central courtyard and kiosk. Analyses performed in this research indicated that segregation of the living space and the livestock space is one of the most influential factors for determining the type of rural abodes in Sistan Region. Based on this criterion, the housing types with the highest frequency, i.e. linear, L-shaped and U-shaped, can be grouped into two subcategories: equipped with Dakanche and equipped with Mahtabi. In addition, this research indicated that the central courtyard and kiosk housing types are exclusive to the local chiefs and khans and are known as Sardari houses. Given that recent constructions in the rural areas of Sistan are being modeled after urban housing, promotion of these house types can help revitalize vernacular rural housing in Sistan.