محمدجواد شریعت

One of the topics, raised in Islamic Sufism and Mysticism and specially attended by Sufis, is presumed to be classifying kerāmāts (miraculous power of saints) and considering names and types of supernatural actions. Sufis are said to have various views about these actions, their types and their titles. Kerāmāts were originally sorted in three or four general kinds. But because of the development and evolution of Sufism over time, they were increased to twenty five subcategories. Examining perspectives of Sufi Sheikhs reveals that Sufis were in complete agreement about some of these types. This consensus caused different Sufis to choose rather similar entitles forthese kerāmāts. However, other kerāmāts do not seem to be agreed upon. For example, some Sufis may point to a kind of kerāmāt which is not found in the prominent scholars’ texts. Accordingly, kerāmāts may be divided in two main subclasses of “common and uncommon”. Data about the common category is assumed to be easily accessible, whereas one may hardly gain knowledge of uncommon subgroup through investigation of Sufi sources. One of the uncommon types of kerāmāt is perceived to be “Tawāmm”. Obviously, Records and documents about this uncommon kerāmāt are rare and infrequent. Employing these few documents, the current research aimed at introducing Tawāmm and analyzing the way it happens

Approaching old texts’ lexical reservoirs and recognizing them not only leads to more enrichment and productivity of Persian language vocabularies but also can be an effective pace toward investigating historical trend of Persian language in the domain of words and terminologies. Holy Quran’s interpretation، known as Cambridge commentary، is doubtlessly among the most valuable works for investigating the status of prose texts in historical linguistics and terminological researches of old texts. One of the notable tools of this interpretation، and maybe its distinctive feature compared to other old commentaries of the Quran، is the elegant attractive homogeneity between its lexical and linguistic structure and Khorasani’s style، especially in its proper and organized usage of words. Taking a special look at the lofty Cambridge commentary of the Quran as a precious sample of Persian language lexicons، this article explores the linguistic value of old texts. Hence، setting a lexical comparison of Cambridge commentary with Khorasani poems’ style as a pivotal element، 36 rare words are chosen from this book and compared with 40 Persian old texts belonging to 4th-6th Hegira centuries. Among them، 18 sources are in verse form، 10 are Quranic، 6 are Persian and Arabic dictionaries to Persian and 6 sources are other old prose works. Statistical data of this research are analyzed and evaluated in conclusion section.

The two familiar words of amthal and hekam (aphorisms and sayings) remind us of Ali Akbar Dehkhoda and his invaluable four-volume work, the most complete and valid dictionary to include Persian aphorisms and sayings. There have been other books in this field, but none of them has carried the name amthal and hekam. Therefore, it seems logical to ask what the relation between the two words is that Dehkhoda chose them as the title for his priceless work. This title was first used by Aristotle for his work. The present article studies and analyzes some perspectives in this respect.

Iranian former times among the various peoples have been known irony world. So, not surprisingly, with the likes of the Iranians, like many other nations have a long history, but for most of the Iranian scientists to write their works in Arabic would choose to develop and set books in Persian adage Not much attention is.But one of the contemporaries of the late Ali Akbar Dehkhoda the books in Persian language has developed, and the likes of which have mentioned the various issues and needs to be subject classification.Dehkhoda adage that in four volumes from Amirkabir Institute publications have been published, including various issues, which according to the bulk of any convincing evidence and refer the reader to use a lot of hours to be frequent and boring study to pay with the culture prepare subject can be helped to the likes of researchers and readers through a conceptual topic or have in mind, using the least opportunity to achieve their desired topic.

The first enormous and comprehensive dictionary on Persian adages، Amsal-o-Hekam، compiled by the great contemporary scholar، Ali Akbar Dehkhoda، is known as the most reliable and complete dictionary on Persian adages. His work caught the attention of many scholars and researches after publication and brought rapture to literature enthusiasts in such a way that many scholars were motivated to record adages. Nevertheless، after the rapture subsided in the next years، some researchers explored the different aspects of this collection and pointed out some of its deficiencies، such as having some adages about races as being superior to Iranian race، not having translations for Arabic adages، containing unknown adages، having no preface or introduction، and containing no obscene words and adages. My attempt in this enquiry is to study the views expressed on this precious work.

Considering the influence of the ancient history on the Persian literature, the author intends to compare the literary features of three prominent characters− Zoroaster, Mani, and Mazdak− in the Persian poetry. So after tracking them in the Persian poetry texts and surveying the opinions of the poets in regard to these three reputable persons; we understand that Zoroaster is more often mentioned in these texts, however in negative manner and was often reproached by poets. Moreover the poets have noted the artistic aspects and beautifying purports of Mani, without considering his message. Mazdak also has been constantly neglected and intensely reproached by poets. Among the reasons of disregarding of Persian poetry for these three great characters, we could refer to the political and religious reasons. Moreover the poets’ lack of knowledge about ancient people as well as the penetration of Islam in Iran and Muslims’ rejection of these religions is other reasons. It seems that the extreme attention to the artistic aspects of Mani is due to his esoteric and mysterious beliefs.

Since the old Quranic texts strefaithfullness and prevention of any addition or deletion in translation, by studying the Quranic equivalents, we can remove Semantic ambiguity from many old and obsolete Persian words and benefit from it in comprehending other texts. It is in this way that the old translations and interpretations gain a valuable position in studying historical trend and the stylistic characteristics of the Persian language. The conspicuous application of rare and elegant Persian words in Quran’s interpretation known as cambridge commentary is one of its advantages over many other old Quranic texts. In this paper, we will try to explain some old words and their qualilative and quantitative application in the old translations and interpretations by comparing some of the equivalents in Cambridge Commentary, pars Quran, Sor-Abadi interpretation, Quds Quran, Quran’s old translations, Tabari commentary, Gazer interpretation and kashf-al-Asrar interpretation.

There are some letters of alphabet in Persian language which have exceptional impact on word formation and hence its spelling. Being unaware of their rules, one might make some mistakes branding him as unknowledgeable.This paper, which actually pursues Dr. Ahmad Tamimdari's article entitled "Verb-ending Pronouns and Their Writing Methods in Persian Orthography" published in the fifth edition of Literary Researches Quarterly, makes an attempt to provide the reader with a detailed and intensive analysis of the way Hamze, Alef, Vav, Ha, Ya are written in Persian and how they might undergo alterations.The author believes that, such an analysis can be of great use for the students and those who seek an interest in Persian language and its orthography.It has also been endeavored to express the rules and significant points in the simplest way possible, and the inclusion of new terminology in which Iranian linguists are very much interested have been avoided. On the contrary, the author tried to define and justify the traditional literature and linguistic terms, so that no punctuation is observed between our young researchers and their traditional culture and literature.Writing this paper, the author had no alternative but getting involved in grammatical fields, phonetic alterations, alphabetical conversion, and the related terminology. Thus despite the hard effort to express them in the simplest way, the outcome has turned out to be a detailed one. If we intended to be still more economical in this respect, it would be very likely for our mutual understanding with the reader to be distorted.The reason for selecting these five letters is that, they are greatly dependent on each other, and if one was ignored, the chain would most probably be torn up, and their dispersion would cause nothing but imperfection.The author has put the issue forward in the hope of paving the way for critical discussion in the field, and it can be considered as a sign of success if such a result is obtained.

Candida genus comprises diverse species of yeast and yeast like fungi that some of them especially candida albicans are parts of the normal flora of human body. They are opportunistic parasites that cause diseases. There are currently limited effective drugs against those fungi. Hence this may lead to the emergence of resistant species. The aim of present study was evaluation of antimycotic effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole against candida species. Present survey is an experimental study that has evaluated antifungal effects of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole on candida species which were isolated from patients. These drugs were applied to 30 cases of candida albicans and 30 of other species of candida. In addition, resistant and sensitive species of candida were used. Broth and Agar mediums were used to culture the mentioned fungi and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was determined for each drug. Results showed that candida albicans species were more sensitive to clotrimazole and nystatin than to miconazole(P<0.01). Other candida species were more sensitive to all these drugs as compared to candida albicans(P<0.01). No significant difference was observed between the MIC averages of two methods. The MIC averages of nystatin, clotrimazole and miconazole for candida albicans were 2.2µg/ml, 2.6µg/ml and 18µg/ml respectively. The mean MIC of the mentioned drugs for other candida species was 0.81µg/ml, 0.56µg/ml and 1.2µg/ml respectively. Our results suggest that determination of species and doing sensitivity tests before any treatment are required and important and on the whole, nonalbicans species were more sensitive than albicans species in the presence of the above drugs.