جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ارزش ذاتی" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

Although the theory of innovation ecosystems is well structured and developed in the field of technology and in a sense in basic sciences and engineering, it is not shaped in humanities and social sciences and soft technologies. Perhaps because researchers in the field of innovation studies have always looked at the concept of “innovation” with an economic mindset. This economic approach is the beginning of the formation of the “instrumental value” discourse in the valuation of humanities and social science researches, which started as a rationale for getting financial support and began to expand. The spread of this discourse and the comparison of the research results of these sciences with the basic and engineering sciences by the same evaluation criteria have caused many challenges and harms among the activists in the field of humanities and social sciences and has led to the creation of a discouraging atmosphere and their isolation. In contrast to this discourse, humanities and social science researchers believe that the work they do has an “intrinsic value” in contrast to "instrumental value" in which the economy cannot play a role. This confrontation creates serious strategic differences in the justification and logic of investing in the activities and researches of humanities and social sciences. In this article, while reviewing the views proposed about the “value” of humanities and social sciences research in innovation ecosystems, a model is proposed to show the channels of participation of these sciences in innovation ecosystems. This model can be a solution for the compromise of critics of instrumentalism in front of economists and make the way forward for financing humanities and social sciences research smoother. Finally, implications for policy making in the field of financing each of the channels of humanities and social science research participation in innovation ecosystems have been stated.

This article proposes a new account of justice under the theory of global and self-sufficient moral value of justice. The main problem is that some formulations of social justice end up in reductionism, and by focusing on the pragmatic dimension of justice and neglecting its fundamental aspects, they lead to a confusion in understanding justice. My account enumerates the flaws of the narrow reductionist approaches to justice and the grand of its value and requirement, emphasizing the need for an acknowledgement of fundamental issues of justice in an account of social justice to establish that the moral value of justice is global and justice is intrinsic and self-sufficient. This article refines the three tenets of this theory; that is, the conceptual tenet, the axiological tenet, and the thematic tenet, considering its implications. The results of this research can pave the path for the formulation of a grand theory of social justice.

Today, the growth and development of societies in economic, social, political, public health and security dimensions depends on the performance of critical infrastructure. Infrastructure management and management is one of the most important concerns in this field to ensure their proper performance and sustainability against the risks ahead. Securing and safeguarding critical infrastructure and key assets against all risks, factors and adverse conditions is one of the most challenging issues for governments due to limited financial resources. One way to overcome these limitations is to prioritize and classify infrastructure. Proper determination of priorities, using measurable indicators, in addition to distinguishing critical assets and infrastructure from non-critical ones, leads to optimal resource management and increases the effectiveness of measures to protect critical infrastructure. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and validate the indicators of the vitality of critical infrastructure and determine the weight of each indicator by the best-worst method. The results of studies performed on 26 initial indicators and the validity and reliability of the indicators led to the final confirmation of 24 indicators. Weighting of indicators was done according to the best-worst method (BWM). Based on calculations based on the opinions of selected experts, the index "Number of population at risk" with a weight of 8.5%, "Independence and territorial integrity" with a weight of 7.8% and "Defense capability" with a weight of 7.8%, respectively, have the highest weight and importance. Are assigned among the indicators.

Childbearing may be regarded as a significant constituent of demography as well as an important issue in different societies. The population of the majority of countries in the world is not balanced, and these countries are faced with challenges which such imbalance creates. This will lead countries with a decreasing trend of population growth to encounter the problem of population aging and difficulties arising from it. Childbearing can be explored with respect to jurisprudence, law, economics, and sociology. The problem of childbearing has not often been morally addressed in Iran; but in the West it has been examined by philosophers through applying different moral approaches such as consequentialism, deontology, and virtue theory. Deontology has advanced remarkable arguments for childbearing to be moral based on the principle of discharging duties, including the argument from the intrinsic value of childbearing. In view of the fact that a variety of accounts have been provided for this argument, we shall assess and criticize it in our article.

One of the requirements in the field of legal discussions is to find consistent and reliable foundations for the challenges related to issues such as environmental degradation. This study aims to find a local basis for the protection and preservation of the environment, especially where the environment is devastated and degraded. The question arises here is that among the local principles, can the rule of respect be used in the protection and preservation of the environment and for the liability resulting from its destruction and damage? In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the necessary data have been collected from library sources and were examined via the descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the present study, the rule of respect is known as one of the possible principles in justifying civil liability for violating the right in the realm of the environment. The need to respect and protect the environment are justifiable on the one hand, given the intrinsic value of the environment and secondly, its instrumental value for better life of the human and its significant economic value in human life and also, the substantial damages that destructive actions against the environment inflict on human life and his/her material and spiritual benefits. On the other hand, arguments of respect, incidentally, include both financial and non-transactional aspects. In addition, the integrity of this protection, inevitably, requires that it be justified in case of violation of liability for compensation of harmful and destructive action against the environment.

Abortion is a controversial issue—various arguments have been presented for or against its moral permissibility. An argument against its moral permissibility is the species essence argument. According to Francis Beckwith, this argument is superior to other arguments since it regards the human species as being essentially valuable. In his view, the human life is valuable in virtue of its species and essence, even if it has no function or motion. Thus, since a fetus belongs to the human species, it is essentially valuable, even if it has no functions or activities. In light of this argument, he sees the human fetus as having the right to live and moral status since the moment of conception, concluding that it is wrong to abort unless the mother’s life is in danger. In this paper, we deploy the descriptive-analytic and critical method, formulating Beckwith’s argument, which is founded on a materialistic view of humans. We then explicate and criticize examples deployed by Beckwith to reinforce his argument. We finally present another version of the species essence argument based on soul-body dualism.

Environmental crisis is due to the welfare of humans and the negligence of other living organisms in the use of natural resources. Because of the ethics more than other schemes of protecting the environment can lead to require humans to leave bad behavior towards the environment, for resolve of this crisis, we need to attend to the ethics of the environment seriously, because it provides us with a set of personal and social criteria that are essential for establishing relationship between humans and their environment. In twentieth-century, thinkers in the field of environmental ethics generate “anthropocentric”, “biocentric” and “ecocentric” theories. Among these theories, biocentric theories, in particular the theory of “respect for nature”, are in an acceptable level of rationality. In this research, we will formulate this theory, then we will prove that this theory is reasonable in field of environmental ethics. Finally, we will respond to criticisms of this theory.

Every years, several companies around the world enter the capital market for the first time, through offering own shares to the public. It is the main problem to discover the stock price in initial offering .In the most capital markets in the world, the new IPO under
pricing has become a common phenomenon. Private companies trend to offer their shares to the public, when they receive intrinsic value of their asset and future development and growth opportunities from investors. If the price of the new shares offered to the market is determined fairly, Investors with more confidence in the capital market buy new shares. Therefore, understanding the factors affecting on IPO underpricing shares is significant. The aim of this research is to determine whether new IPO shares in Iran is underpriced or not, if so, what are the factors influencing it.
For this purpose, 34 companies with IPO are selected during 1386 – 1392 and related hypothesis were tested using the method of least squares regression .The result of the correlation between the independent variables (size of company, new offering volume, market performance, uncertainty and industry type) and dependent variables of research show a meaningful negative correlation between market performance and uncertainty reverse criteria ( Age and number of personnel)on the new IPO underpricing during the research period.

This research has been done to identify the impacts of implementing the project of carpet museum of Tabriz from different aspects particularly economic and social dimensions on various groups of citizens and local society. It has been tried to study intrinsic, instrumental, and institutional values of this museum in the form of social and economic impacts. Combined approach of participatory and technocratic has been used and the results of both methods have been listed in research findings, conclusion, and management of consequences. Survey method has been used. 142 people are sample including inhabitants, salespersons, passengers, and experts in the field of carpet and urban management. Respondents were selected both randomly and purposefully so that inhabitants and passengers were selected randomly and salespersons and experts were chosen purposefully. The results indicate relative agreement between people’s ideas and experts’ about social, economic, and human impacts of the project. The findings show that building this museum may have positive impacts including employment, preparing the ground for investment, economic boom of the area, and socially positive results such as development of social interactions of ordinary people and experts together, and increasing people’s knowledge about carpet industry. Crowd, traffic, discomfort for residents, and disruption of the social homogeneous texture of the neighborhood can be noted as negative impacts.

One of the equity market anomalies is accrual anomaly. This anomaly observes the negative relationship between accruals and future stock returns. In this regard، there are two points of view، behavioral and rational expectations. Analyzing book-to-market decomposition، this study investigates these two views in one framework، examining which of the two is more related to accrual anomaly. Based on theoretical and research background، Book-to-Market (B/M) ratio is decomposed into Book-to-Intrinsic value (B/V) ratio and Intrinsic-to-Market value (V/M) ratio. B/V component shows the discount rate changes and firms’ investment related to growth (risk and growth) and of course it is based on the rational expectations view and V/M component states the investor’s mispricing and based on the behavioral view. The results of investigating 80 firms from companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2002 to 2009 offers that B/V and V/M have a negative and significant impact on accrual. Furthermore، there is accrual anomaly in the Tehran Stock Exchange somehow، relating to B/V. As a result، risk and growth are main cause of anomaly accrual.

The issue of virtue and evil of actions has been one of the most important and sect-creating issues in the history of scholastic and ethical thoughts. The numerous topics such as semantic description of virtue & evil of actions, ontological description of virtue & evil of actions and epistemological description of virtue & evil of actions have been discussed in the scholastic, philosophic and jurisprudence books of Muslim thinkers. Asharites as the most ardent deniers of the essential and rational virtue & evil of actions; and Adliyyah Sect as the most famous apologist for the essential and rational virtue & evil of actions have adduced reasons as proof for their claims and have rejected the opposite partys. Amidst all these discussions, due to the lack of separation of "semantics" of virtue & evil of actions from "criteriology" of virtue & evil of actions on the one hand, and also the lack of enough attention to distinguish between the ontological and epistemological debates in this regard at the other hand, have raised lots of confusions and misunderstandings. This paper tries not only to complete the way that scholars such as Abdul Razzaq Fayadh Lahiji and Mullah Hadi Sabziwari has paced to distinguish between the «intrinsic/divine values» and «intellectual/religious values» but also to analyze the other distinctions such as the ones between the «final/instrumental values» and «intrinsic/extrinsic values» because neglecting them has brought about some fallacies in this field of study.

This article covers some conceptual analyses made about basic issues in environmental ethics. The analyses were partly concerned with the significance and efficacy of philosophical efforts regarding environmental issues and partly with the methods, arguments, concepts, and ideas common in this field of philosophy. The findings led the researchers to conclude that a principlistic attitude is inevitable, and a doer-based or action-based attitude, instead of the common subject-based attitude, towards ethical duties would pave the way for extending human duties to non-human beings. Moreover, a right-based conception of duty would better explain our duty towards non-human beings while “right” is understood according to the notion of “need” rather than “value”.

Right to healthy environment has been recognized as one of subjects of third generation of human rights by international documents. Thus، philiosophical fundations of right to healthy environment arised from conseptions of value، utilility and need that efects of those conceptions could be find in environmental declarations for example Stockholm declaration. In the framwork of need theory and concept of sustainable devalopment، human''s need to healthy enrironment is recognized as base of right to healthy environment. in accordanse with utility theory the envirenment that has maximum of health and intrest and minimom of pain (for example pollution) for human being or animals is recognized as object of right to healthy environment but value theory explain conception of vulue as base of right to healthy enriroment in the framework of existansailism and naturalism theories and recoynized human being، animals، other creatures and earth planet as rightholders of right to healthy environment.

In an efficient market, both the allocation of capital is done optimally and the stock price of firms is determined fairly. The bubbles in price of stocks may occur in inefficient markets, because the lack of information transparency is the major reason of bubble arising and the gap between intrinsic and market value. The purpose of this paper is investigating the informational efficiency and rational bubble in stock prices of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) and its subsections (TEFIX30, TX-50 and the principle 44 companies offered in TSE) in 1389 by using variance ratio test and stationary test of price-dividend ratios. The results indicate that:1- Total index of TSE an its subsections (TEFIX30, TX-50 and the principle 44 companies offered in TSE) is not weak form efficient in 1389.2- The null no bubble hypothesis of TSE and its subsections is rejected in 1389.3- There is direct relationship between inefficiency and bubble in 1389.

Such criteria as life, human gene, ethical agency, perception and feeling, social or biological relationships, and a combination of them form the basis on which one can speak about case of morality. The views, being based upon man or beings other than man or emphasizing essential values have sought to defend themselves. By essential value is publicly meant non instrumental and independent value. As is explained in the paper, with regard to common views in the field and considering ethical value and essential value, one cannot know plants and animals to be cases of morality. Furthermore, with regard to transcendent purpose of Islam and accepting human-based state of morality, instrumental value of the beings other than man can be viewed as essential value.

Professor Misbāh believes that man's perfection is exemplified in the intrinsic value which conforms to "drawing to Allah". However, since "nearness" has several meanings and none can be the intended meaning, he believes that "nearness" has at least three meanings: temporal-spatial", "existential", and "axiological". The axiological meaning itself is divided into three kinds: "honorific and hypothetical", "assimilative", and "gnostic and monotheistic". Based on the analyses provided by this eminent professor, "nearness" in its axiological meaning corresponds to the gnostic and monotheistic meaning which may account for intrinsic value and man's perfection. According to what is inferred from the verses and traditions, the meaning of man's perfection and also nearness to God as already stated, a gnostic and monotheistic meaning, and this is a fact which the professor himself has made explicit in his different works.

Doubtlessly, the economical polices are derived from the economical science, suchthat it can be claimed that economical science is a specifically prescriptive science.This reality does not imply that economy is intrinsically unscientific. It also does notmean that economical theories are intrinsically about personal opinions with anideologic nature.Thus, in the literature of the standard economical science the stress is on thedifference of positivist economy and normative economy. But, the nature of therelationship of these two concepts is less discussed.In this article, it is attempted to explain the root of the difference of these twoconcepts and also the state of their logical relation. With respect of the kind ofrelation between these two concepts, the origin of theorizing in Islamic economicscience can be defined.

This study seek to examine performance of Feltham - Ohlsen (1995)valuation model at the Tehran Stock Exchange and is trying to identify relation between intrinsic company value and return. This model is trying to determine the intrinsic value of company using their book value. Statistical community of this study includes all TSE accepted companies and Statistical sample is including 37 TSE accepted companies from 3 different industry (Food and beverage industry other than sugar, Food industry and pharmaceutical products, Automotive Industry) and data for these firms are analyzed interval 1377 to 1386 using Time series-Cross sectional (panel data) regression model. Results show that the model above boldly dose’nt able to determine the intrinsic value of companies. But evidence shows that the companies that have more intrinsic value, earn more profits. According to the results of performance of this model can not completely rejected, but now using of this model in Tehran Stock Exchange is not recommended.

Having Analyzing the concepts of ‘intrinsic value’ and ‘instrumental value’ in the domain of natural environment, the present essay deals with the major approaches in the philosophy of environment and ethics of environment as well as discusses the approaches in the domain of law, especially in relation to the environmental damages. The basic assumption of this writing is that the orientation of the laws and approaches is still anthropocentric, neglecting the biocentric approaches which include man as one element. In the end, while inspired by the Islamic doctrines in the philosophy of environment and the law of environment, the essay emphasizes on the anthrobiocentric approach.