جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "انقلاب مشروطه ایران" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

The theory of "Uneven and Combined Development" was first proposed by Leon Trotsky to explain the particular form of capitalist growth and the experience of modernity in Russia and, consequently, the unique shape of social change and revolution in Tsarist Russia. One of the significant results of Trotsky for the idea of uneven and combined development is that "backward" countries can achieve some of the achievements of advanced countries without taking the initial path, a factor that Trotsky calls the "backwardness privilege." The present study attempts to explain and analyze the conceptual foundations of this theory, to read the political thought of Mirza Malkam Khan, one of the significant intellectual figures of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, from the perspective of the theory of uneven and combined development. Hence, the present study specifically seeks to answer the question, "How can uneven and combined development principle in Mirza Malkam khan's thought be traced?" In this regard, I will argue that he, in his critical confrontation with the backwardness of Iran during the Qajar period and in his views on eliminating backwardness and establishing a constitutional system, always emphasizes the coexistence of societies and leaps in development which are essential elements of the theory of UCD. Furthermore, this study, relying on the analytical-explanatory method, attempts to analyze this thinker's intellectual and political processes through the above theory to explain why Malkam Khan indirectly supports Iran's "backwardness privilege" as an exceptional opportunity for a revolution.

The autocratic regimes of France and Iran respectively in 1789 and 1906 changed to the constitutional governments. The revolutionaries in both countries demanded the imposition of unlimited powers of the king and the establishment of parliament. The establishment of a parliament in the structure of both the governments of Iran and France led to constitutional legislation. The present study seeks to make a comparative study of the process of legislation of constitutional constitution during the two Iranian and French revolutions. In each revolution, the process of legislation the constitution is carried out by the constituent assembly. The drafters of the constitution, the sources of adaptation of the laws, the spectrum opposed to the proposed constitution and finally the role played by the revolutionaries and people's actions are four important factors that affect the constitution. In the present article, the four factors mentioned compared in the two constitutional revolutions of Iran and France. The comparison result showed that In France, unlike Iran, the constituent editors represented a distinct social class and in their adopted laws the class interests of the makers were clearly achievable. The main source of the constitution of Iran was the translation of the laws of the western countries but the constituent assembly in France, in addition to the adoption of the laws of other countries, adopted most of its laws based on the needs and conditions of the French community.

More than a century ago, a great revolution occurred in Iran, the fundamental aim of which was to establish a rule of law system. Accordingly, the concept of law has been one of the most essential though challenging concepts of the constitutionalist movement in the country. This issue is so significant that we may seek the root of the Iranian constitutional crisis in the failure of providing a clear and workable concept of law. A serious impediment in this regard was the old concept and system of Shar`, which prima facie left no room for law. Shari`atist thinkers took two approaches to the relationship between law and Shar`: compatibility and incompatibility. Not only did the compatibility approach believe in the possibility of combination and sometimes identity of Shar`i and legal rules, it finally gave the upper hand to law and its requirements. One of the fundamental disputes related to the legislating authority. Shari`atists ultimately embraced legislation by the human being. Nevertheless, this brought about controversies and debates on the last prophet-hoodness of Muhammad (pbuh), religious innovation, and rational preference. This paper shall analyse the concept of law from the perspective of Shari`atist thinkers living during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution era, on the basis of their works and the related documents. This analysis will lay the historical and theoretical ground for the similar and still unresolved problem under the legal system established after the Islamic Revolution in the Country.

Agent based explanations with emphasis on elites is one of the most important approaches in recent social science. Although most of studies in this area are focusing on elites, have ignored the structures, in present paper not only elites are inseparable from structures, but also are created by them and affect them. This paper is an effort to explain Iran's constitutional revolution regarding theoretical background. Also, the role of multiple elites and their configurations based on their economic, ideological, political, military power and elite's originations – which both are based on economic, political, cultural and social structural potentials - were studied. During constitutional revolution 5 kinds of elites ranging from clergy, intellectuals, businessmen to landlords and ruling elites were recognized and their relationships were studied based on conflict continuum. Finally configuration of elites in the eve of constitution and also during the first and second parliaments and its differences in aforementioned periods were presented.

After Iranians protest against tobacco monopoly and canceling the concession of Tobacco in 1892, two foreign companies bought Iran’s tobacco for exporting to other countries. The most part of Iran’s tobacco was bought by Tobacco Company of Ottoman "Kompani-ye Enhesar-e Edkhal-e Tanbako dar Khak-e Osmani" in Ottoman Empire. Iranian government came to an agreement with an Egyptian, named "Khalil Kayat Pacha" in 1894, and gave him the monopoly of tobacco exporting to Egypt. It was arranged that "Khalil Kayat" had to begin his activities in 1897 and thus another part of Iran’s tobacco was exported for 22 years (1897-1919) to Egypt. This article explains the second part (1906-1919) of tobacco trade between Iran and Egypt, while the first decade (1897-1906) of that period has been written in an exclusive article.Concerning the main question, we are researching about competencies of structure of Iranian state in the Constitutional Revolution era, whether has been secured Iranian national profits from tobacco trade. Though in this business, "Khalil Kayat" has won much more than Iran, nevertheless he only paid Iran’s share of the profits under judicial pressure. During Constitutional era and in comparison with the past, Iranian governments acted against "Khalil Kayat", with more competence and seriously.