جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازنگری » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The dynamic constitution is one of the fundamental issues in modern constitutional law systems, from the theoretical basis of justification and the presentation of its practical mechanisms, which tries to bring yesterday's constitution together with today's values without changing the existence of the legal-political order and system based on order-oriented values. To meet the renewed demands of citizens. Therefore, the main question in this article is what is meant by the dynamic constitution and the mechanisms of its realization and what is its place in the constitutional law system of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The findings of this research, with the method of collecting data through a library and descriptive-analytical method and checking legal and official texts and documents, show that the dynamics of the constitution is generally possible in four ways: revision, interpretation, unwritten principles and basic proceedings, which can be done depending on the type of legal-political systems. Take advantage of each of them. Also, the reflection on the domestic constitutional law indicates that by emphasizing the difficulty of the revision process in the constitution, the lack of application of the hermeneutic interpretation method by the official interpreter and finally the danger of resorting to unwritten principles in fragile democracies, the realization of the dynamics of the constitution in the legal order and system of The interior should be searched in the constitutional adjudication.

This Study aims to look into the evolution and revision of higher education curricula Post September 11, 2001. The study used a qualitative research method with an historical lens. The investigator shows the evolution of reviewing higher education curricula in 21st century from an analytical perspective. The study uses archival analysis primarily research publications and  documents related to higher education curricula available online and printed in digital sources.The finding show that the higher education curriculum in Afghanistan has gone through different phases. The data suggest that the curriculum experience show a transition from a relatively irregular curriculum planning system before September 11 to a centralized curriculum system post September 11 leading towards opinion polls and the delegation of some autonomy for curriculum to prestigious universities.The study found that 165 majors were identified that needed to be reviewed;among them, the curriculum of 71 fields of study have been revised to date

According to the research conducted of physical education and sports science entrance exam for more than 60 thousand candidates during the years 84-96, it was determined that the formula and calculation coefficients of the total score of the practical test need to be re-evaluated and revised in order to increase the sensitivity of the test and subsequently its power to differentiate between strong and weak candidates in the test, Based on the goals of the plan and in order to check the correlation between the scores of the undergraduate students' practical courses and the contents of the practical exam, the transcripts of the graduated students were taken from 3 universities of Mazandaran, Shahid Rajaei and Shiraz, which conduct undergraduate courses in the field of physical education and sports sciences. Finally, 149 female subjects and 135 male subjects were included in the sample group of this research. The results showed that the boys of the subjects examined in this research had better grades in practical courses. In the investigation conducted by linear regression, it was found that the practical test courses had the ability to significantly predict the grade point average of the practical courses in the undergraduate course and it was also found that except for 4 items of the total practical test contents, Based on the findings of this research, the practical entrance test of physical education has a significant correlation with the grades of the practical courses of the undergraduates of physical education in public universities .

Constitutions hold the status of being national treasures, cherished for their intrinsic value and their material significance. Prior to the formal inscription of written constitutional texts, foundational principles often took shape in the guise of established customs. Yet, the passage of time has highlighted the constraints of fixed principles when confronted with the dynamic demands of evolving societies and emerging generations. Should these principles fail to evolve in sync with contemporary concerns, even the most meticulously crafted written constitution risks becoming an archaic relic, relegated to obscurity on library shelves. Constitution Revision functions as an equilibrium between the twin poles of stability and transformation. It serves as a counterbalance that wards against the pitfalls of constitutional instability and ceaseless amendment, while simultaneously safeguarding the elasticity that codified principles. need to accommodate evolving circumstances The concept of constitutional revision is mentioned in the texts of codified constitutions in many legal systems. However, unwritten constitutional adjustments and revisions remain. Notably, in Iran, the interplay of customary transformations alongside formal amendments revealed an intriguing omission—namely, the absence of explicit reference to constitutional revision in the face of shifting societal paradigms. A parallel scenario arose post-Islamic Revolution when the developing Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran neglected to incorporate a provision for the revision of its textual framework. Only after the decree of Ayatollah Khomeini (RA) was the principle of revision formally enshrined within the constitution's text. Yet, despite this articulation, after more than three decades this principle still lays dormant. Simultaneously, in reality and practice, there have been undeniable modifications to the implementation and utilization of certain constitutional principles, alluding to a state of "unofficial" revision that contrasts with the structured processes outlined in the Constitution.The Comprehensive Nature of Constitutional Change A constitution, despite its comprehensive purview, seldom possesses the capacity to encapsulate the entirety of a political system. Irrespective of its encompassment of legal principles, even the most autocratic or democratic political framework grapples with the challenge of reflecting the evolving tapestry of political changes within the confines of a constitution. In instances where a nation's constitution remains ostensibly unaltered over prolonged periods, the possibility of a subtle, unwritten evolution looms large. This article tries to elucidate the framework of informal constitutional modification through established customs. Drawing from historical precedents predating the Islamic Revolution, as well as post-revolution occurrences, alongside a comparative exploration of revision experiences in global jurisdictions, the article embarks on a quest to address the central query: Can the constitution undergo revision by way of constitutional customs?

Regarding unwritten constitutional principles, the specific concept of constitutional revision remains shrouded in relative obscurity, with an absence of comprehensive articles or treatises delving into its intricacies. Iranian legal scholars, while contributing to the discourse surrounding formal revision within the constitution, have largely overlooked its informal, customary dimensions.

This article embraces a descriptive-analytical methodology, an approach that holistically examines the subject matter in both its historical and contextual dimensions. The descriptive aspect entails a meticulous dissection of the historical progression of unwritten constitutional revision, tracing its evolution from pre-revolutionary times to the contemporary landscape. This chronological expedition provides invaluable insights into the genesis, evolution, and possible trajectories of unwritten revision. on the other hand, the analytical dimension engages in cross-examination of these historical occurrences, thereby identifying patterns, disparities, and commonalities that serve to shed light on the possibilities of informal constitutional change. This dual-method approach fosters a comprehensive comprehension of the subject matter by situating it within both its historical and contemporary setting.

Amendment and review of legal statutes are an essential part of societal development. The underlying philosophy of legislative endeavors centers on catering to societal needs, and as long as these needs persist, the volume of legal regulations inevitably increases. However, refinement and revision of existing laws rather than a sheer accumulation of statutes is an astute strategy. While the process of altering a constitution is inherently intricate, at its core, it is a form of legislation that demands responsiveness to contemporary demands. When textual revisions are hindered or fall short of aligning with the evolving demands, customary revision acts as a potential alternative. The identification and utilization of foundational customs play a pivotal role in the process of constitutional amendment. Nonetheless, caution must be exercised to prevent the misuse of these customs as tools for political manipulation. These fundamental customs, when synchronized with the tenets of governmental institutions, political actions, and the constitution's fundamental spirit, can facilitate the refinement and adaptation of core legal texts. The ambit of their influence, however, is subject to the limits and powers of governmental bodies and political actions. However, they cannot overrule the individual liberties enshrined within the constitution. In essence, these customs should function as instruments of societal progress in harmony with prevailing needs, rather than mechanisms for advancing political agendas.

The purpose of this study was to revise the accounting curriculum in the associate degree of Fany & Herfeey University based on the skills needs of the employment market;

The research method was qualitative with theory approach. The statistical population were experts in the field of accounting associate education. Objective sampling method was used. Semi-structured interview tools were used to collect data. The interview protocol was prepared using the regulations of the Ministry of Science in reviewing and compiling curricula, and the interview with 19 people was conducted to reach saturation of data collection. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The data analysis process was performed according to Granheim and Landman (2004) steps. The data were converted into primary codes, pivot codes and selected codes. The obtained model was validated according to the ten criteria of Strauss and Corbin 2012 as well as the use of 5 coders familiar with the subject.

This study identified 4 dimensions, 22 components and 491 indicators of the curriculum of accounting in the associate degree of technical and vocational university based on the needs of skills, employment market.

Applying the components of research in the preparation, implementation and evaluation of curricula will harmonize them with the needs of the labor market.

In the international legal system,mechanisms have been established to resolve dispute between subjects,provide the ground for the rule of law order and security in the international community is one of these mechanisms of arbitration.in foreign investment arbitration,one party to the dispute is always a government institution,and the rights of the people are also at stake, the public or private party may object to the arbitral awards and the proceedings or the content of the awards and request a review.as we know arbitration is a one-step and there is no review authority in arbitration.but sometimes,due to exceptional circumstance,a revise to the arbitration award may be necessary.on the other hand the possibility of correcting spelling or computation errors, or misspell or supplementary and interpretive awards should not be confused with revision,because the correction of the award or the issuance of a supplementary and interpretive award is in fact a continuation of the initial arbitration process,but the purpose of the review is to reconsider the same matter in the same arbitral tribunal.revision has been one of the most controversial international issues in the field of investment.revision is an exception and the principle is that the arbitration award is final and binding.sometimes the award may have such damages and objections that it’s execution is not justifiable and need re-opening.obviously,prescribing such awards constitutes participation in injustice or violation of the law to ensure the validity of arbitral award and it’s authenticity,especially the execution of justice,establishment of a revision mechanism canbe predicted.

The process of revision in speech is one of the most common symptoms of discourse impairing in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. The purpose of this study is to investigate Revision in the discourse of senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type based on Schegloff, Jefferson, and Sacks.

This study was a quantitative and ex post facto type that has been done in one of nursing homes in Kermanshah in 2019. The statistic population of this study included 20 subjects (10 senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s’ type and 10 normal elderly subjects) who were matched based on age (63-75), gender (male and female), illiteracy, and Kurdish speaker (Kalhori dialect) after studying their medical documents. To determine the severity of dementia, the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale was administered and subjects with a score (0.5 ≤ score< 2) were selected. The subjects answered the questions about their families, daily activities, lives, and celebrating Eid Nowruz. Their interviews were recorded and transcribed and then they were coded based on Dijkstra model. Independent t-test was used to show the statistic results. Results Independent t-test showed a significant difference between two groups of patients and healthy elderly. In doing so, trouble source (P=0.003), repair initiator (p<0.05) (all cases except possible repair understanding by listener) and repairs (p<0.05) (all cases except substitution) were reported.

The results showed that the discourse aspect of trouble source has remarkable frequency, and the most frequency about two categories including repair initiator and repairs were respectively

The constitution should be a symbol of flexibility in the face of social challenges. In most constitutions, it is possible to amend the constitution through a formal revision. The difficulty of the formal reform process has led constitutionalist democracies to believe that a formal revision of the constitution cannot be the only way to achieve the desired goal of meeting the constitution with the needs of society, parties, and people on the constitution in the constitutional law. In this respect, two approaches of originality and dynamism are noteworthy. The controversy between the originalists and the dynamic constitution suggests that in addition to the formal method, constitutions can be reviewed and changed informally. In this article, the concept and principles of the dynamic constitution as a new theory, survey the limits of living constitution interaction in the face of the originalist constitution, the relationship between the living constitution and the legitimacy of the political system, and its confrontation with the rule of law are examined. The main goal of this article is to provide the basis for further research and localization of the present theory by examining the dimensions and challenges of the forthcoming issue to address the shortcomings of the Iranian constitution in the face of the current challenges of the constitution.

Velayat al-Faqih is one of the important principles of the constitution, which has undergone changes over time. One of these important changes took place in the revision of the 1368 Constitution. The aim of the current research is to compare the position of the religious authority before and after the revision of the constitution. In fact, the main focus of the review is the changes that have occurred in this principle. The question of the current research is, what are the reasons for the changes in the authority and status of the legal guardian and the application of absolute restriction to it in the revision of the constitution of 1368? The hypothesis of the research is established in such a way that the consolidation of the powers of the jurist, such as the powers of the infallible (PBUH), the more favorable regulation of the relations of the three powers and the solution of the problems of the Islamic system that cannot be solved by normal means, including the reasons for changing the principle of the guardianship of the jurist to the guardianship He is an absolute jurist. The findings of the research show that the absolute authority of the jurist, while adhering to the constitution, which originates from the Sharia, requires powers that can solve the problems of the Islamic system, which can always pose a threat. In the current research, the descriptive-analytical method was used and referring to the details of the deliberations of the Assembly of Constitutional Experts.

With the establishment of the Islamic Republic and the approval of the Constitution in the early years of the glorious Islamic Revolution and then its revision in 1989, the semi-parliamentary semi- parliamentary system in the Islamic Republic of Iran began to functionو The Islamic Republic of Iran has started to work and now, after nearly three decades of its life, like all existing governmental structures in the world, it has revealed its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, considering that the current semi-presidential semi-parliamentary system has sometimes faced problems and challenges, the issue of revising the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has become a serious discussion among experts for several years;Some of them have considered the implementation of the existing laws and the correction of personal behaviors as a reason to get out of these problems, and others consider it desirable to change the structure and move towards a parliamentary system or an absolute presidency. Therefore, in this article, we intend to address the implications of revising the constitution adopted in 1989.

Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi, nicknamed Moʼin/Moʼini, is a poet, artist, jurist, and commentator of the Holy Qur’an in the second half of the ninth century and the beginning of the tenth century AH. The divan attributed to him was corrected in 2016 by Beheshti Shirazi. The purpose of the present study is to review  Farahi Heravi’s  divan in terms of the quality of correction and authenticity of poems. Unfortunately, due to the inaccuracy and little knowledge of the scribers, the existence of other poets with the nicknam Moin/Moini, the datelessness and recency of the corrected manuscripts, and the lack of precision in proofreading and  examining the authenticity of poems attributed to the poet, poems of several poets have found their way into his divan. Such poems are related to the poets before, contemporary, and after him. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine this work in terms of the quality of edit and authenticity of poems. Also, the poems of other poets who have found their way to his divan have been identified. To help the esteemededitor to eliminate the shortcomings of the work and complete the existing shortcomings, a revised and documented text of the poems of this valuable Iranian thinker and a vague corner of Persian poetry of the ninth and tenth centuries are presented.

Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi, known as Molla Meskin, is an Iranian poet, preacher, jurist, and artist. He was contemporary of Soltan Hossein Bayqara and Amir Alishir Navaʼie. His father-- Sharafoddin Mohammad Farahi-- was also a poet. Although there are Sufi thoughts in his lyric poems, his connection with any Sufi dynasty is not clear. Haji Khalifa in Kashf al-Zonun states that 14 works are attributed to him that apart from Divan, Hadaiq al-Haqaiq and Gesase Musa, only Ma'arej al-Nobowa fi Madarej al-Fotowa, which is the biography of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), has been published several times in India. His divan has been published several times in India and Pakistan and once in Iran under the title of Moin Cheshti (d. 633). Another research is the correction of Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi's Divan by Seyyed Ahmad Beheshti Shirazi, published by Rowzaneh Publications in 2016. Compared to the previous editions of Moʼinoddin Cheshti's Divan, this Divan has 31 exceptions, 31 couplets, 52 fragments, and 66 quatrains, and has not been reprinted after its first edition in recent years. This publication is the basis of the present study.

The present study was done using a library method and written documents of libraries and analyzing their content and comparing them with the contents of Farahi Heravi's divan. An attempt is made to investigate the authenticity of poems attributed to Heravi by referring to authoritative literary and historical texts, memoirs, anthologies, selected poems, recent articles and books related to Farahi Heravi’spoetry and life, tracing his poems in contemporary texts of the poet (before and after the poet's era), the findings of other poets (about 18 poets), as well as corrected mistakes in determining the format of poems and recording some verses with documents.

In this divan, some poems with the inaccuracy of the scribes and incorrect editing are repeated in two different poetic forms. The proofreader has obvious mistakes in correctly recognizing the format of some poems. Moʼinoddin Farahi Heravi's Divan, despite the efforts of the esteemed proofreader, needs to be reviewed and re-edited due to the poems of 18 other poets, so that the poems of other poets are removed from the body of the Divan and the poems are properly placed in special formats. The misprinting Farahi Heravi's poems by Moʼin Cheshti in India and Pakistan, mere corrective adherence to the manuscripts he uses, which are mainly of the late thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AH, failure to trace the poems in manuscripts in other authentic texts, as well as inserting poems from three Farahi Heravi's works (Hadaiq al-Haqaiq, Qesas Musa and Ma'arej al-Nobowa) especially in couplets and quatrains in the Divan can be the reasons for such wrong mixes. Due to the presence of some of Farahi Heravi's poems in other texts, such as the ‘resaleye Akhlage noori’, which do not have the text of the printed divan, it can be said that the present divan does not include all the poet's poems. It has a review, completion, ornamentation, and re-edition.

The additional conditions are relatively new legal institution that have a special place in today's complex transactions and are based on the principle of autonomy and freedom of contract used by individuals in contracts. Islamic jurists and legal scholars have different views on the nature, validity, nullity and effects of these terms. While some regard them as basically null and void or as elementary conditions, another group regards they are binding like conditions stipulated in the contracts. Reviewing the nature and effects of these types of conditions and relying on absolute jurisprudential principles, this study proves that are binding terms and conditions.

Following the victory of the constitutionalism movement in the 18th century and the formation of constitutional political systems, gradually democratic constitutions enacted, as a kind of state statute and the document of legal legitimacy to obtain and transfer political power, guarantee and protect human rights. However, the later challenge was the continuity of validity and the possibility of modifying and changing the constitution. Despite the primary recognition of this right for citizens and the possibility of changing the constitution (instead of the right to revolt), in many current constitutions, certain rules were excluded from the possibility of revision. The main challenge has been the possibility or impossibility of amending the foundations of the constitution and the legal effect of the limitations of revision. Some countries have not considered any restrictions on the revision of the Constitution, while others have contained restrictions for the protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms, especially on their political participation in power (the prohibition of the deformation of the republic). As an intermediate solution, in some other countries the possibility of a general revision of the constitution, or a revision of the restrictions, is provided in the constitution by an independent and special procedure. Concerning the supervision of the revision, except for a few countries, this is not explicitly provided in the constitutions. However, about the revision's procedure, in most countries, the constitutional judg emphasized considering the formal conditions of the revision. In any case, it seems, the legal or practical impossibility of amending the constitution, in whole or in part, could be considered as a kind of invitation to change the political system by other means.

One of the most important achievements of Iran’s “Enghelab-e Mashruteh” was the Constitution. While it was considered as the most important guaranteeing document of the principles of the constitutional movement, it was changed and revised many times over the course of seven decades. Some revisions of the principles seemed inevitable due to the reign of the monarchy in the first decades. However, the 1949 amendment which granted the Shah with the right to dissolve the Houses, the 1957 amendment which gave the Shah the veto power over the financial decisions of the parliament, or the 1967 amendment regarding how to choose the heir to the throne led to changes in the constitution which cannot be justified through the legal grounds available in historical documents. It seems, however, that behind these legal aspects, political motives of the authoritarian monarchy has been the cause that led to these changes and disregarding the foundations of the Constitution. This research is an interdisciplinary work which studies the historical circumstances and the legal arguments put forward in accordance with these conditions, and criticizes the amendments to the Constitution.

Educational planners always looking to revise the content of the curriculum to coordinate them with needs of the community and vocation, also to provide information utilization possibility and Useful educational methods. Architecture curriculum recently revised by the University of Tehran and Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which have replaced the architectural engineering curriculum of the Supreme Council of Planning. In this research, by using research methods of comparative George Brady new curricula undergraduate architectural education with a curriculum former compared to strengths and weaknesses and the similarities and differences between curricula based on research questions analyzed and be identified. The results show that these revisions are more limited to changing chapters based on increasing or decreasing units, changing prerequisites, changing course types, changing unit types, changing course names, or increasing or decreasing courses. The similarities between them are more in the domain of educational processes. And the need for revision to organize the structure of architectural education in order to achieve three objectives to meet the needs of the country, according to Iranian-Islamic identity and coordination with the international training course in Iran and to respond more effectively to the urgent needs, true and righteous society.

The present study is conducted with the aim of reviewing the curriculum of the field of educational sciences (management and planning of higher education) in the master's degree course and presenting the proposed curriculum for this course. The method of this research is qualitative and descriptive-analytical; For this purpose, the study area of this research includes faculty members in the field of management and planning of higher education in Shahid Beheshti University, non-profit University of Science and Culture and the Institute of Research and Planning of Higher Education and Science. The graduates of this field are in Shahid Beheshti University. In addition, the qualitative analysis based on categorization has been used in order to analyze the information obtained from the interviews. According to the results of the study, the existing curriculum drawbacks in the field of educational sciences could be categorized in three groups including drawbacks of present curriculum approach and principles; present curriculum drawbacks in proportion to necessary but neglected courses; and drawbacks of divisions and topics in the present curriculum. Also management-orientation curriculum and higher education planning in the master's degree course are presented and proposed based on the pathology of the current situation of the curriculum and reviewing the views of professors, graduates and experts in the field of excellent management and planning regarding the four main elements of the curriculum (purpose, content, teaching-learning activities and assessment methods).

Political divisions are one of the issues that countries pay attention to for better economic, cultural, social and administrative planning. Although political divisions are done to reduce decentralization, they must really meet national security goals. Khuzestan province has been one of the most challenging provinces in terms of security, environment and economy in recent decades, and it seems that the division of the country may be effective in reducing the problems of the province. Therefore, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to explain the need to review the political divisions of Khuzestan province in order to prevent police management crises. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the most important reasons for the need for political divisions using the SWAT strategic analysis model and its effects on the prevention of police management crises in Khuzestan province. The results showed that the strategy of the need to review the political divisions of Khuzestan province (formation of two provinces of North and South Khuzestan) can be effective in reducing the problems of the province and provide many opportunities at the local, national and regional levels for this province and the western region. Brought.

Reviewing international documents is a manifestation of dynamics of rights. The most common way is to achieve maximum consensus of the Members. The statute of International Criminal Court states how to revise it. At the Kampala Conference 2010, important points about review were introduced. The 2017 New York Conference largely complemented the efforts of ICC member states at the Kampala Conference. The main question is based on how effective is the proposed solution in the statute and to what extent have all the capacities been used? It seems that all the capacities of the statute, including the capacity of the Security Council, have not been used by the Contracting States in the solutions presented. Therefore, the assessment of the court's performance is faced with serious criticism. Based on the legal doctrine and the international documents (UN, ICJ, ICC) the present study examines and criticizes the principles of revision, practical procedures and documents of international organizations.

The law on water distribution is one of the most important laws introduced after the victory of the Islamic Revolution regarding water resources and consumption. The law was implemented in line with Article 45 of the Constitution in order to revise the principles of water law and how it was nationalized in order to establish a fair water distribution system. Unfortunately, despite the rapid pace of social / climate and economic developments, this law has not been amended since 1971. Although Acceptance and flexibility versus reality and changes is a sign of intelligence, it should not hamper the implementation of the law. In fact, Due to the environmental changes, review periods are defined to bring the law into line with the needs of the community, to be intelligently flexible with change so that people can implement the law completely (Failure to fully implement the law). The revision process should be transparent, democratic. This study is an analytical approach aimed at revising the fair water distribution law. The findings of this study show that in some partsof this law violates other laws. The rules should be generated for everyone and exceptions result in abusing the water resources. Also, according to the poor state of water resources, especially the decline in water quality, there should be the possibility to amend existing laws and create new ones.