جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ترتیبات نهادی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

To manage the brain drain phenomenon, paying attention to the special role of institutions influencing an institutional framework, promises a new approach to dynamic analyzes of social phenomena. The institutional structure of each country effectively influences institutional qualities (efficiency and legitimacy) and institutional arrangements (centralization-decentralization). The governing institutional arrangements determine why, in some societies, the brain drain has become a social issue?The comparative evaluations focused on the impact of institutional quality and the type of institutional arrangements of elite countries on the brain drain in this paper, based on the secondary analysis of international data. The comparison of the average institutional quality of countries shows higher institutional, political, economic and legal qualities for European countries, and vice versa, for Asian countries such as Iran, we see a low average of institutional qualities. On the one hand, institutional concentration in elite countries has shaped a set of non-developmental institutional arrangements and, on the other hand, by imposing institutional constraints, has increased the output of elites from these countries and their non-return to their countries. The institutional transfer of the Iranian elite to advanced countries focuses on institutionalized institutional arrangements in the country, which, according to available data, indicates that weaknesses in the rule of law, low job security and limited economic and political freedoms are limited.

Migration management refers to the planned approaches to operationalizing the policy, legislative and administrative frameworks developed by the institutions in charge of migration. In our country, the issue of managing migration abroad is important for the outflow of human capital and scientific and economic capacities, and it is necessary to know how. Considering the effective role of institutions in managing migration abroad, the main purpose of this study is to identify the limitations of this field by relying on the neo-institutionalist approach and using thematic analysis to achieve the thematic network of emigration management challenges. The results of content analysis of interview data with 23 elites and experts in this field indicate that emigration management challenges are distributed at three institutional levels including mental constructs at the level of the masses and political elites, institutional environment and institutional arrangements.Mental is noticeable on other levels.Also, the thematic network resulting from the analysis of the content of the data indicates a kind of weakness, inefficiency, failure, inadequacy at the institutional level, and in other words, a kind of "delay" and "lag" in managing immigration, which requires serious entry into this field and discourse building. It requires emigration at all three levels.

Considering the importance of developing salinity plant technology and domestication of non-native halophytes in Iran, based on coevolutionary approach to technology and institutional arrangements, this article tries to respond the question why this technology has remained at the laboratory level? In order to explain the reasons for the lack of optimal development of this field of technology using the mixed exploratory method, the literature and some empirical studies related to the research topic, were reviewed and structures of the patterns of technology and institutional arrangements coevolution were determined. Then using fuzzy cognitive map method, effective factors and evolutionary pathways were described. This research shows that, academic researchers, institutional entrepreneurs and intermediary institutions have been more effective than any other institution in all of them. In this coevolutionary pattern, three different paths can be identified that in some cases there are weak connections between them. Weak connections between supply and demand side paths ,is one of the reasons for the failure of the development of plant technology is salinity which is mainly due to the lack of technology-related governing body in the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture and ignoring evolutionary patterns by researchers and institutional entrepreneurs .consequently lack of appropriate supportive institutions.

Reducing environmental damage and preventing land degradation and reducing biodiversity has become a major concern for agricultural policy makers and environmentalists in recent years. Many scholars in developing countries, including Iran, have the most important reasons for the government's failure to stabilize the environment in terms of control and command and control (standards, bans, permits and quotas), lack of attention to the ability of villagers to discuss Economics ignores the rural population's ability to work for infrastructure. They believe that at present, the AES, which is listed below under the Ecosystem Services Payment Scheme (PES), is in the study of the carbon sequestration project (CSP) It will help improve the economic situation and livelihoods of villagers and small producers, since they will be able to improve the level of production and agricultural productivity and existing livestock by taking advantage of financial support and concessional facilities and so they are less likely to get more land and overgrazing, and in general, the destruction of natural resources and the environment. In recent years, some developing countries have shown the power and participation of local communities to help the government manage and protect their financial and credit incentives to rebuild and apply less environmentally-friendly practices. In this article, we examine the experience of implementation of ecosystem service payment plans in a weak institutional environment and its impact on how rural farmers participate in Galcheshme area of Mahallat County. Where the spread of such schemes involves many problems, such as uncertain rights to uncertain ownership of enterprises, lack of markets and supply and demand systems, weak technical and educational infrastructure, the lack of a strong private body, low risk of exploitation, and the state's inability to supply Capital and financial resources to advance goals. Most importantly, land and natural resources are in the ownership and management of the state, and the right to exploit resources is given to influential and powerful people, and often in industrial and destructive activities (mining and mining operations), organizations Relating to natural resources and the environment at the regional and local level as it should not be supported, The general attitude of the local people towards the state plans has a significant negative orientation. However, various organizations involved in the implementation of agro-environmental programs and the payment of ecosystem services are involved, and rules and guidelines have been designed and registered in this area and activities have been carried out in different areas so that the views of local users get this app. In order to develop standards for identifying and assessing institutional factors that affect the involvement of local utilities and poor households in the payment of ecosystem services (PES), the concept of Mettepenningen et al. (2013) has been used. These factors include belief behavior and beliefs about environmental responsibility, existing participation and past experience, and the attitude towards organization management and the level of trust in established organizations. In this study, the perceptions and views of local and local authorities on the design, actions and partnerships and the risks and potential benefits of it have been investigated.


Method and Material
The research method in this study is a case study and qualitative analysis of data that is used through direct observation through semi-structured and in-depth interviews this strategy allows us to describe and reveal our complex social relationships and relationships between actors and actors. According to Brewer et al. (2002), the selection of 20 to 30 participants is usually sufficient to identify a coherent set of cases in a qualitative way, as was done in this study. A targeted sampling of 30 people was invited for the interview. The data analysis was performed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA software to determine the main indicators.
Research findings
347 The initial code derived from the interviewer and observations of the researcher in response to questions related to the factors affecting the participation of rural people in carbon sequestration project, indicates a set of facilitator (84) and inhibitor (263) within the framework of the Mettepenningen institutional Model were. The codes were classified according to common characteristics, and the result of this classification was 16 sub categories, which, in turn, were based on the common themes in the four main categories of facility payment: source / purpose, cost sharing / fair distribution of resources / cost compensation and achievement of logical profit, local advisers / continuous and continuous support, and ultimately the collective structure of activities / communications and social and economic networks. These factors, in nature, would have made it easier or more difficult for the villagers to participate. In summary, it can be said that the carbon dioxide project has two basic weaknesses: (1) inefficiency of institutional arrangements: many management mechanisms adjusted to the realities of the region and the interests of the local population do not match the sustainable use of resources Water and soil, as well as the formation of collective labor (real); (2) increasing the efficiency and profitability of local funds; because of insignificant payments, the utilizers are able to use new equipment and inputs for the transition and promoting alternative employment, and ultimately increasing and increasing the value of productive products, so in this situation, They do not risk and do not risk. In one conclusion, any environmental interventions, such as carbon sequestration project, will be challenging and problematic in weak institutional arrangements. But it should not be forgotten that the payments made in this project and through local microfinance funds reduced to a certain extent the problems of administrative and banking regulations and the high interest rates on facilities and delinquent installments, in other words, The local people have, albeit insignificantly, been given financial resources, which can further contribute to the financial consolidation of the established institutions.

This article mainly seeks to provide a framework to help us reach a better understanding of the nature, causes and grounds of the rise of administrative (economic) corruption in a political-economic system. Administrative corruption refers to the misuse by a person of public powers for self-interests of a party, faction, friends, relatives and so on. It indeed appears when the public civil servants fail to make a distinction between personal and public interests in executing their public powers. On this basis, the author identifies six approaches to administrative corruption and examines the causes and grounds for the rise of corruption within these contexts. These approaches include: cost-benefit, relative deprivation, rent-seeking, employer, non-agent, patron-client and moral approaches. Each of these approaches is able to explain part of administrative corruption. The former five approaches take political and institutional grounds into their analytical agenda, which consolidate and underpin the capacity of public sector’s employee in taking personal advantage of public power – i.e. the essence of corruption. According to the author, administrative corruption is a kind of institutional dysfunction related to the institutional arrangements and political structures of a society rather than the bureaucrats’ immorality. In conclusion, the author has counted the characteristics of an effective strategy to battle corruption, which contains the policy recommendations of the five aforementioned approaches.