جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رضا شاه » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Atatürk and Reza Shah started the modernization program in Turkey and Iran almost simultaneously. Despite the historical similarities in the field of corrective measures of both personalities, the aforementioned process brought different results in the two countries; Compared to Reza Shah, Mustafa Kamal faced more success and the mobilization of the opposition was less widespread. The present study seeks to answer the question that compared to the simultaneous modernization project of Reza Shah and Atatürk, why Mustafa Kamal was more successful in institutionalizing reforms. Based on the findings of the research, Atatürk was able to implement his plans by adopting the Fabian approach (branch by branch and gradual, and striking method within the Fabian strategy) in the context and historical background of Turkish society. On the other hand, Reza Shah Pahlavi, without taking into account the historical and social situation of Iran's society at the time, could not provide infrastructure power in the society to support his policies with the simultaneous and radical plans. In this article, we will answer the research question in a brief manner by addressing the historical background of the reforms in the two countries, and then by using a qualitative and comparative analytical-historical-comparative method.

Hijab in the contemporary history of Iran has acquired complex dimensions with the introduction of western culture and ideas and the negative interference of governments. Certainly, any investigation and solution thinking about it requires a fundamental investigation of the form of public confrontation with the removal and discovery of the hijab, and of course, a study of the policies of the governments regarding that issue. The city of Qom, as a religious city with a concentration of clergy in it, can be considered as a suitable case study in this field. Regarding the research method, it should be said that in this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, during a library research and with the benefit of archival documents and documents available in them, the subject will be examined and of course analyzed, and besides that, the citation and persuasive aspect of the work will be added by using the memories of contemporary knowledgeable people of the event (oral history).The results and findings of the research can be expressed as follows: The policies and methods of Reza Shah's government in the field of implementation of the Hijab Removal Law in Qom can be divided into two dimensions, propaganda and implementation. Advertising dimensions; It was usually followed in the form of hijab unveiling ceremonies and celebrations, which mostly had a commanding and theatrical procedure, and its performance aspect, which gradually became more colorful, serious and violent, compared to the first aspect.

With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a part of its territory was split among the Allies, leading to the formation of many countries, including Iraq. Iran regarded the territory of Iraq up to the Euphrates as a part of its territory since ancient time and had clashed with the Ottomans for centuries to achieve this goal and saw the Versailles Peace Congress to raise this demand after the conclusion of the war. However, the great powers, particularly Britain, had envisaged a different destiny for Iraq, and as a consequence, Iraq became Iran's western neighbor. Therefore, it is clear that, from this point on, Iran's stance toward the newly created Iraq was impacted by a historical backdrop which caused the Iranian government to refuse to recognize this country for years. This prompted the Iraqi government, fomented by the British Empire and seeking to consolidate its influence, to exert pressure on Iran through measures such as the deportation of Iranian religious scholars who criticized British trusteeship, canceling the capitulation of Iranian citizens in Iraq, as well as border disputes. Finally, this turmoil, combined with other national and international issues, compelled Iran to recognize Iraq. As a result, the problem of the present research is to know why and how the newly established Iraq was recognized by Iran after many years. Also, this research employs a descriptive approach, drawing on Persian and Arabic texts and sources from the historical era in question to study and explain the causes or factors impacting these relationships, as well as their shifts and evolutions.

The education of women by women in the structure of the Ministry of Culture is one of the important and new phenomena in the era of Reza Shah. Women teachers entered the field of education, worked and retired through a process that was very similar to the hiring process of men. The women who taught middle and lower class girls in the cities and villages with the 6th grade and later in the structure of the Ministry of Education created an important change in the level of Iranian society by entering this field. The issue of how the hiring process and then control over their work was like can be one of the most important indicators of Reza Shah's era. Among them, the teachers of Kerman state have been considered, because this state had many deprived areas during the period under review, and there was also religious and ethnic diversity in it. In this research, the cases of several women teachers have been explored from the stage of employment to retirement, and the research has been prepared and organized by posing the question of what was the activity status of women teachers in the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Kerman province. Therefore, the research has been compiled . The results show that, in their first steps, women teachers have faced many problems in terms of rights, place of life, maternal and female responsibilities. Iranian society has not been very ready to accept womenteachers in the new form of education.

After the constitutional revolution and the failure to create a powerful central government, Iranian intellectuals from the 1290s onwards supported the emergence of Reza Khan by presenting new ideas and emphasizing absolute modernism. Less than four decades later, another generation of intellectuals during the 1940s and 1950s played an irreplaceable role in the social mobilization against the Pahlavi government with an intellectual turn from Westernism to traditionalism. The aim of the present study is to analyze the reason for the intellectual turn of Iranian intellectuals from Westernism to traditionalism in the middle of two revolutions. Therefore, in response to the reason for the intellectual turn of Iranian intellectuals, this hypothesis is investigated that the intellectuals of the 1290s in response to the constitutional failure and the intellectuals of the 1340s in response to the absolute modernism of the West chose two different approaches, Westernism and traditionalism. In this research, the hypothesis has been proved by taking advantage of the inherent characteristic of intellectuals and explaining their origin in the middle of two revolutions. The current research is of the "descriptive-analytical research" type in terms of implementation method and it has used library studies to collect information and data.

Gaining legitimacy is vital for governments. Therefore, the Pahlavi propaganda apparatus introduced ancient Iran as the backbone of its legitimacy and point of departure. Examining the dimensions and angles of the legitimizing foundations of the first Pahlavi, as well as the extent of its overlap with ancient Iran, is an important issue that has not been addressed much. This descriptive-analytical method focuses on the study of the archaic approach in the first Pahlavi government and the extent of its overlap with the legitimizing components in ancient Iran. Findings show: Pahlavi archaic ideology not only did not agree with the legitimizing principles of ancient Iran, but also opposed it and gradually led the people away from the government. The purpose of presenting such an approach was to gain political legitimacy, confront Islam and create a kind of secularization under the modernization of the country, which was not successful.

Nomadic life is one of the ways of human livelihood that spreads in arid and semi-arid regions. The life of nomad depends on geographical factors such as climate and topographical conditions. Nomads migrate according to the environmental conditions in order to raise livestock. Therefore, the type of migration is mandatory.

The purpose of the research: 

Investigating the life of nomadic tribes of Iran at the end of the Qajar and Reza Shah periods.

This research analyzes the life of Iranian nomads at the end of the Qajar period with a descriptive-analytical method.The scope of the research: the geographical area of Iran and in the time period of 1920 AD onwards.

In 1920, the country of Iran was completely chaotic and the central government only controlled Tehran and its suburbs. The nomadic population at that time was 1.3 to 1.4 of the total population. In 1921, Reza Shah came to power through a coup d'état, and at first took charge of the Ministry of War, organized and equipped his army, and then officially came to power in 1925. Reza Shah's plans for the nomads consisted of disarming the nomads, forcing them to resettle and changing their cultural and social structure. Reza Shah's tactic to suppress the nomads was to make peace treaties with the big nomads and then after suppressing the weak nomads, Reza Khan among the tribes the nomads created differences and finally fought with the big nomadic leaders and suppressed them.

The results showed that Reza Shah's goal for Iran at that time was a united, independent, one-language and secular Iran.

balance of power in Europe began with coagulation of Peace of Westphalia Contract in 1648. With the formation of the balance of power, competition between European countries intensified to penetrate other regions of the world. From Fath Ali Shah Qajar era, that, Iran established Regular relations diplomatic with European countries, was impressed of International political processes and fight of major world powers. Since then Iran's foreign policy was particularly influenced by competition between the two countries, Russia and the England. By following this process during the First Pahlavi period, Reza Shah tried to reduce of volume of intervention of the two countries to internal affairs with open the "third force" in Iran. The development and deepening of relations with Germany was done for this purpose. In order to examine the present issue, the question arises as to What effect has the balance of power in Europe had on Reza Shah's foreign policy? It is further hypothesized that Iran's foreign policy during the reign of Reza Shah was practically a function of the policy of power and balance of power between European countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of these developments on Iran's foreign policy in the era of Reza Shah by descriptive-analytical method and by providing explanations related to the balance of power and European developments.

The issue of endowment (waqf) is one of the most important issues in the history of Islamic Iran. This importance stems from its impact on various religious, political, social, and economic aspects. Therefore, in the history of Iran, governments have always tried to interfere in the affairs of endowments. The first Pahlavi government also followed the same method. This government made fundamental changes in endowment affairs, as in other areas including political, economic, social, and cultural structures of Iran in the Qajar era. The present study aims to answer the question of: How was the endowment affairs organized in the first Pahlavi era and what were its educational goals? The historical method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources were used in this study.The findings show that the Pahlavi government during a ten-year process, through the approval of new laws, was succeeded in organizing endowments and making changes in that area with the aim of quantitatively and qualitatively developing the country’s educational system. This goal was achieved by using endowments and spending the proceeds of endowments in the fields of construction (construction of educational buildings), education (promotion of education and provision of educational resources), and publishing books.

The issue of endowment in the history of Iran has been considered since ancient times. With the rise of Islam and its widespread emphasis on endowment and benevolence, its functions and uses increased. The importance and credibility of the endowment institution in Iran are such that some people believe that the correct recognition of the Iranian court is not possible without accurate recognition of the endowment institution. In the Qajar era, with the increase of political and religious influence of the clergy, the power of the clergy in managing the spiritual and financial affairs of the endowments was restored and despite the efforts in the Naseri and constitutional era, the power and influence of the Ulama over endowment affairs remained until the end of this period. So, the first Pahlavi government inherited the structure of the Qajar government in endowment affairs. This structure of the endowment system was not favorable in the first Pahlavi government for various reasons. That's why the Pahlavi government, after consolidating the foundations of its power, sought to organize endowment affairs for its goals. Explaining the evolution of the endowment system and analyzing the educational goals of Reza Shah are the most important concerns of this study.

Materials and Methods   

This study aims to answer the question of: How was the endowment affairs organized in the first Pahlavi era and what were its educational goals? To gather the data, the historical method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources were used in this study.

Discussion of Results and Conclusions    

One of the goals of the first Pahlavi government was to achieve political centralization. Creating a bureaucracy and training an efficient bureaucrat was one of the necessary institutions and tools for creating political centralization. According to this principle, bureaucracy and its development as the tools to create political concentration were considered by the first Pahlavi government. The realization of this issue depended on the development of the country's educational system. The development of the educational system also required the provision of financial resources. It was not possible to finance these expenses only through the annual budget of the Ministry of Education. For this reason, the Pahlavi government had to seek other financial resources to cover the expenses of the country's educational system. One of these sources was the income from endowments. Accordingly, the Pahlavi government tried to organize the endowment system of the country and finally succeeded in approving the endowment law in 1313 AH. In this way, it would provide the necessary financial resources to achieve its goals. However, before approving this law, the Pahlavi government tried to use the revenues of endowments in the development of the country's educational system. This process intensified after approving the Endowment Law. After that, the Pahlavi government organized the endowments in a purposeful manner and sought to use the endowments and their revenues in the field of educational development. Endowment and its revenues were used in three parts including construction, educational expenses, and publishing books. In the construction expenditures part, the Pahlavi government acted in two fields of building schools in endowment fields and constructing schools from endowment revenues. In the field of educational expenditures, endowments and incomes were used in some ways including the provision of teachers' salaries, the provision of tuition, accommodation expenses for students, and the establishment of a preaching institute. In addition, the Pahlavi government published some books and established libraries from endowments revenues. Thus, the first Pahlavi government succeeded in organizing the country's endowment system to take steps towards achieving its goals by using endowment and its revenues in the development of the country's educational system. The most important of these goals was to train the necessary force to create an efficient bureaucratic system in order to create a political concentration in the country.

Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.

The importance of the press is such that it has been called the fourth pillar of democracy. The role of the media in increasing the level of political awareness of the Qajar period, especially the constitution, is of particular importance. Despite all the restrictions, the press has played an important role in the developments in Iran. The role of the press became more apparent from the time of the Constitution. However, with the conquest of Tehran, the press gained an upward trend with different tendencies. Opposition media acted as an obstacle in the process of Reza Shah's rise to power. These newspapers tried to tell the events to the people and to tell the true face of Reza Shah and those around him. Opposition media have a critical view of socio-political currents. Such media are in the minority and are under the enemy's control. During this period, there were various newspapers that the value and importance of these newspapers that were published in Tehran shows their role in enlightening public opinion and Reza Shah coming to power. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of opposition media in Tehran during Reza Shah's rise to power since the 1299 coup

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the formation of cover change in Reza Shah's period and to understand his intentions in this field based on "intentional-contextual hermeneutics of Eric Hirsch". In this regard, the question we are looking for an answer to is: "What are the grounds for the formation of the idea of changing the cover of Iranians during the reign of Reza Shah and what was the intention of Reza Shah to change the cover of Iranians after the beginning of the monarchy?" The results of the research obtained by applying historical data in the form of analytical-descriptive method and based on Hirsch theory by examining the context and text, show that the developments of the Qajar period, the growth of modernity, the personal life of Reza Shah before the reign, along with political and environmental contexts. The period after his reign has had a direct impact on the formation of the "idea of changing the clothing of Iranians" in the perspective of Reza Shah. Regarding Reza Shah's intentions, what has been achieved is that nation-building in accordance with the will of the Pahlavi political system, national unity and the survival of Pahlavi rule, reducing the influence of Islamists, Westernization as removing preconditions for development and liberation from the imagined Pahlavi humiliation The first was at the expense of humiliating cultural norms, including Reza Shah's main intentions and intentions in changing the style of clothing of Iranian citizens.

Based on Reza Shah's goals and attitudes, fundamental changes were made in the traditional elements and culture. The Shah's attempt was to rethink and create a new interfaith belief in society. The Pahlavi government began to create a new culture to strengthen the modern national government. In order to achieve its goal and program, the government has used existing and new tools to implement the government's goals. Among the various tools and organizations, the organization "Raising Thoughts" was of great theoretical and executive importance and credibility.Therefore, in addition to high credibility in macro-politics, the Pahlavi government's attention to the organization was pursued unusually. Accordingly, in the present article, an attempt has been made to examine and analyze cultural policies based on a particular theory, and to analyze and explain the cultural tools and elements in the direction of the modern absolute state, to achieve its goals. The findings of the paper, using the method of historical analysis based on historical documents, sources and evidence, show that cultural policy and organization in the Pahlavi government had a great impact on cultural unification and harmonization of minds in order to legitimize.

From the second half of the 13 solar hijri century, increase in the cultural and commercial relationships of iranian zoroastrians with Parsian society in India, has been resulted in a development of the cultural and educational activities of the zoroastrian society in Iran. Representstive of indian Persian, who beleived that the biggest problems of Iran are illiteracy and poor cultural situation, have been founded the schools and did several reforms in cultural and educatinal structure of iranian zoroastrians. After that the Reza shah got into power, in one side the tendency of the government for resuscitation of the antagonistic thought increased; And at the other side, modernisation and the integration of the cultural and educational system became one of the essential goals of the government. Above all, the main questions of this article are how these changes effect the state of Iranian Zoroastrians, and what is the role of them in developing process of cultural and educational activities? Based on descriptive and analytic consideration of historical documents and educational statistics, social state of Zoroastrians in the period of RezaShah was imporoved, and they play significant role in that period.

During Reza Shah’s monarchy in Iran (1941-1925), political, social and economic structures of Iran witnessed extensive revolution. Given the economic passivity and weakness of constitutional governments, most of experts emphasized on the necessity of economic revolution in Iran and they believed that Pahlavi government was bound and capable of implementing economic revolution in Iran. In responding to these demands, Reza Shah’s government influenced by German nationalist discourse tried ti implement nationalist and centralized theories in Iran. During that time, one of the significant evolutions in Germany was the foundation of national economy theory based on Friedrich List’s theories- German nationalist economist. His economic theories known as “National Economy Theory” were written in the mid-19the century which emphasized on nationalism, economic centralization and nationalization of all national economic resources. The main question of this article is: what national economic measures were taken during Reza Shah’s government and how they were related to Friedrich List’s theories? Hence, the authors of the present article investigate this subject through descriptive- analytic method. The findings of present study indicate that relying in national discourse and the support of some Iranian intellectuals, the modern absolute government of Reza Shah tried to make evolutions at different economic fields in order to provide required ground for the development of national economy and merging the small local economies in this economy.

The government was one of the most important institutions in the contemporary history of Iran, which was considered in the discourse of modernity, and its transformation soon occupied the minds of Iranian modernists. The first attempts to change it were formulated by Malcolm Khan during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah with the discourse of "orderly independent state" and did not succeed and remained as planned, but the idea remained that one could not modernize without a strong government. This idea also entered the constitutional discourse, and although the constitution sought to limit the state, it had in its heart the idea of ​​a powerful state, and with its inability to create it, and the turmoil that arose after the constitution, Reza Shah's absolute government over It worked, which was the reverse process of creating an absolute state. Considering the discourse method, this article seeks to address the question of why the process of state transformation in this period was reversed and the absolute state emerged after the pre-constitutional period, and the most important result is that One is the imperfection of the new state-building process in the Nasserite era, and the other is the inability of constitutionalism in state-building, despite its tools, including the constitution, to be the reasons for this reverse process.

Reza Shah’s Government (1304-1320) rigorously administered the westernized plans after the authority of militants all over the country. TheUniformed costume and wearing Pahlavi hat was one of these actions faced with too much reaction and objection over the country. Molla Khali e-Mangoor (1334), the religious leader of Savojbolaq e-Mokri particularly Mangoor tribe considered this policy prohibited and announced jihad and took charge of the leadership of uprising against Reza Shah  This uprising shortly followed by thousands of people was suppressed by the central government. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method and investigating the primary sources of this era to answer this question on the issue of Molla Khalil’s uprising and its orientation based on the elements such as the national benefits and security, this study has concluded that the motivation, orientation and function of uprising was towards the protection of Islam, traditions and Kurdish outfit with no claim of independent.

The first formation of nationalism as the ruling ideology can be seen in the first Pahlavi era. This period deserves serious consideration and discussion since the perceptions and concepts that were promoted in the political structure of the first Pahlavi era have been the basis of debates that have continued to this day. While understanding the process of consolidation of the nationalist identity pattern in the first Pahlavi period, this article tries to analyze its internal elements and components around the four main axes of national unity, archaism, attachment to the homeland, and the continuation of the monarchy and the king's pivotal position. In the following, the foreign policy and orientation of Iran during the Reza Shah era - which was deeply influenced by the nationalist approach in Iran's international relations - is discussed. In this regard, this question arises: What are the principles of the identity of the government in Iran during the first Pahlavi era and what was its impact on Iranian foreign policy and international relations? In response, it is hypothesized that the identity of the Iranian government in the first Pahlavi era was based on a focus on Iranian nationalism in the country that, in terms of mimicking Western culture and abandoning the Iranian culture, caused inefficiency in domestic affairs and a lack of proper foreign policy in international relations. This research is written using library resources and with a historical-analytical approach.