جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سرمایه اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Due to the increasing number of different natural hazards, whether at the international level or at the national or provincial level, and turning them into different disasters, the study of various aspects of dealing with these disasters is of considerable importance. One of the most important dimensions of this problem is to examine the social resilience of different societies against these disasters and the various factors affecting them. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to qualitatively study various social factors affecting social resilience in North Khorasan. In order to collect the required data, semi-structured interviews were used and 15 experts, officials, and academic elites with experience in dealing with natural disasters were purposefully selected and face-to-face and non-face-to-face interviews were conducted. After implementing the interview files into the text, the obtained data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings showed that the main themes obtained for different institutional fields and households indicate a dialectical relationship between structural factors (access to various economic, social, and cultural capitals with the mediation of symbolic capital) and agency (active and passive functions resulting from capacities). It can determine the competencies and abilities of activists in social resilience. The research results show the emergence of the passive functions of individual, group, and organizational actors in dealing with natural disasters due to the transformation of opportunities into threats and monopolization of responsible organizations in dealing with natural disasters in all stages before, during, and after the occurrence.

The precise question of this article is: considering the dependence of young children on their parents, what is the role of parents in children's cultural consumption? Regarding to the decisive role of parents in cultural consumption of under seven year children, identifying this role is necessary. The method for answering to this question is ethnography. Ethnographical interviews and observation were used for data gathering. The participants were 25 parents (15 mothers and ten fathers) aged from 30 to 47 and their children aged from 3 to 6.5 years. These children had participated in the creative drama and music classes of Tavanesh School and Tariqat Music School for four semesters. Findings indicate difference between parents' roles in children's cultural consumption. Fathers provide financial resources for children's cultural consumption and considering to economic possibilities of family mothers are planners and implementers of children's cultural consumption. So the role of the mother is very central and decisive due to the time she spends with her child/children. Often, the cultural consumption of children includes home activities and semi-formal education. Home activities are planned and executed under the direct supervision of  mother and are realized in the form of reading books, watching cartoons, and home games. Semiformal education is carried out through mother's planning and takes place in different educational classes outside the home. The noticable point is that the parents do not consume the cultural commodities that their children do.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the culture of poverty in Kermanshah women. This survey study was conducted in Kermanshah city in 2019, and its statistical population included all women aged 15 to 59, of which 384 were selected as a sample and studied. Questionnaires were used to examine the status of social and economic capital and the culture of poverty. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. The results showed that the average score of culture of poverty among women whose husbands had died was 3.50, which was higher than single people with an average of 2.60. Also, the average score of the culture of poverty among the age groups over 51 years old was higher than the age group 15 to 24 years old. In addition, the culture of poverty among illiterate people (3.34) was more than other educational classes. The results also showed that the score of culture of poverty (3) was higher among those who have a low socio-economic base compared to other classes. The findings of this study also showed that social capitals and economic capitals could explain 28% and 26% of the variance of poverty culture, respectively. Therefore, economic and social capitals have a negative effect on the culture of poverty, and their improvement and increase should always be considered.

The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between cultural capital and economic capital with domestic violence against women. The research method used in this study is a survey, and the statistical population under study included all married women of Qazvin city which 380 were selected using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling as a sample. Research statistics were selected. The tool for collecting information is also a questionnaire. In order to estimate the reliability of the measuring instrument, content validity type was used and the reliability of the questionnaire was also estimated using Cronbach's alpha technique. Also, SPSS and Smart-PLS software were used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that the average amount of domestic violence against women is 61.24, and the highest amount of violence against women is psychological violence with an average of 35.29. Linear and negative correlation between cultural capital and economic capital with all four variable dimensions of domestic violence against women with a significant level of 0.1 and with 99% confidence, The type of linear relationship mentioned was also negative and inverse. The results of the regression analysis also showed that the independent variables of the research predicted 34% of the changes in the variable of domestic violence against women. Also, according to the results of structural equation modeling, the variables present in the path model have been able to explain 42.5% of the changes in the dependent variable.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of students' cultural, economic and social capital on their scientific identity. The research method was descriptive of correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all high school students studying in the academic year 2023 in Qom city; 64000 junior high school students as well as 30000 senior high school ones. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the sample of this study; therefore, 382 students were selected as the sample using cluster sampling method. At first, four schools including two girls' as well as two boys' schools were randomly selected from all high schools in Qom, then 191 male students and 191 female ones were randomly selected from those schools. To collect data, Bourdieu's cultural capital, Putnam's social capital (2000), Darfashan's economic capital (2013) and Vaz and Isaacson's (2008) academic identity questionnaires were used. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis were used to check the hypotheses. The findings of the research showed that students' cultural, economic and social capital have significant relationship with their scientific identity. Nowadays, emphasis is placed on the development of cultural capital and its promotion in order to reduce and control social issues such as environmental crises. The results of the research confirm the reproduction of cultural, economic and social capital, especially in the area of students' education and participation in intellectual cultural activities.

Awareness of the rights and duties of citizenship and active participation of citizens in society is one of the challenging issues. The present study investigates the relationship between social capital and awareness of citizenship rights among citizens of Ahvaz. The research method is mixed type "quantitative descriptive survey type and qualitative field type with in-depth interview". In the qualitative part, the data foundation method has been used to theorize the data based on interpretive-constructive foundations. The statistical population of the study was all citizens aged 20 to 65 years living in Ahvaz. Using cluster random sampling, 526 of these citizens were selected as the sample. In this study, in-depth interviews, researcher-made questionnaires on citizenship, social capital, political capital, economic capital and demography were used to collect information. Atlas.ti software was used for qualitative data analysis and SPSS and AMOS software were used for quantitative data analysis. The research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between social capital, political capital and economic capital and awareness of citizenship rights. In general, significant relationships were obtained between research variables and the research model was approved. It seems that the level of awareness of citizenship rights with respect to the significant relationship with social capital, political capital and economic capital, as an important and influential variable can provide the context for the welfare and political, economic and social development of the target community.

From the point of view of health and mental health experts, high-risk behaviors are one of the basic problems of physical and psycho-social health for individuals and society. These behaviors are referred to as destructive behaviors that occur intentionally or without considering the consequences and cause adverse consequences for the individual and the society (Maleki Golandoz & Sardari, 2019). Adolescence includes the critical years of maturity and creates new changes in teenagers. During this period, physical, sexual, and cognitive growths undergo changes that have a tremendous effect on adolescent behavior (Steinberg, 2019). It is also formed during the period of identity search and achieving independence. Therefore, teenagers are not psychologically stable until they reach a clear and fixed identity (Klimstra & van Doeselaar, 2017). In this period, when many behavioral problems appear in teenagers, environmental pressures, in addition to behavioral and emotional problems, increase their incompatibility and conflicts in different areas (Lavasani et al., 2019: 162). All of these characteristics cause teenagers to experience new situations and bring a lot of harmful health problems for him. This is the result of risky and problematic behaviors, such as unhealthy habits, eating disorders, dangerous driving and accidents, consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances, violence against oneself and others, and even the possibility of the spread of behaviors, such as suicide and other self-harming behaviors (Moghadami & Jahangiri, 2020: 160). Therefore, in this research, it was felt necessary to investigate and analyze social harms concerning teenagers with the subject of examining the family's (social, economic, symbolic, and cultural) capitals on high-risk (self-injurious and other-injurious) behaviors of male and female secondary school students in Al-Shatar City and its villages So as to identify and provide helpful solutions to improve their social problems.

Materials & Methods :

The current study was of a broad type based on the method of collecting the data and an applied research based on the purpose and in terms of depth. Taking into account the criteria of time, the cross-sectional data on several traits studied in the year of 2018-2019) were collected. The statistical population included all 2967 male and female secondary school students of Al-Shatar City. Based on Cochran's formula, a statistical sample of 340 people was estimated and the quota sampling was determined according to the share of the population of students living in the city and villages, gender, and type of school. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure all the variables and obtain the necessary information. The face validity and reliability of the variables were measured based on Cronbach's alpha.

Discussion of Results & Conclusion    :

Order and balance in the family has an inverse relationship with delinquency (Samadian and Najafi Tawana, 2017). The relationships between parents and children, family disintegration, lack of order and balance in the family, etc. play an important role in juvenile delinquency (Ismaili et al., 2019).The researches that have been conducted about tendency towards adolescents’ high-risk behaviors and family support show that the decrease of parental support and family cohesion is associated with the increase of depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption in adolescents (Watkins & Rostosky, 2010).Adolescence is one of the most important and sensitive periods in the life of every person. In this era, the dimensions of a person's identity undergo fundamental changes. Therefore, family as the first and most important social institution for children plays a prominent and important role. It can be acknowledged that the existence of different dimensions of social, cultural, symbolic capitals, etc. in the heart of the family institution leads to the development of normal personality in teenagers.The results of the descriptive section of this research indicated that the average score of risky behavior among the sample of respondents was lower than average. The averagescore of self-injurious behavior was higher than that of other-injurious behavior. The average social capital had an average score according to the scores of participation, trust, and awareness among its components. The average cultural capital had a lower score than average based on the embodied, objectified, and institutionalized scores among its components, respectively. The average symbolic capital had a lower score than average according to the social, cultural, and economiccomponents,respectively.Finally, the average economic capital had a lower score than average and among its components, the situational score was higher than the attitudinal score when valuing the family's economic capital by the students.It is noteworthy that among the capitals that the students evaluated for their families, social capital with the highest score had the first rank and then cultural, economic, and symbolic capitals were followed.In the inferential part of the research, there was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of social capital of family and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. Bourdieu describes it as a capital due to improving the activists’ membership and participation in social networks, while Hirschi considers the context of crime to be strengthened by social bonds. The theory of social control considers supervision and community links important in controlling criminal persons. In this regard, our finding is consistent with those of the researches conducted by Alborzi et al. (2018), Niazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), Loch et al. (2015), and Pinxten & Lievens (2014).There was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of cultural capital of family and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. According to Bourdieu, there is a set of capabilities, habits, and cultural traits, including the language of taste and people’s lifestyle, which are considered as the knowledge that enables people to interpret various cultural codes. It is the framework of analysis and reproduction of class power and privilege that is raised in the process of the influence of culture in social inequalities. According to Merton's pressure/anomie theory, the two elements of social culture, namely institutionalized norms (legitimate tools) and cultural goals, are considered to be important. He believes that pressure problems arise when there is no proportion between goals and tools in the society, that is, when opportunities are blocked for people due to their social class positions. This provides the basis for a person's delinquency. Also,the theory of self-control considers a person's assessment of the risks of punishment and internal self-control to reduce the tendency to a deviant behavior. The theory of deterrence believes that an increase in the level of a person's understanding of the possibility of punishment and its severity reduces the probability of a deviant behavior. Moreover, the theory of social learning considers a deviant behavior as a learned behavior that is learned in the process of relating to others, (especially the important others like parents and friends. In this regard, our finding is congruent with those of the studies performed by Partovi (2019), Qeisari et al. (2019), Ahmadi et al. (2019), Albarzi et al. (2018), Arabnejad (2017), Niazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), and Gagné et al. (2015), but not consistent with that of the research done by Pinxten & Lievens (2014), which points to the lack of a relationship between these two variables.There was not an indirect and significant relationship between the variable of family symbolic capital and the degree of the students' tendencies to risky behavior. According to Bourdieu, there is a set of symbolic tools, dignity, respect, and individual capabilities in the behaviors that a person possesses. It means that he/she has the ability to legitimize, define, and value them. The anomic pressure theory believes that the amount of deviant behavior increases when there is no ability to maintain a balance between cultural goals and tools. In this regard, our finding is not consistent with those of the research carried out by Niyazi et al. (2017) and Pfeiffer et al. (2017), who found an inverse and significant relationship between these two variables.There was an inverse and significant relationship between the variable of economic capital of family, i.e., the wealth and money that each social actor has in his/her hand and includes income and other types of financial resources that are institutionalized in the form of ownership, and the degree of tendency to risky behavior. Bourdieu defines other capitals to be in a close relationship with economic capital. Merton's pressure theory and the development of Durkheim's theory of anomie state that pressure problems arise when life goals, such as financial success, are emphasized a lot and the ways to achieve those goals are blocked; thus, people do not succeed in achieving them due to their social class positions. Moreover, Cohen's theory believes that values ​​are closely related to the middle class. Most of these shared values ​​emphasize goals that lead to success. Therefore, success itself becomes an approved public goal. Opportunities to achieve goals are more available to the middle compared to the lower class. The lower-class youths experience a form of cultural conflict that is called failure status. As a result, many of them enter into delinquent drug gangs, which have their own subculture, that is, it actually takes its norms from the larger culture but turns them upside downIn this regard, our finding is consistent with those of the researches done by Niyazi et al. (2017), Pfeiffer et al. (2017), and Pinxten & Lievens (2014).The mean difference in relation to the background variables was different according to gender, type of field of study, and type of place of residence so that this mean was different according to gender (among boys), according to type of field of study (among conservatory students), and according to the type of place of residence (among students). This situation was more intense in the city.The dimensions of this variable were also investigated to clarify the difference in the average level of tendency towards risky behavior between high school and conservatory students, in the self-injurious dimension of whom with the average values of 3.01 and 3.37 were obtained, respectively. In addition, in their other-injurious dimension, there were found the average values of 2.47 and 2.98, respectively.By entering 7 independent variables in the regression model of this research, about 0.64% of risky behavior could be explained by the mentioned factors. Among the independent variables, gender and economic capital had the most influences. Also, the variables of type of residence, cultural capital, social capital, type of education, and symbolic capital had an effect in explaining the dependent variable, respectively.Finally, the data accuracy and its compliance with the research model were confirmed via structural equation modeling.

Due to the spread of natural and human disasters and their widespread consequences, the need to strengthen the indicators of social resilience is felt more and more among the social activists. The present study was conducted with the aim of sociological investigation of socio-economic determinants of social resilience among the household heads. The statistical population of the research includes all the household heads of Ramhormoz city, which according to the last Census of 2015, it is 127/20 households from whom 384 households were selected as the sample size by multi-stage cluster sampling method. In this research, the data were analyzed using SPSS software. The descriptive findings of the current research showed that the rate of social resilience among household heads in Ramhormoz city is medium to high. The results of the present study showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the variables of religious orientation, social capital and social resilience. Also, no significant relationship was observed between the variables of economic capital and social resilience among the respondents. The results of the regression analysis showed that the variables included in the model (internal religious orientation, social cognitive capital, external religious orientation) explain 0.177 of the variance of the dependent variable. By comparing the beta coefficients, it can be said that the internal religious orientation variable with a beta coefficient of 0.233 has the highest impact on social resilience.

Today, hope is considered as the most fundamental idea of youth in the field of social development. On the other hand, the three forms of capital can be considered the most important factor in strengthening hope for the future of youth. In the present study, the study of hope for the future has been considered in relationship with capital factors including social, capital and economic capital has been investigated. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical and survey in terms of data collection. Statistical population is young people aged 15 to 29 years in East Azerbaijan province, 613 of whom have been selected using Cochran's formula and multi-stage cluster sampling at 2018. To collect the data, were used Snyder standard hope questionnaire. Findings show that the average percentage of hope for the future of the studied youth is 62.23%, which shows that the hope for the future has a moderate to high status among young people. The results of testing the hypotheses show that marital status and age were not related to hope for the future of young people, but the average hope for the future was significantly different by city of residence and employment status. Also, hope for the future has a positive and significant relationship with social and cultural capital, but it does not have a significant relationship with economic capital. The results of regression analysis show that the three forms of capital explain about 26% of the variance of the hope for the future.

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment of university graduates and the incapability of the government to provide jobs, makes entrepreneurship an important issue which should be seriously taken into account. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify the state of entrepreneurial spirit of students and also investigate the effects of social capital and its types, cultural and economic capital on entrepreneurial spirit. This research has been done quantitatively. The statistical population of the research is 442 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Medical Sciences who were collected at random. A researcher-made questionnaire is used and its validity and reliability were estimated by Cronbach's alpha method.The findings indicate a positive correlation between social capital, friendship and family capital and entrepreneurial spirit, and a negative relationship between institutional capital and entrepreneurial spirit. Also, cultural capital and entrepreneurial spirit are negatively (r=0.219), and economic capital and entrepreneurial spirit are positively (r=0.159) correlated. In addition, the results show that besides strengthening social capital, it is necessary for universities to prompt students involve in working in the real environment in the discussion of university education in their educational models. This would stimulate the issues and challenges that entrepreneurs issues and challenges experienced by entrepreneurs in real-life situations for students.

The health of any society is based on the health of the family, which itself is affected by the set of interactions that exist among the people of this institution. Meanwhile, the optimal mental health of women and mothers can have a great impact on the health and development of the society. Because the health of women, especially mothers, is one of the basic concepts in social development and welfare. In this regard, the current research was also conducted with the aim of sociologically investigating the relationship between economic capital and cultural capital with the mental health of married women in Tabriz based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical framework. The research method used in the present research is survey type. The statistical population includes all married women in Tabriz city, 400 of whom were selected using Cochran’s formula and stratified random sampling as the statistical sample of the research to collect data. Also, SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The tool for collecting information is a questionnaire, and the type of validity of the measurement tool is face validity. Cronbach’s alpha technique was also used to measure reliability. The results of the research indicate that the correlation between cultural capital and economic capital was confirmed with all the variable components of mental health (physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, impaired social functioning, depression). Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that the independent variables of the research explained 38% of the changes in the mental health variable.

Social alienation, with its impact on civic participation, trust, and social vitality, has always been questioned by sociologists. The study based on the theory of Giddens, Bourdieu and Rothstein is to study the social alienation of young people and the effect of perceived corruption in it by survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population includes 14-29 year olds in Ardabil province who were selected by the Proportionate Stratified Random and using Cochran's formula 373 sample size. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire constructs were calculated using PLS software, which based on the value of AVE, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha, the questionnaire was of goovalidity and reliability. The results showed the level of social alienation and perception of corruption among the youth of Ardabil province was lower than average and the effect of perceived corruption on social alienation was significant. Also, the effect of perceived corruption on the intervention of economic and cultural capital variables and by controlling demographic variables (gender, marriage and place of residence) on the social alienation of young people was significant.The fit indices of the structural equation model showed that there is a high agreement between the experimental data and the conceptual model of the research.

This Research is about the relationship between lifestyle, economic capital and cultural capital among students’ procrastination. The purpose of the study was applied and the method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of all students in 2019 entrance year who totaled to 200 individuals. A total of 132 students were recruited as the sample by using krejcie and Morgan’s Table via simple random sampling. Roth Bloom et al.’s (1984) procrastination questionnaire, lifestyle and economic capital questionnaire (researcher-made), and cultural capital questionnaire (researcher-made) were applied as instruments in this research. Data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Results showed that lifestyle has a negative and significant relationship with students’ procrastination, and cultural capital and economic capital have a positive and significant relationship with procrastination (P<0.05). The results indicate that cultural capital variance with 0.32 Beta coefficient and variance of economic capital with 0.27 residual coefficient affirmatively and significantly, beside lifestyle variance with 0.22 Beta coefficient negatively and significantly predicted procrastination among students.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of sociological factors (including age, gender, cultural capital and economic capital) on the reading habits of undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.

The current research is a descriptive-correlation survey. The research population is the undergraduate students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in the academic year 1401-1402, whose number is estimated to be 7495. According to the table of Karjesi and Morgan, the sample size of the research is 384 people. Also, the proportional stratified sampling method was used to select the subjects. The research tools are Bourdieu's cultural capital questionnaire, economic capital questionnaire and Abdul Karim and Hassan's reading habit questionnaire. In order to analyze the data from S. P. S. S. Version 25 and Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and two-string point tests were used.

The research findings have shown that except for age, other research variables including gender, cultural capital and economic capital affect the components of reading habit and have a positive and significant relationship with each other.

This study proved that sociological factors such as gender, cultural capital and economic capital have an effect on students' reading habits. As a result, in order to develop the habit of reading in students, first of all, in addition to paying attention to gender, we should pay attention to students cultural and economic conditions, such as allocating a part of the income to buy cultural tools, the family's attitude towards reading, and educational methods in order to be able to achieve one of the important tasks in reforming educational programs with the aim of strengthening students' skills in a suitable cultural and economic situation by developing the habit of reading.

Today, the high rate of divorce, addiction, the high death rate of husbands among elderly women, the increase in the rate of singleness of girls, disability of the spouse, etc., has led to an increase in the number of female heads of the household, and the traumatic aspects and aspects of these households, such as a decrease in security and a sense of security It has made the social more obvious. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship between social, economic and cultural capital with the security and sense of security of female heads of households in Tehran.

This research was conducted by field method and based on survey perspective to research and based on descriptive-correlation approach with practical purpose. The statistical population includes all female heads of households in Tehran in 22 regions that were covered by the welfare organization and the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (18,509 people), of which 721 people were included in the sample size. In order to sample, a stratified method according to the volume was used, the validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by the face validity method and its reliability was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha test. The tool used to describe and analyze data was SPSS version 22.

One of the most important and prominent reasons of social and political science thinkers for the political effects of various types of capital is that social capitals are created through human resources such as human skills; Resources that increase people's ability for collective behavior. In this regard, the present research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of economic, social and cultural capitals on the political culture of the citizens of Shiraz.  The survey technique is used in the current research and it is a field study in terms of dealing with the problem under investigation and entering into it. Also, collecting information through Delaviz Social Capital Questionnaire (2004); Questionnaire developed by the cultural capital researcher; Researcher-made questionnaire of economic capital; And finally, the researcher-made questionnaire of political culture was done. The statistical population of Tajqiq includes citizens between 15 and 65 years of age in Shiraz city, based on the census of 2015, the number of statistical population is equal to 1154884 people, and the sample size is 384 people based on Morgan's table; Also, the sampling method in this research is multi-stage cluster sampling. Data analysis using AMOS software shows that the research model is well fitted and meaningful. Also, there is a significant relationship between social, economic and cultural capital and political culture among the citizens of Shiraz.Key words: social capital, cultural capital, economic capital, political culture, generation

Through dialogue and communication and verbal interaction, the family can maintain the emotional bond between its members and fulfill its most important function, which is the transfer of values and socialization of children, through various ways such as oral culture. The expansion of people's communication in virtual social networks and the replacement of this space in families instead of the real space and face-to-face communication of people has disturbed the order in the family. Therefore, in this research, the effect of using virtual social networks as the main independent variable, as well as the effect of cultural capital and economic capital as an independent intervening variable on social order in the family is investigated. The purpose of this research is to investigate cultural and economic capital and social order on social networks. The current research is descriptive-causal and survey methodology. The unit of observation is the individual. The level of analysis is micro. In terms of time, the current research is cross-sectional. The tool required in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research includes married citizens of Tehran, 384 of whom were selected as a sample. The sample was selected by combining cluster sampling and disproportionate classification. The analysis of the results showed that social order has a significant correlation with the use of virtual social networks, the intensity of this relationship is weak and the direction of the relationship between the two variables is direct. In other words, with the increase in the use of social networks, social order increases and vice versa. The results showed that with increasing use of social networks, increasing cultural capital and increasing economic capital, social order in the family increases and vice versa. Also, social order is more in the group of women than men, and social order also increases with age and vice versa.