جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صلیبی ها » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

For various reasons, the Nizaris (Arabic: النزاریون,  al-Nizāriyyūn) had fundamental differences with the rulers of Syria, and the sixth century was the peak of their conflict with the rulers and supporters of the Abbasid Caliphate. These conflicts increased with the entry of Rashid ad-Din Sinan  into the political arena, and as a result, during his leadership, the Nizarians gained impressive and even restraining power, but after his death and following the rise of the Ayyubid sultans they became the protectors and allies of the Sunni religion,the Abbasid caliphate and the control of the caliphs over the Levant decreased the military and strategic power of the NazaritesAlthough they continued to exist as a religious sect, but with the rise of the Ayyubids and Mamluks as supporters of the Abbasid Caliphate, the Sunni religion, the Ash'ari school, and enmity with the Fatimids of Egypt, turned enmity towards the Nazarites .The continuation of these conflicts brought political, social, religious, etc. crises.The Nizarians, who were a Shiite minority in the Sunni majority society, made many efforts to get out of this crisis.This research, relying on the historical method and referring to archival and library sources with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to answer the question: What role did the Nizari Ismailis under the leadership of Rashid-uddin Sinan in the management of political crises in "Sham" (Syria).The investigations showed that the set of these factors caused the divergence and conflict of the discourse thought of the Nizarians and the Seljuks, the Abbasids and the Ayyubid rulers. In the meantime, Rashiduddin Sinan designed and planned three strategies against the political developments of "Sham". First, reconciliation with the Ayyubids to increase the power of the Nasserites. Second, the mobilization of some missionary of da’wa in other Islamic lands, third, the reorganization of Ismaili missionary of da'wa    in the fight against the opposition. With these actions, the theological and religious foundations of the Nasserites of Syria were strengthened and they were able to resist the Crusaders, Ayyubids and Abbasid caliphs.

Africa, the birthplace and fall of the long life Hafsi ds dynasty on Earth, has been of geopolitical and geoeconomic importance. The rotation of power in there is associated with the rise and fall of history. The ancient period was the turning point of power in Rome and Iran, and in the Middle Ages was the place of movement of several Islamic states, including the rise and fall of the Hafsids state, which is important in many ways. The modern era is the scene of conflict between empires and now superpowers. The name of this region is tied to the Hafsids government, a key embankment of the western Mediterranean for Islamic power, because it marked the last stage of Islamic civilization. The main hypothesis of the research is that the main causes of the long-standing Hafsids state are the war of the powers that be, which sought to establish an empire, along with the lack of popular solidarity, Other sub-factors of decay are arranged in a set of internal causes and external causes. Gradually, the combination of these causes together provided the grounds for the fall of the Hafsiads state . External causes go back to the power vacuum in the Western Mediterranean and the loss of the strategic Strait of Tariq. Marinds state in 869 AH, and the fall of Granada in 898 AH lost their power to penetrate the strait. Another external reason is the beginning and intensification of competition between the Ottoman government and European governments in the Western Mediterranean, The Ottoman caliph and government, which ruled the western Mediterranean, established a naval base off the coast of Ifriqyah to protect its interests in the Mediterranean, capturing important ports such as Tunisia in 857 AH and Algeria in 920 AH. Following the eventual collapse of Andalusia, the three great empires of Portugal and Spain were formed, competing with the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean. The Christians started many movements on the western Mediterranean coasts and occupied Tripoli and Bijaya in 914 and 915 AH. The rivalry between the Turks and the Christians for the conquest of the coastal cities intensified. The emergence of a new sovereignty on the world map coincided with the discovery of the Americas at the beginning of the tenth century, Among the internal causes of instability in the internal sovereignty of the Hafsids government are the weakness of the kings who ruled the four Hafsids king from 893 AH to 941 AH until the first occupation of Tunisia by the Ottoman general Khair al-Din Bar Barusa. Pervasive diseases are among the internal causes that have plagued all of the Mediterranean, especially Ifriqyah . The last period of the Hafsids rule was accompanied by widespread plagues between the years 827 AH and 900 AH, and a wave of death, famine, and general famine, and toppled the Hafsids government. King Osman Hafsi died in the year 900 AH due to the plague. One of the important internal causes is the Arab anarchist factor, After the rule of Uthman, Hafsids king intensified and his successor, Abu Abdullah Hassan ibn Muhammad, was justified by a widespread Arab revolt in 932 AH. Among the economic reasons is the involvement of the Hafsids government in domestic and foreign trade and back-breaking taxes, In those days, the Hafsids caliphate was caught in a whirlwind of internal sedition and foreign aggression by European states and their affiliated pirates. In particular, Hassan's invitation to the Christians sparked a wave of differences between the Hafsi elders and the people, who, with the support of Sufids leaders, raised the banner of war and resistance against the Christians. On the other hand, Ahmed, the son of Hassan, the governor of Anaabah city , occupied Tunisia because of his father's opposition to his cooperation with the Christians, and arrested Hassan and beheaded him at the request of a large group of people who wanted him executed. The tendency to convert to Christianity and to turn away from the beliefs of the monotheists and the greed of the Christians to punish the Hafsian government are the grounds for the fall. In short, the betrayal of the Moroccan force, which was as big as the conspiracy of the Christians and the Jews, should not be ignored in the fall of Hafsids, Ahmed suffered from the Arab uprising, which was still looting and destruction, and he did not do anything with an empty treasury. Eventually, the power vacuum in Tunisia led to the Ottoman Assyrian government's efforts to occupy Tunisia. The present study rewrites the author's research on the Hafsids government and the causes of their collapse. The differences were eye-opening from each other, but the two alternately beat Tunisia and became so weak that it fell into the hands of the Ottomans.

Abol Abbas Ahmad Ibn Mostafe,titular to Al-Naser Le-dine Allah, that this age was longer than all of the Abbasian prelates, he takes a lot of effort about political relations that requisition the fore past grandeur caliphate like to the first period. The straggle succession between seljuks off and the expansionist Kharazm Shahian government and has some controversies those with Ghorian government beside, creation the best opportunity for realize wishing prelate for raise the caliphate sinker to topic the best diplomacy position in Islamic world. He unites Zangain and Ayyobian against the joint enemy, crusades, in the Egypt, he can establish the caliphate in those realms and use them like an apologetic block to aggressive crusades. In the article, writer tries, after valuating religious and scientific life's Naser, studies his actions during his forty seven years caliphate in western Islamic realms.