جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « موانع اجرا » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Qisas, as one of the most important punishments that has entered Iran's criminal laws from Sharia sources, has causes and obstacles that distinguish it from other punishments. The present article, which is written with a descriptive analytical method, is in the position of explaining the obstacles to the implementation of qisas and their practical application, as well as the separation of these obstacles from the obstacles to proving qisas and the causes of its downfall, which will also have important practical effects. According to this research, the obstacles to the implementation of qisas in the Iranian law are the obstacles that hinder its implementation despite the existence of qisas, and despite them, the perpetrator's qisas is canceled forever or for a period of time. Known or unknown will be delayed. These obstacles are of two categories. Some categories, such as the pregnancy of a woman and the need to pay the ransom to the perpetrator by the the victim’s heirs, only temporarily stop the execution of qisas, in which case the owner of the right to qisas has no choice but to either forgive and or to wait until the obstacle is removed and then executes qisas. Therefore, he cannot demand ransom from him without perpetrator's consent. But another group of obstacles to execution of qisas are obstacles that permanently or for an indefinite period exclude the possibility of execution of qisas, which include the death of a person or escape and lack of access to him. In this assumption, the legislator, following the opinion of some jurists, has considered the owner of the right of qisas to demand ransom even without the consent of the perpetrator; without considering the right of qisas to be void in the cases where the possibility of qisas is provided later, in the latter case, if the owner of the right has not waived his right, he can demand the execution of qisas by returning the payment. Similar to the situation where the perpetrator is arrested after the escape of a person and taking the ransom from his property. The only exception to this among the obstacles with an indefinite period is the situation in which, despite issuing a sentence for qisas, its execution requires the payment of ransom to "some of victim’s heirs", such as when some of heirs forgive the perpetrator and others demand ransom. Therefore, heirs demanding qisas will first give the share of the pardoners to perpetrator and give the share of the rest to them and then execute the qisas.Hence, in line with the articles 450 and 558 of the Islamic Penal Code, differentiation between the impermissibility of qisas and its impossibility, in any case where execution of qisas is not possible for an indefinite period, the owner of the right, while maintaining his right, is allowed it will be on demand. Therefore, if one of the conjoined twins commits an murder, even though qisas is not applicable in order to avoid harm to the other person, and the owner of the right can demand ransom, but if some time after that, If the said twins are separated, the right of qisas will still be applicable; Such a thing clearly shows the difference between the obstacles to execution and the causes of its downfall. It is not permissible to carry out qisas in the causes of qisas, and if the owner of the right harms a person after it has fallen, he has committed a crime that will be subject to qisas. Contrary to the obstacles of execution of qisas, which, despite the permissibility of execution of qisas, it is not possible to apply it, and therefore, whenever such a possibility is provided, its permissibility will remain in force. On this basis, the death of a person is one of the permanent obstacles to the implementation of qisas. In other words, only credit matters cause qisas to fall, and death is one of the real things that make qisas execution impossible.

The general policies of the system are aimed at creating stability and order in order to move towards specific goals at the macro level and also seek to take coordinated steps by the government forces in this direction, and in this sense, it is a novel institution in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is considered Iran. According to paragraphs 1 and 2 of Article 110 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, communicating the general policies of the system and monitoring its good implementation is one of the duties of leadership in the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is done after consulting with the Expediency Council accept.Therefore, by referring to the reports of competent authorities, it can be seen that the general policies of the system have not been implemented in an optimal way. Using the library method and interviews with public law experts, this research investigated the legal requirements of the implementation of these policies in government organizations in a descriptive-analytical manner, and for this purpose, the implementation of the general policy from three dimensions 1 ) implementing, 2) implementing and 3) implementing.

Among the important issues in the field of social damages are the addiction and drugs. This study carried out with the aim of identifying the obstacles of the execution of public policies in the filled of fighting against drugs, declared by supreme leader in the course of the pathology to implement public policies. Therefore 18 experts were interviewed applying case study strategy. Based on the thematic analysis, a thematic network of the obstacles to implement the meta-policies in fighting against drugs emerged. Findings of this research indicate that actors, process, structure, and the context of making policies had played the main role in implementations of the policies. In the next step, the elements of the thematic network were arranged in the framework of CIPP and the relations between them. In this pattern, meta-policies on fighting against drugs in inputs, actors, processes, and the structure of making policies within processing and the context of making policies were placed. Eventually, the nonefficient performance of meta-policies in fighting against drugs is regarded as an outcome of this pattern

purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize obstacles to the implementation of government policies in the headquarters of the Iranian Oil Ministry.

research is a descriptive-survey based on applied-exploratory purpose and method of collecting data.statistical population consisted of all employees and managers of the Ministry of Oil. The sample size was 260 .They were selected by random sampling method using Krejsi and Morgan tables. To assess the validity and reliability of the measurement tool, content validity and alpha Cronbach have been used,respectively.It is a library and field information collection.Data analysis was performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,kmo index and Bartlet test,exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical analysis process.

findings of this study indicate that among barriers to implementing government policies, management barriers with weight of 0.276, human barriers with weight of 0.185, barriers to weighting 140.1, environmental barriers with weight 0.85, policy nature with 765 / 0 Weight and system barriers with a weight of 541 have priority.

results indicate that many policies are incompletely implemented or not implemented at all. In this regard, some these barriers were identified and prioritized.managers and officials of Ministry of Oil can report the results of the present study the elimination of They will act.

In Iran's law, it undertakes to refrain from implementing the same obligation (even if it wishes to terminate) firstly, it must request the obligation of the obligated party, and it is only compulsory that it can terminate the contract. While the new legal framework for private law, such as the European Principles on the Law of the Treaties and the Principles of the International Commercial Code, and the Common Frame of Reference, have placed the obligation between the obligation to specific performance and the right to terminate and obtain damages. Contrary to Iranian law, in these documents, the obligation is committed to the specific performance with many exceptions, which is most affected by the theory of respect for personal freedoms. This suggests that with regard to economic developments, the other provisions of the principle of the necessity of contracts are not the fulfillment of the same performance in any circumstances, but the performance of the reasonable and standard expectations of the contract is considered to be the performance of the covenant. On the other hand, while in Iran's law, fines and oversights are owed as tools for putting pressure on him and preventing his misuse, the documents referred to Gibbs to performance is an act contrary to human freedom and has not accepted.

Public policy making process simply includes three main phase: Formulation, implementation, evaluation. Since 1970, the implementation processes have been central to the research and theory building. The literature review reveals that there exist some barriers and issues in the process of implementation, which this study intends to elaborate on. This study in terms of goal is practical and in terms of data type is descriptive and survey based. To investigate the barriers and issues the literature was reviewed and the main criteria were identified. The availability of the data being of importance, the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare was chosen for case analysis. The field study was performed and based on the collected data, the questionnaire was designed and distributed within 306 respondents. The results indicate that the conceptual framework of the research conforms to the collected field data. The issues associated with: policy makers, implementation executives, the content of the policies, the executives or all the actions, pressure groups and the context is related to policy implementation. In other words, all the hypotheses are confirmed.

Public policy in a simple process involves three main steps: formulation, implementation and evaluation of the cause. On the way to full implementation of the policy, the issue at hand, there are inhibiting factors and bottlenecks the identification of the major ones in order to effectively implement the policies of the main objectives of this research. And because public policy is inherently a complicated area considered to be under the necessity of diversity has to be complicated to be treated. So we can say that, faced with the structural complexity of the issues that different stakeholders have different views to increase the use of Soft Systems Methodology or SSM is to solve management problems. The shortcomings of this approach in the modeling phase, an incentive for the use of system dynamics (SD) is established. In this study, using a combination of SSM and SD modeling approach for implementing the policy Organization system is discussed. This study was a qualitative interviews were used to collect data. Thus, according to the definitions root of the office, workers and employers, 5 patients were selected and interviewed. A combination of purposive sampling and snowball's judgment. The paper shows that there are obstacles on the path to implementing a series of Organizational policy, In this paper, these barriers are examined from the management, workers and employers surveyed, After explaining this point, the relationship between them was expressed in the form of conceptual models. Finally, by comparing the optimal parameters, the parameters in the study was obtained from the experts, It was found that all the criteria for technical and cultural During the study period there was no possibility of its implementation and monitoring of changes in the long run it should be.

Incomplete implementation of policies is a problem which all developed and developing countries are face to. In the point of policy-making knowledge, the main reasons for this lack are the factors that hinder the implementation of the policies at different levels. This study has been carried out in order to identify the barriers of science and technology policy implementation in Iran, with emphasis on Holistic Scientific Map as a major plan, and 3 other sub-plans namely Aerospace Development Plan, Stem Cell Science and Technology Plan, and Medicinal Plants Document. To this end a combined method including a quantitative and a
qualitative phase have been used. In qualitative phase, with taking into account the previous studies, the barriers of policy implementation was classified in the form of a framework. Then a list of obstacles has been provided, corrected and competed with the help of some policymakers and aforementioned roadmaps and plans executives through conducting interviews. In quantitative phase, for weighting each recognized barrier, a questionnaire has been designed and distributed to 31 experts and policymaking executives through selective and subjective sampling. According to this survey, the main obstacles to implement science and technology
policy documents are: The problem of priorities, in a way that all the proceedings listed in the plan should have its own priority; Lack of foresight results in drafting documents; Non-compliance of policies with existed challenges; Absence of networking among policymakers; Non governing outreach policies; Lack of Intra- sectoral vision; The structure of detached bureaucracy; and lack of long-term vision to management and governance of policy programs.

Agricultural Insurance Fund to be effectively performing its mission and carryout a variety of agricultural insurances, also to direct, supervise, and extendthem, must developed some strategies then launch and implement them. TheImplementation of strategies is the stage of transforming words into action andthis task, due to the extent of its aspects of the work and the multiplicity ofdeterrents, is regarded as one of the most complex and valuable organizationalcapabilities. Identification of obstacles in implementing the strategies inorganizational level is one of the most important procedures and processes ofstrategy implementation.This study was carried out with the aim to "assess to obstacles of theimplementation and devised strategies by agricultural insurance fund" andregarding the nature of the subject it is practical and in terms of the degree ofcontrol is non experimental and in term of the type of research is descriptive   corelational and in term of objective is exploratory research. The main tool for thisresearch was a researcher made questionnaire. The statistical population of thisresearch was all the managers and experts of the agricultural products insurancethat included 240 people and the sample size was determined based on Morgan'stable 144.In this study, first based on a literature review and a review of research recordsand also agricultural products insurance fund reports, seven main categoriesof obstacles were identified. Rating obstacles using univariate T  test indicatedthat the mean of all classes was larger than the value of the test, that is three,and all the factors studied had a confidence level of more than 0.999. Also theresults of univariate T  test and Friedman showed that seven key influentialfactors in the implementation of strategies developed by agricultural productsinsurance in order of prioritize are: 1. political, environmental, and backgroundfactors, 2. structural and infrastructural factors, 3. organizational resourcesfactor, 4. planning and evaluation system factors, 5. organizational harmony andcommunications, 6. organizational culture, and, 7. management.The recommendations of this research include: establishing "development ofagricultural insurance" specialized parent company, developing strategic planswith regard to private sector insurance industry, and investigating the influencingfactors of private agricultural insurance industry.

The assessment of the culture part in 1st to 4th Development Programs shows that there is still a long way to achieve their goals and desired consequences. If we approach it from the perspective of policy making science، we understand that this problem is because of the cultural policy implementation barriers. In fact، implementation of cultural policies of the 1st to 4th Development Programs have confronted limitations resulting in incomplete achievement of the goals despite many efforts. In this research، causes of this problem have been discovered by using the experiences and viewpoints of the implementers of the cultural policies during the last two decades and cultural experts، and their interactions have been showed in a model. In this research which has been performed by “thematic analysis” methodology، 18 in-depth interviews were held with the implementers of the cultural policies and experts and analyzed by the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA in three stages of descriptive coding، interpretive coding and overarching themes. The result was 555 codes، 248 descriptive themes، 22 interpretive themes and finally the pathological model of the implementation of the cultural policies of 1st to 4th Development Programs. This model explores the cultural policies implementation barriers in 5 fields of “meta policy-making system”، “cultural system”، “cultural policy-making system”، “society (people)” and “interactions between cultural system and society”.

adhered to p.ew York Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards since 2003, according to Article 9 of Iranian Civil Code, the Convention’s provisions are treated as part of Iranian laws and regulations. This essay, in order to clarify the enforcement regime provided by p.ew York Convention, which is p.ow part of the positive legal system of the country, after having a look on background and importance of the Convention, has explained the Convention’s scope, enforcement procedure, conditions and obstacles. It also has discussed the relevant general and special rules governing conflicts of conventions and their interactions. Both theoretical and practical aspects of the matter have been considered in this Article.

Any company or organization, whether large or small, needs marketing plan for the achievement of its marketing and corporate objectives, an output of which is marketing strategies. The correct implementation of marketing strategies is the final stage of the planning process and an assurance of its marketing success. Findings of marketing researches reveal that companies applying marketing strategies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage often encounter implementation problems at various levels of organizational hierarchy. The main purpose of this paper is to classify various barriers impeding effective implementation of marketing strategies and further to prioritize them for the case of Iran Khodro Company. First, a list of barriers is presented, based on the international literature which is then customized based on the opinions of the experts in the company, utilizing one sample t- tests and Friedman test. Findings show that managerial barriers rank highest among the eight categories. Structural, cultural, perceptual, strategic, operational, human power and resource barriers rank second to eight, respectively. This means that in Iran Khodro Company the shortage of resources is not a serious barrier to marketing strategies, but rather the other factors.