جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نظریه عمل" در نشریات گروه "علوم انسانی"

In terms of meaning, rhetoric, and literature, the term "Esteghaseh" refers to requesting intercession. In ancient Arab literature, a type of poetry with the theme of supplication called "Esteghaseh" emerged, employing two spiritual and material instruments: "trusting" and "bonding," to seek a change in the target society's circumstances. The literary themes of Esteghaseh convey the social responsibility and artistic commitment of the poets, according to research by literature and literary history scholars. To gain a deeper understanding of why this type of poetry is written, it is evident that theories examining society's knowledge and specific people at the time will be useful. In this descriptive and analytical study, an attempt was made to utilize Pierre Bourdieu's sociological perspective. According to this theory, social commitment, action, and reaction reflect society's character. The sociological analysis of this crucial issue will disclose the impact of dominant social structures on the submissive class in society.Some verses on the subject of Esteghaseh led to uninformed behavior in the social structure during the age of ignorance and resistance to compulsions issued by the ruling class. Therefore, during Muslim rule in Andalusia, factors such as constant economic and political conflicts, moral corruption among rulers, attacks, and catastrophes resulting from crusades led to the development of this type of poetry and its evolution into an independent art form. Additionally, investigating why praise does not last as well as gradual disobedience and complaint against ruling laws with time can be done by taking into account praise for ruling class along with requests for help in this type of literature.

Iranian hand-woven carpet as a domestic and national art and cultural text of society is facing many problems and challenges today. Explaining the reasons of these problems or some of them has been less studied from sociological point of view despite the presence of this cultural product in social life. Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of action is one of the most important theories in the field of sociology of art, which has made it possible to analyze different areas of art. The analysis and attempt to formulate the field of carpets according to this theory is the subject of this research. Since hand-woven carpets encompass numerous fields, this study examines three market fields (large manufacturers and exporters), designers and weavers, which are closer than other fields within the framework of this theory and Bourdieu’s system. In this way, the art of carpet weaving and hand-woven carpets are studied and analyzed according to the principles of action theory. Some of the research findings are as follows: Among the carpet fields, the bazaar field has a wider scope and is closer to Bourdieu’s vision of the field and the actors and the pursuit of power and capital. The actors of this field belong to the wealthy class and have all kinds of capital, but they try and compete with each other and exercise symbolic power and violence to gain more capital and resources. Designers and weavers belong to the middle and lower classes and have no capital and other resources. In the field of designers and weavers, although the actors try to make profit, there is no competition and symbolic power. Hence, the type of class, the type of profession, and the position of these actors, and finally the amount of capital and income they earn, do not matter and do not correspond to the market class. Even if one recognizes the need to study the impact of other fields on carpets, it has been shown that the field of Iranian hand-woven carpets, depending on its size, is restless and opaque and does not have the necessary independence, the power to use force and conflict to distribute or balance the capital in all its own fields.

There is a two-way relationship between society and literature so that each one affects the other. In his theory of practice, Bourdieu deals with the interaction between literature and society and their mutual impact on each other. In the present article using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of “practice”, three concepts of habitus, field, and action have been considered as the basis of analysis to provide a sociological investigation of Ahmad Shamlou’s poems and to clarify the way of thinking and type of action of this contemporary innovative poet. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical in nature and fundamental-theoretical based on the purpose. The findings indicated that the poet’s habitus, which was based on the type of personal and social education in the family and society, was a fixed and stable habitus and with a special taste (habitus) in the face of the ruling power (field), to the extent that he had the available capital, he chose his lifestyle according to the position (pole of independence) in which he was located, due to the dialectical contradiction (between habitus and field), he chose a difficult and highly negative position. The poet performed different actions, the result of which was composing socio-political poems and, above all, innovating the sub-field of Persian poetry production.

Society and literature have a reciprocal and reciprocal relationship and literary works are creatures of life and the social environment. Bourdieu's theory of the practice of interaction between literature and society and their mutual impact on each other. The field, mode, and action form the three pillars of the theory of action. This theory is one of the applied theories for the sociological analysis of literary texts which is based on the theoretical framework of this research. In this speech, the final collection of Shahnameh, the hymns of Akhavan-Saleh, is based on the theory of Bourdieu's action with a descriptive analytical approach. The research findings indicate that the Brotherhood is located on an independent pole below the Persian poetry production field. He has a stable and stable clerk and has never put his poetry at the mercy of the masters of power and the owners of wealth. Homeland, return to the past, despair and despair, criticism and protest, alienation, reverence to the rulers of the time, justice and oppression, the harboring of the country's patrons and ... can be one of the most important His actions are cited.

Although some piecemeal efforts have been made to investigate the validity and use of the Iranian PhD exam¡ no systematic project has been specifically carried out in this regard. The current study¡ hence¡ tried to attend to this void. As such¡ to ensure a balanced focus on test interpretation and test consequence¡ and to track evidence derived from a mixed–method study on the validity of Iranian PhD entrance exam of TEFL (IPEET)¡ this study drew on a hybrid of two argument-based structures: Kane''s (1992) argument model and Bennett''s (2010) theory of action. Resting on the network of inferences and assumptions borrowed from the hybridized framework¡ the study investigated the extent to which the proposed assumptions would be supported by empirical evidence. It also examined the unintended consequences that may possibly be revealed through this validity investigation. Three sources of data informed the present study: (a) Test score data from about 1000 PhD applicants'' taking IPEET test administered in 2014¡ (b) questionnaires completed by university professors and PhD students of TEFL¡ and finally¡ (c) telephone and focus-group interviews with university professors and PhD students of TEFL¡ respectively. The results from the analysis of mixed-method data indicated that all the inferences proposed for this study were rebutted¡ suggesting that some unintended consequences have happened to the technical as well as the decision quality of this test¡ hence its invalidity. Findings also provided valuable insights and suggestions for the betterment of the present content and current policy of IPEET in Iran.

According to the basic concepts such "Habitus" and "Field" as a clear example of Bourdieu's integrated approach, dialectical relationship between these two concepts and the outcome of the operation as the unit of analysis in his theory, the sociological approach and practice theory of Bourdieu described. In this regard, drawing Bourdieu's theory of language and symbolic power (the linguistic nature of the dialectical relationship) and his view on the distinction and the different forms of capital as an integrated approach by some arguments.
Finally, attempt to answer this question is whether has been successful Bourdieu's eclectic approach simultaneous emphasizing to the structure and agency or not? The results show that Bourdieu's eclectic approach faced to the theoretical challenges for excessive emphasis on structure, reproduction, and in a sense for behalf of objective dimension and hard belief to foundation of social reality. Eventually, his eclectic approach for greater emphasis on structure and reproduction faced theoretical challenges.

According to Avicenna’s picture of the principles of volitional acts, humans perceive the pleasure (utility/goodness) or pain (harm/badness) of a thing. Then they develop a desire or an interest to that thing, on the basis of which a will arises, and then the nerves or the agential faculties inherent in the muscles bring about muscular movements and hereby the act is done. This is a general picture the components of which can be gathered from different works of Avicenna, but these components are not prima facie—or even in fact—consistent. One important feature of Avicenna’s theory of action is that all the three of external faculties, (estimation) vahemah, and intellect (aql) play their role in the perception of pleasures, but each perceives a particular kind of pleasure in a particular manner. Moreover, Avicenna’s argument for the existence of volition and the role of estimation and practical reason in actions seems problematic.