جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هنجار » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Social and cooperative institutions, under titles such as non-governmental organizations, make an important contribution in civic education and socialization of people in actions and reactions required for interactions, communications, and regulation of human beings social life, and accordingly they can provide and guarantee the social order and consequently the legal order. The mosque is one of the historical models of non-governmental social organizations in which we can study various aspects of education and training of the citizens in the areas of convergence, synergy, and solidarity for the realization of a desirable and decent society. By taking a documentary and library approach and studying the literature, it has been found that moral education in the institution of mosque cultivates a person who is committed to social and legal norms, yielding to the advancement of social and legal civility and sociability. Basically, It is possible to maintain that a person trained by a mosque and a religious board has a greater practical commitment to complying with social and legal rules and regulations; a society founded on mosque-oriented education and an internal control approach (in the absence of external control), will train people who adhere more to the social order and the legal order, and at a lower cost, the result will be an optimal and more worthy society.

Today, smartphones are very popular among young people. With smartphones, people can communicate with others anytime and anywhere. As a result, the scope of interpersonal interactions changes and brings opportunities for the development of interpersonal relationships (Zhen et al, 2019). Smartphone addiction refers to the possible effects of smartphone use on schoolwork, daily life, and interpersonal relationships. In a worse situation, a person may repeatedly violate social norms. Most of the previous studies focused on the relationships between smartphone addiction and the personality of smartphone addicts (Mosalanejad et al, 2019), shyness (Han et al, 2017), melancholia, negative emotion traits (Chen et al, 2016), and Peer relationships (Wang et al, 2018). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of social norms of using smart phones on interpersonal relationships with the mediating role of smartphone addiction and shyness in selected athletes of student Olympiads in the country.

The research method is descriptive and was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the research was the students who participated in the Olympiads of the best student sports talents in 1401. According to Morgan's table, the sample was selected in the number of 384 people and the multi-stage cluster sampling method was available. The research tools included Chan's (2015) smartphone social norms questionnaire, Hong's (2020) interpersonal relationship questionnaire, Hong et al.'s (2012) smartphone addiction questionnaire, and Stanford's shyness questionnaire (1990) were used. To ensure the validity of the questionnaires, after compiling them, the opinions and guidance of expert professors in the science of sports management were used and their opinions were included in the final questionnaire. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaires, 30 copies were distributed in the preliminary study on a sample that was completely randomly selected, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the social norms of smartphone use (α = 0.78), interpersonal relationship questionnaire (0.80) =α), smartphone addiction (α=0.75) and shyness (α=0.89) were obtained. In the following, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Kalmogrof-Smirnov, structural equation modeling) methods were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Version 22 and Smart Plus version 3 were used at a significance level of p≤05

The results of the research showed that social norms have a significant effect on interpersonal relationships and shyness plays a mediating role in the relationship between social norms and interpersonal relationships. The value of Sobel's statistic for smartphone addiction (1.40) and shyness (2) was reported that because shyness variables exceed the critical value of 1.96, it can be said that shyness plays a mediating role in the relationship between social norms and interpersonal relationships. have. But it is not significant for the smartphone addiction variable according to the value calculated for the Sobel statistic.

Therefore, it is suggested that positive social norms in society should be emphasized more by families and educational institutions, including education, in order to use them to create positive relationships between students.

Therefore, it is suggested that positive social norms in society should be emphasized more by families and educational institutions, including education, in order to use them to create positive relationships between students

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the factors affecting lawlessness in sports and youth departments of Kerman province. The research approach is qualitative. The participants in this research included elites in the field of organizational behavior in sports. The selected sample is done by the theoretical method and its judgment type. In this research, based on the four criteria proposed by Goba and Lincoln, validity, confirmability, reliability and transferability were considered in order to increase the quality of the research. Retest reliability method was used to measure reliability, which refers to the consistency of data classification over time. The intra-subject agreement is equal to 0.87 which is suitable. Based on the findings of the interview, the factors affecting law evasion in sports and youth departments of Kerman province include inefficient structure, inefficient management, regulatory laws, individual and social norms. The category of inefficient structure includes the components of inappropriate organizational culture, inappropriate organizational structure, lack of stability, lack of meritocracy. The category of ineffective management includes the weakness of creativity and innovation, injustice and inequality, unreasonable management style; The category of regulatory laws includes weak laws and regulations, weak monitoring and inspection; The category of individual and social norms includes individual spirituality, tendency to individualism, individual values, media characteristics, and cultural and social values. Therefore, in order to reduce lawlessness, these components should be carefully examined and controlled.

The central issue of this article is the nature and rationale behind the formality of extra-constitutional principles and cases in the current constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. For this reason, we have discussed and debated using a descriptive and analytical method while adopting a critical approach. According to our research findings, the aforementioned principles and cases are two separate and distinct topics. The identification and formalization of these in the constitution itself is a flaw. In other words, the restriction of such categories is not acceptable and is justified only for the purpose of maintaining stability and ensuring the rule of the constitution, but their expanded scope poses issues. Therefore, the criteria considered by the fundamental legislator of the Islamic Republic of Iran, after reviewing the entry of items with a structural and normative description under Article 177, are criticized from the perspective of this article.
However, it must be acknowledged that the current constitution of the country has solid scholarly and popular foundations, and its orientation in this field seems logical. From our perspective, any form of support for the constitution as the paramount political legal document of the nation and any amendments to its content should be carried out while respecting the principles of republicanism and Islamism, ensuring their maintenance and safeguarding.

 Language is the most important means of communication in human societies. Language uses for different needs. Sometimes it has a positive and negative meaning. Therefore, in linguistics, language is considered a double-edged sword that needs using with awareness. Translating taboo phrases and words is one of the most difficult types of translations. In translating taboo words, the translator require paying attention to ideology, culture, norms and religion considerations. In the field of taboo translation, there are different views among researchers, linguists and theorist. One group believes that taboo words or expressions are untranslatable, the other has proposed solutions. Iranian women and girls have always respected moral and cultural principles of society. The change of lifestyle, the development of technology, global communication and their education and awareness have had a significant impact on their life over the past years until today. Since these changes and transformations may also affect the style and context of writing and translation, this research has investigated two groups of female Sunni translators between the years (1351-1361) and (1371-1381) to Evaluate and compare the methods used when facing taboo words or phrases.

Background of the study:

 The dynamics of language and culture play a significant role in the life of societies. The beauty of literary texts is based on the use of cultural elements that show the values, beliefs, and convictions of any culture. In translation studies, culture plays a key role, since language originates from it. Culture and cultural elements are among the untranslatable features of the source language. They make a translator in trouble. To understand these cultural elements, the translator must be aware of the meta-linguistic knowledge of the target language. Moreover, the cultural gap between the two languages is major problem. During the process of socialization, a person gets to know the norms. According to Toury, "norms are not absolute social and cultural phenomena, they might be abandoned at some point, so other phenomena will replace them. The act of translation is also a social and cultural behavior that is based on norms" (Khazaei and Ghazizadeh, 2014, p 94). 

 The statistical population of this research consists of two groups of female translators. The first group consists of 12 female translators between the years (1351-1361) who have graduated from the English language translation course during the past years. The second group includes 12 female translators between the years (1371-1381) who have graduated or are still studying in this course. In this research, Khosh saliqeh, Ameri & Mehdizadkhani (2018) classification of taboo translation strategies used as a theoretical framework. All the participants gave a week to translate the sentences given to them carefully. Those participants who did not live in Sari received the selected sentences in WhatsApp, and the participants who lived in Sari received sentences in printed format at the Islamic Azad University of Sari, and translation institutes

 According to the findings of this study, both groups of translators have been influenced by the culture and norms of Iranian society. The results of this research show that female translators born between the years (1371-1381) were more familiar with the translation solutions of taboo words than female translators between the years (1351-1361). According to the findings of this study, female translators between the years (1371-1381) used the maintenance and substitution method more and female translators between the years (1351-1361) used deletion method more.

One of the economic phenomena that has been investigated in different ways by researchers, is the problem of bank runoff. A bank rush refers to a situation where depositors suddenly withdraw their deposits due to fear of the safety of their deposits, in a mostly emotional reaction, which can lead to bank failure.

In this article, while combining the architecture of Emotional X-machine for the emotional agent  and Norma Emergence(NOE) for the normative agent, a model for the emotional-normative agent is presented and through it, the role of social norms in preventing ​​the bank rush phenomenon through simulation in Netlogo’s environment provided.

In a situation where without the use of normative reasoning, by activating the contagion of emotions and using 15 secondary agents, we have faced 100% bank failures. By activating normative reasoning, considering the mean of 0.5 for agreeableness personality variable and using the initial normative population of 50%, the number of bank failures will decrease to about 50%. By increasing the initial normative population to 100%, bank rush is completely contained.

Finally, the results obtained from the simulation clearly confirm the effectiveness of normative variables in preventing the occurrence of bank runs.

This article deals with the place of psychological development in Iran's public policy. The necessity of this issue is because the explanation of a series of psychological factors will determine the reasons for the realization of development policy. The purpose is to explain the indicators of psychological development and in the general policy of development. In the importance of the present discussion, it should be said that value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality play a fundamental role in examining the results of the public policy process in Iran. The question here is what is the place of psychological development in public policy making? The hypothesis states that psychological development by institutionalizing indicators such as value, belief, norm, behavior and rationality in Iran can lead to sustainable development of the country. The theoretical framework, inspired by the theories of psychological renewal, seeks to consolidate the proof of the hypothesis. Therefore, with the help of descriptive and analytical method, the desired indicators have been explained. The results showed that the development of psychological indicators and good governance lead to the realization of general development policies in Iran.

"Must" and "Is" and the relationship between them has always been the main subject in traditional and even modern philosophies. In the last century, this subject has gone from philosophy to sociology of science and has researched the collective and scientific life of researchers and scientists as a concrete subject. In these reflections, contrary to the philosophical view which mainly seeks the independence and purity of science from non−science and considers the idea of pure science in the world of ideas or in the mind’s scientists or in the realm of immutable and fix "entities", this eternal and fixed entities have given way to temporal, spatial, and social entities, and thus a different kind of relationship has emerged; A relationship that has led to different Must. This has led to a major shift in methodological considerations and philosophical and sociological analyzes of research topics, including methodology of science and standard epistemology. In this article, after mentioning a brief history of the relationship between these two categories in traditional philosophy, we try to point out the semantic changes and methods that have occurred in the relationship between them, especially in the sociology of science and knowledge in modern times.

Legislation and creating an institution for legislation in Iran has a long history; And it refers to the processes and stages in which rules and regulations are formulated and regulated and finally becomes a law in the framework of a legal system and shapes the beneficiaries, citizens and institutions and regulates their behavior. Legislation, as a general matter, is also affected by the structures and norms of the context in which it is located, and on the other hand, through its legislation, it affects the same structure and norms. Therefore, knowing the obstacles to the realization of a good and desirable legislative system as a part of the structure of good governance can help to improve the legislative process in Iran and achieve good governance in this field. The question of the current research is, what are the priorities and requirements of the legislative process in Iran? In response to this question, the current research using the descriptive-analytical method and in the form of the theory of governance, the structural priorities of the legislative process in Iran, including the quality of legislation, the monitoring program of laws and regulations, revision policies and the formulation of laws and regulations, Reforming the system of monitoring the executive branch and increasing the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and citizenship has been considered.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the components of social capital in law enforcement and its impact on the sense of social security in Mazandaran province. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of descriptive method. The statistical population of the study included the citizens of Mazandaran province in 1398. The statistical sample size was 458 based on Cochran's formula and according to the population of the population, the research tool included a researcher-made questionnaire. After converting the concepts into reagents, appropriate items were prepared for each of the reagents and were compiled in the form of a questionnaire which was distributed by cluster sampling. The questionnaire had face and content validity. In order to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, two methods of internal consistency and retest were used. To determine the relationships between variables, the method of analysis of structural equation models using AMOS software has been used. Findings showed that social capital and its dimensions are effective on social security. Among the components of social capital; Social norms and trust had the greatest impact on social security.

Constructivism is one of the most widely used theoretical approach for analizing foreign policy. But this approach has failed yet to provide the researches with a coherent and modeled framework. Therefore, many studies have not been sufficiently aware of the theoretical, methodological and conceptual necessities that should have been considered in foreign policy analysis. For this reason, they have undergone superficial analysis and "theoretical reductionism". For example, constructivists in ontology have not addressed "anthropology" and "socialization." Such a "problem" stems from the nature of constructivism; because constructivism is a buffer and synthesis of positivism and post-structuralism, has included a paradoxical combination of objective and subjective elements in foreign policy analysis. Therefore, empirical studies require methodical theoretical studies. With the aim of compiling a research guide for constructivist researchers, the question is addressed: based on constructivism what are the theoretical foundations and requirements of research in foreign policy analysis. According to our findings, the study of foreign policy requires the analysis of constructivism in the five dimensions of ontology, epistemology, methodology, typology and conceptology. In ontology, "level of analysis" and "units of analysis" must be specified: micro level (anthropology, socialization and stateology) and macro level (international system, international organizations, international law, international structures and agents). In epistemology, the relationship between knowledge and value, subject and object, explanation and interpretation, reality and truth, material and meaning are analyzed. Ontology and epistemology determine the method of research: quantitative or qualitative. Then the type of constructivism is chosen: interpretive, critical, and post-modern or positivist. Finally, the basic conceptual constructs are extracted and defined: inter-subjectivity, constructivism, culture, identity, idea, knowledge, norm, and socialization. These five requirements indicate the complexity and difficulty of constructivist analysis of foreign policy.

As science grows, the branches of science distance themselves from the main stem and sometimes, as necessary, re-establish themselves in the position of connecting and interacting with other branches. After the separation of psychology from philosophy, many attempts have been made to establish links between epistemology - as one of the main branches of philosophy - on the one hand, and empirical psychology - as one of the separate branches of philosophy - on the other hand. Using analytical-descriptive methods the aim of the present study is to explain new paths based on psychological texts that allow the closeness of two independent branches of epistemology and psychology more than before; paths that can be less traced in the domestic research literature. In this direction, what is more intended is to send epistemological services to psychology, not the other way around. Theories and findings of psychology, as one of the disciplines of the humanities, are more subservient to cultures, values, and anthropological and epistemological foundations; therefore, epistemological services to psychology will be important. In this article, while discussing the possibility and necessity of exchanging communication and services between these two fields of study, four communication paths have been specifically identified and examined in more detail, which are: explanation and critique of psychological theories, explanation and critique of research methodology, explanation and critique the norms and tools used in psychology and finally critique the common grammar in psychology. It is said that in the nineteenth century, empirical psychology was separated from philosophy. Bishop and Trout, narrate the separation of the two. For much of the history of Western reasoning, from Plato to Kant, psychology has been a part of philosophy. But in the mid- nineteenth century, psychology created a rift, and divorce was introduced with Wundt's laboratory. Since then, philosophy, like a failed lover, has been trying to revive this relationship (Bishop & Trout, 2005). Psychology took the empirical path and philosophy as an intellectual and argumentative science continued its independent path. After decades of apparent separation, signs of a connection between the two areas reappeared. The simplest argument is that it is not possible to find a well- known psychologist who does not adhere to any kind of philosophical thought or theory just for the sake of his positive or negative attitude towards philosophy; nor is there a psychological school that does not presuppose some philosophical principles (Hatami, 2010). The reconnection between philosophy and psychology occurred especially in the most central branch of philosophy, epistemology. For example, when epistemological issues such as the process of feeling, memory, imagination and concept were considered by psychologists, the two approached each other and began their interactions (Fa'ali, 2000, second edition, p.39). Another event that brought philosophy and psychology closer together was the evolution of the philosophy of science, in which psychology sought to move beyond the positivist empirical science. The views of Thomas Cohen, Lakatosh and Feyerabend were effective in this regard (Azarbayjani, 2012, pp.14-15). Breaking the barrier of empiricism spontaneously paved the way for interaction with other non-empirical realms, especially philosophy. However, it should be noted that establishing a link between philosophy and psychology, and especially between the central branch of philosophy, namely epistemology and psychology, as it may seem, will not be an easy task. Goldman (1985) emphasizes that many attempts have been made to make the connection between epistemology and psychology, but little agreement has been reached on how such a connection should be made. Therefore, the study of ways to link these two areas of study should continue. Another proof is the book "Difficult Chapters in the Relationship between Psychology and Epistemology", published in 1989, edited by Hess. As the title suggests, linking these two areas, while necessary, is not an easy task.Leading study is an attempt to clarify the communication between epistemology (as one of the branches of philosophy) with contemporary psychology.

The transformation of the international legal system from state-centered to humanist has led to the increasing attention of the international community to human rights principles, and it is believed that some of these principles are jus cogens or customary international law and are beyond satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary for the domestic law of countries to comply with the requirements of these norms.In the process of observing the performance of the government by international observer bodies, one of the important criteria in assessing the human rights behavior of the government is the judgments of the courts that if they do not comply with international human rights principles, they will cause the government international responsibility.

The present study, assuming the existence of two authoritarian and human rights approaches among judges, intends to explain the characteristics of ideal judgement conform to human rights principles through an analytical-descriptive method.

Despite the high status of human rights principles in the international legal system and government’s liability for observing them, these norms are not considered in national courts in the litigation process and there is no effective planning to promote this approach in the judiciary. Whereas from the perspective of international human rights bodies and observers, the judgments of the courts are very important in evaluating the country's legal system, as a result, the above approach causes the country's judicial system not to have a proper position in the viewpoint of these observers and to face challenges to the country. The characteristics presented in this study reduce these challenges and align the approach of judges with the international human rights system.

The aim of the present study was to constructing a norm of health-related fitness in men aged 18 - 60 years old in Rasht city. The study was descriptive and performed using the survey method in which 384 men aged 18-60 from Rasht city were systematically selected using cluster sampling method. Weight, height, BMI, WHR, skinfold of 3 points, aerobic power, handgrip strength, trunk flexibility, abdomen and shoulder girdle muscular endurance were measured using the standard tests. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics, z-score, and percentiles were used in each test and the norm of each fitness factor was constructed according to the percentiles. Mean aerobic power (48.14 ml/kg/min), handgrip strength (54.28 kg), abdomen muscular endurance (34.77 sit-ups), shoulder girdle muscular endurance (32.39 push-ups), trunk flexibility (26.52 cm), body fat (25.76 %), BMI (26.38 kg/m2) and WHR (0.96) of the subjects were observed. The results showed that most 18-60 aged men in Rasht city have middle status in relation to body composition and are relatively good in relation to other fitness factors. Fortunately, in most of the physical fitness factors, Rashti men are in a better status than other regions of Iran and even other countries. However, there is little data on the norm of physical fitness of the population of the age group studied in this study (aged 18-60) in Iran, which suggests that studies be conducted in this regard.

Due to the importance of the capital in the element of political structure of space with its function and political-administrative identity, its developments have an irreplaceable role in the geopolitics of the country and the region. Currently, social capital has become one of the most important and widely used concepts in the field of social studies. Recent economic and sociological research shows that social capital also affects key economic, political, and social variables. The present study examines the relationship between social capital and the level of people's expectations of the authorities. This research is based on Putnam's theory of social capital and the Nina research model. The main issue that we seek to investigate in this study is “what effect the increase in people's expectations of the authorities has on their social capital”. The main hypothesis that we are trying to test in this research is that in the city of Tehran, the more people expect from the authorities, the lower the social capital and their trust in the authorities, which is the most important part of social capital. The statistical population of the research in the present report includes all citizens over 20 years of age who have been selected through random sampling with size-appropriate classification. The statistical population of the study consists of all people over 20 years old living in Tehran, the sample size is estimated 384 people based on Cochran's formula. In this study, we seek to examine the relationship between social capital and the level of people's expectations of the authorities. Increasing expectations will have negative consequences for the country if it is not accompanied by an increase in efficiency or is faster than efficiency. Also, the choice of Tehran as a statistical community is due to the importance and impact that the capital of a country could have. Definitions in the field of social capital are many and varied, while thinkers such as Bourdieu and Coleman focus their approaches on social capital at the level of individuals and families, Putnam examines this concept as a large-scale asset. Bourdieu, for example, emphasizes that social capital is a set of potential or actual resources linked to sustainable network ownership and assets with more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual and mutual acquaintances and awareness. In other words, social capital is formed from social obligations and relationships between members of a group. In the present study, the theoretical framework was selected based on the theories of Putnam and Joseph Nye, which is discussed in detail in the main text of the report. Increasing expectations will have negative consequences for the country if it is not accompanied by an increase in efficiency or is faster than efficiency. This effect is so significant that Alexei Dotokuil points to the rise in expectations of the French Revolution, arguing that the rise in expectations of the French people, although accompanied by a relative increase in welfare, was due to the fact that it was faster than the growth of welfare in society. It led to a revolution in the country. The unreasonable increase of expectations in the society has very bad consequences to the extent that it can question the legitimacy of the system and undermine the people's trust in the authorities. If such a thing happens, even the positive actions of the authorities will not be seen by the people, and other crises will be created, especially the crisis of legitimacy in the society. Expectations are also more concerned with the psychological and mental dimension of human beings, which has a direct effect on it and then can have indirect and practical consequences in society.

One of the main questions of political thought is how power is limited. In ancient times, the way of governing was that tyranny was the common denominator of all governments in any form and form such as monarchy, kingdom and empire. The political structure in the Shahnameh, as a source of narration of the history of political thought in ancient Iran, was based on the power of a benevolent individual, following the political structure of other empires. But in the political structure of Shahnameh, the methods and methods of exercising power have a specific form that very limited the circle of power of the rulers and provides a new narrative that is very important in terms of political issues. In this regard, by studying the Shahnameh, we seek to answer the question of what limitations the exercise of power as the main factor in maintaining the kingdom in the Shahnameh has faced? What are the factors affecting the limitation of power? Our hypothesis in this study is as follows. Despite the fact that the power structure in the Shahnameh is in the hands of the Shah himself, but the power of the Shahriars has been limited by religious force, norms, high social classes and the people.