جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گروه های تروریستی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The Middle East region is the most important crisis region in the world. The existence of many crises and conflicts in this region began in 2003 after the attacks of the United States of America on Iraq, and after that it reached its peak with the beginning of protest movements in the Arab world, including the Syrian crisis. Meanwhile, one of the most important crises that this region is facing in the last two decades is the formation of terrorist groups. By carrying out terrorist attacks and creating instability, these groups have endangered the security of different countries in the world. The main question of this research is what are the most important effects of the spread of terrorist groups on global security? the results of the research show that the creation and expansion of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), Jabhat al-Nusra, etc., on the one hand, have led to the defense policy of the Middle East countries leading to an increase in arms purchases and the competition of power poles in It has increased the area. On the other hand, it led to the recruitment of new members from other regions such as Europe and Central Asia, and finally, due to the return of foreign members of these groups to their home countries, it led to an increase in terrorist attacks in other Middle Eastern countries and some European countries such as England and Germany. Is. This research has studied this issue with descriptive-analytical method and using library resources.

the eastern border areas of Iran, due to the presence of factors such as poverty and deprivation of border residents on both sides of the border, geographical and geopolitical location of the borders, security instability and political tensions in Afghanistan, etc., in addition to insecurity and potential threats, cause violent movements. It has become a terrorist group. The purpose of the current research is the pathology of dealing with terrorist groups in the borders of Sabeb province.

the current research is practical in terms of its purpose; And in terms of nature, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population includes all the commanders of border regiments and border posts of the Sub-Border Command, which was selected using the non-proportional multi-stage cluster sampling method in the number of 30 people. The research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire; For the validity of the questionnaire, face validity was used and Cronbach's alpha formula was used for its reliability, and the results show a good correlation (a>70%).

The findings indicate that the "guidance and command" variable ranks first with an average of (4.79); the "Equipment and facilities" variable with an average of (4.66) second place; the "Education" variable with an average of (3.77) ranks third; And the variable of "supervision and inspection" with an average of (2.17) ranks fourth in the direction of effectively dealing with terrorist groups.

education factors; Equipment and facilities; guidance and command; and the monitoring considered in the vulnerability of the marine and border units of Sistan and Baluchistan province are effective in dealing with terrorist groups. Therefore, commanders and managers should be extremely careful in upgrading the level of these components in border units.

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the experiences of organizational experts about various obstacles and challenges of inter-organizational interactions and communications between the police and the country's intelligence and security community in order to deal with terrorist groups.

This research is qualitative and phenomenological in nature. Sampling was done in a purposeful way and the participants were selected based on the rule of theoretical saturation, 10 experts and experts related to terrorist groups and police inter-organizational communication were selected. Content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The research tool is a semi-structured interview, which includes open-ended questions. To measure validity and reliability, the prepared content was provided to two experts, and the opinions provided about the interview were applied, and participants were helped in analyzing and interpreting the data. became.

The findings of this research consisted of 50 simple concepts, of which 37 concepts were related to the challenges and obstacles of inter-organizational interaction, and in the next stages, these concepts were categorized in the form of 7 general concepts. The results indicate that the main challenges of the police interaction with the responsible agencies in dealing with terrorist groups are: the multiplicity and contradiction of upstream documents; lack of centralization of information management; Weakness in the efficiency of decision-making institutions; Guarantee of implementation of approvals; inconsistency in the field of action; Interactive culture and attitude and information and knowledge sharing.

Obligations of states to fight terrorismAbstractInternational rules and regulations confirm the two main points: a comprehensive struggle and a ban on any interactions and support for terrorist groups; but today, some political imperatives have led to widespread widespread interactions with certain terrorist groups behind the curtain of some states, which is a stimulus to redress the responsibilities of governments towards roles. And their assignments in the process of international life against other actors. With this interpretation, we re-examine the general responsibility of the governments towards the phenomenon of terrorism, and, in addition, we will observe the additional and special responsibilities of the states against other actors in international relations. Considering the danger of these groups for global peace and security and international prohibitions, we continue to see the material and spiritual support of some states from the terrible phenomenon of terrorism, which makes international responsibility a matter for supportive governments. The ability of the international community to take responsibility for these governments and the drafting of this responsibility under the draft international governments' engagement is debatable.Keywords: international responsibility, terrorist groups, governments,

Border areas are considered as one of the most important security bottlenecks of any country. Continuous surveillance and monitoring of these areas is one of the main priorities of the border guard forces and one of the main components of ensuring the security of these areas. With the advancements in space and aerial imaging technologies, border monitoring operations have been done more quickly and accurately. Iran is known as one of the risky border countries due to the extent of border lines and the presence of numerous terrorist groups around its borders that identifying and eliminating these potential and actual risks requires intelligence elites regarding threatening events in these areas. Based on the needs of the border guards in order to identify the passage routes of criminals and terrorist groups, in this research, a method to detect and identify the tracks of vehicles using multi-time SAR images has been presented. First, the used images were modified in terms of the required pre-processing and the errors of SAR images, and in the next step, using phase information and the Coherence Change Detection (CCD) algorithm, the track of the vehicle was identified in the images. In order to evaluate the capability of the proposed method, the usual methods of detecting changes were also applied to the images. The results of the research show the high capability of the proposed method in identifying unauthorized border crossing corridors. The results of this research can be used as one of the components of security at the borders of the country.

So far, many researches have been conducted on the topic of interaction and inter-organizational communication and various solutions have been presented. The police command is also recognized as one of the important organizations in charge of security in the country due to its diverse missions and the description of assigned duties, and accordingly, the statistical categories in the mentioned researches are also aimed at the police; Therefore, the main goal in this research is to identify and calculate the variables and indicators in the interaction and inter-organizational communication between the police and the responsible agencies in past researches.

The current research has evaluated the previous articles in different dimensions by using the meta-analysis method and emphasizing on inter-organizational interactions and communications. The statistical community includes all the researches conducted from 2011 to the end of 2021 in the field of the subject under study. Through targeted sampling, the number of 15 researches (research articles, promotional articles, and dissertations) related to the subject were selected through the scientific database and examined based on different criteria.

the highest ranking of research results and findings with a quantity of 18.8% related to cooperation, interaction and inter-organizational communication and its effect on providing public security and crime prevention; The second rank with a quantity of 14.2% is assigned to culture building and organizational culture and its effect on inter-organizational interactions, and the third rank with a quantity of 14.2% is assigned to the role of managers and management style in inter-organizational interactions. Also, "Strategies and policies in inter-organizational interactions", "Laws and regulations in inter-organizational interactions" and "Effect of structural factors on inter-organizational interactions" are in the next ranks with the quantity of 11.9% respectively.

The attribution of actions by terrorist groups to states is a controversial and important issue that has undermined international peace and security. The author has conducted a descriptive-analytical study on this subject using library research methods. The results show that between the two theories of overall and effective control the former provides a much better basis regarding the responsibility of states for supporting terrorist groups. The theory of overall control was established by the ICTY’s Appeals Chamber in the Tadic case, which argued that the effective control criterion provided by the International Court of Justice was contrary to the logic of state responsibility. Of course, the theory of overall control is facing challenges in terms of explaining the attribution of terrorist groups to states. Firstly the relationship between supporting states and terrorist groups such as ISIS is so complicated that it is not easy to examine the extent to which governments support such groups, as they try to keep their ties to these groups completely secret. Secondly, in some cases even overall control over terrorist groups such as ISIS does not exist. In other words, despite the fact that these groups are supported by states, they operate independently. In addition, there is no unified case law in this regard, and this makes it difficult to attribute the activities of terrorist groups to states.

With the formation of Ekh-wan-ol-Moslemeen group in Syria, the political Islam appeared among the Sonnie society of this country for the first time. Due to Islamic awakening in Arab countries and intensification of internal causes and backgrounds of Syria’s crisis, extremist Islamist groups simultaneously established in Syria. These groups by aggressive behaviors like guerrilla attacks and terrors, using military and logistic supports of international and regional actors, obtained an unprecedented power and almost threatened the Syrian political administration to collapse.  What is the effects of extremist Islamist groups on the political instability of Syria, at Bashar Asad period? This is the main question of this study. To answer this question, with considering the Syrian political administration properties and the commencing of Islamic awakening in Arab countries, it was supposed as an hypothesis that, these groups used the ongoing situations and opportunity. So they caused the formation, continuing, and enhancing of anti- administration   protests, terrors, insurrection, and guerrilla wars. Outcomes of study show that, the actions and challenges of extremist Islamist groups resulted to changes in Syria’s administration, but not in whole society and regime. The research method applied in this study, is the qualitative method, using gathering references such as papers, documents, and librarian & internet based references by means of a comparative approach.

The present research has been aimed to explain the tactics of field artillery against terrorist groups based on mixed research (qualitative- quantitative). The statistical population has consisted of all artillery battalion commanders and above. The sample size in the interview phase was calculated 12 persons through judgmental sampling method and questionnaire phase were calculated 50 persons with Cochran formula and Stratified Random Sampling. Data were measured using a semi-structured interview for explaining field artillery tactics and using a 27-question questionnaire to test research hypotheses. The validity was confirmed for the questionnaire and interview by experts. Also the reliability was confirmed for interview with retest reliability (91%) and questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha (0.90). The result showed; 1) Organization for fighting should be decentralized and firebombed to combat terrorist groups, 2) Artillery fire planning should be detailed at first and followed should be hasty and detailed, and 3) The identification, selection and occupation of the artillery position should be diffused and hasty across the width and depth of the area.

New information and communication technologies have changed the functions and nature of many contemporary social and political phenomena. Investigations on the formation and activities of terrorist groups indicate that their functions and nature have fundamentally changed. At present, transnational terrorist groups are regarded as new actors in the international arena. After the event of September 11 attacks, their roles have become deeper. The question of what factors have played the most important roles in this regard, have attracted the attention of the scholars of international relations. Hence, this research is intended to investigate the influence of new information and communication technologies in changing the nature of terrorist groups. The role of social media, as a central factor in this transformation, seems to be very significant. Through studying Daesh and Al-Qaeda extremist groups, this research investigates how social media has affected the nature of terrorist groups in three aspects of changes including identity changes (from single nationality to multi-nationality), formal changes (from covert to overt), and structural changes (from hierarchical to network). This is a descriptive-analytical research following causal method whose data are collected through library method.

Al-Nesā’ wa al-Arhāb: Derāsa Genderia, written by Ᾱmāl Qarāmi and Mania al-Arfāvi is a study about the women who have joined terrorist groups, and is the result of five years of observation, interviewing, and studying international reports and
ISIS handwritten documents. The book was published in 2017 in Tunisia, a country which, before the Arab Spring, sought to present a modern image of the Arab woman, but was later one of the main origins of ISIS women. In order to introduce this book, the author of the following article is going to provide a summary of its content

In the new era, NGOs have taken a unique role in the international arena, so that they provide an important part of aids and generally humanitarian diplomacy instead of states which have been considered the main and perhaps the only actors in international relations for many years. The Syrian crisis is one of those arenas and consequently, role of NGOs for improvement of the humanitarian situation becomes prominent. This essay is seeking to explain the role of humanitarian diplomacy of NGOs in the Syrian crisis. In this respect, the process of implementation of humanitarian diplomacy of NGOs has been analyzed in three main stages of preaction (negotiation), action (during conflict) and post-conflict in the Syrian human crisis. Performing roles in a crisis that, although from the perspective of components highlighted in constructivism theory, was highly thinkable, yet soon lost its internal description and reached to international level.A trend that inevitably had a significant impact on the role and function of the aforementioned institutions and in other words has even called into question their efficiency.

The groundbreaking ceremony of the TAPI gas pipeline was held in Ashgabat on December 12, 2015, the four parties being represented, respectively, by President G. Berdimuhamedov, President Ashraf Ghani, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and Indian Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari. The conference was titled “A policy of neutrality: international co-operation for peace, security and development” and was held as part of the International Conference convened in Ashgabat to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Turkmenistan’s Permanent Neutrality. All in all, despite questions being raised by the worldwide press in the past regarding the skepticism addressed towards the hydrocarbon projects, the event was successful. Turkmenistan is one the independent republic of the Soviet Union. It has huge reserves of natural gas and geo-economic position. In this regard the Turkmen leaders to take advantage of this opportunity to seek diversification of export markets and gain more freedom from Russia via transporting to Afghanistan , Pakistan and India. The main question is “what are the obstacles the implementation of the pipeline”. The main hypothesis is emphasized that disputes between India and Pakistan, between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Russia s position on the TAPL and trying to maintain a monopoly and terrorist groups are such obstacles. The method in this paper is based on described – analysis.

The importance of borders is known as privacies in diplomatic relations and it is based on international conventions and universal rights as a factor for stability and peace between nations or disputes and conflicts among them. Therefore, an important part of foreign and domestic policies is in compliance with the borders formed and defined based on geopolitical position of the border. One of the tensest borders of Iran is northwest boundary which has long noteworthy for authorities. Although the borders have been the places for conflicts and tensions between governments, direct and wide impact of borders in national security, sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and diplomacy reveals the importance of borders. The importance of border is not a factor for separation of nations and government contradictions, but is known as a ring for connecting them. Understanding the impact of cross-border markets, problems of sectarianism, presence of terrorist groups in the border, Turkey’s membership in the North Atlantic Treaty organization (NATO) and role of media are the purposes of this research that can be considered as examples of security challenges in Iran and Turkey border.

1.

The issue of terrorism in the third millennium has become one of the central issues of the world changes and the interconnection between powers and countries. One of the areas that is heavily affected by terrorism and its implications is South Asia, particularly the two countries, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In the past few decades, these two countries have always been under the influence of terrorism, and, in some cases, even released and transferred terrorism to other areas of the world. One of the most important dimensions of terrorism in this area is the geopolitical dimension of this phenomenon and the impact of geopolitical variables on the formation and activity of terrorist groups. Variables and geopolitical phenomena that are shaped by interaction of geography and power are among the crucial extraterritorial, transnational, and effective factors in the formation and activity of terrorist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Certainly, the identification and analyses of these geopolitical variables will significantly help to understand the formation reasons and the activity of terrorist groups in these two countries. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to identify, evaluate and weigh the geopolitical variables that are effective in the formation and activity of terrorist groups in the border areas between Afghanistan and Pakistan.
2.

Theoretical Framework
The temporal and spatial distribution of terrorist events on a global scale can have one of the following four patterns: random, heterogeneous, reinforcement and contagion. In fact, the attacks are either randomly distributed in space and time, or followed by the other three non-random patterns. The heterogeneous pattern implies that the experience of different countries about terrorism is disparate in space but is constant over time. Reinforcement also points out that terrorist incidents in a country will likely be intensified in the future in the same country. Contagion means that the occurrence of terrorist events in a country is likely to cause the occurrence of such events in the neighboring countries. It can be concluded that many countries experience a period of terrorist incidents that have not experienced before. Another point is that the contagion does not occur only through the geographical boundaries, but also in a non- contiguous manner. Non-contiguous contagion is a process that may involve collaboration of terrorist groups in such relationships as spying, training, budgeting, and supporting.
Because of having the resources, facilities, and appropriate information, terrorist groups that are supported by governments are often able to carry out more deadly attacks than other terrorists. Therefore, the terrorist operations of tyrannical governments are more responsible than individual terrorism operations for the victims and miseries. Secret brutality of state terrorists will have a low cost for the supporting government, and if it is used properly and secretly against strong enemies, it can prevent international punishment or retaliation.
From the geopolitical viewpoint, the world is in the midst of great chaos. On the one hand, multilateral regional unions have been developed (such as the European Union, NAFTA, Mercosur, APEC, etc.), and, on the other hand, a renaissance of nationalism, the emergence of fundamentalism, pro-independence movements and the autonomy of a minority are appeared. Most of conflicts are internal in that a part of the population opposes the central authority. Today, after the collapse of the bipolar system and the challenge of the US unipolar order by other rival powers, the world is in a long-term transitional period that has not yet reached a new and consistent order. Hence, there is a kind of disorder, mismanagement and lack of integrated control over global changes and the formation and activity of terrorist groups is one of its indicators.
3.

This research is a descriptive-analytic study that intends to identify geopolitical variables that affect the formation and activity of terrorist groups. In terms of collecting information, a library method and a questionnaire were used. SPSS software was used to validate and weigh the variables.
4.

Findings and Discussion

By investigating library documents and field findings show that eight geopolitical variables including " locating among critical states and regions," " foreign supports from institutions which promote fundamentalism ", " long, penetrable and far from the center geographic borders "," geographic affinity among ethnic-religious groups in two sides of the borders "," geopolitical rivalry between powers ", " lack of regional or global hegemonic power ", "buffer situation ", " border and territorial conflicts with neighboring states" as well as 21 categories related to these variables are impact in formation and the activities of terrorist groups in the border areas between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Also, descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test) indicate that the average score of all eight geopolitical variables is significantly higher than the standard mean (x=3). Therefore, the effectiveness of these geopolitical variables in the formation and activity of terrorist groups in the border areas between Afghanistan and Pakistan is also confirmed by experts.

Terrorism is a global phenomenon that in present act locally which the intense of its killing and destroyed in Islam is more than another areas and the globally and locally powers in western axis of Arabia used from the tools of terrorism and terrorism groups as own van to re-dividing the world in 21 century. The initial organizing of salafi s terrorism groups was 1984 and the organized Al-ghaedeh with the aim of fighting militia with Soviet in Afghanistan and from 2010 by start of public revolution to battle with revolutions and dominance of Iran in south, south-west and Africa have very intensive. Using from terrorism depends on international position and competition of area countries that to control and free these groups. Arab s countries in Persian Gulf basin with five total financial, military roles, impression, locally and media beddering are competing with Iran and to help to forming and developing terrorism. In this study, we follow answer to this question that what is the role of Arab s countries of Persian Gulf basin in developing and antecedence of locally terrorism? What is the effect of locally terrorism in national security of Iran? The results of this study are showing that financial assistance of Arab s countries is the most effective factors to develops terrorism so that 40% from famous people and most financial protector of terrorism are from Arab s citizenship, %43 are from another countries related to Arabia, %9 from Kuwait %6 from Qatar, and %2 Bahrain. By attending to above cases of terrorism in 3 national, locally and globally levels, are affecting on Iran. This study provided by library, interview and observation method and to drawing maps used from GIS.

Terrorism or terrorist activities is a modern phenomena which has caused the most social and political upheavals both internally and internationally. This phenomenon has also been used by the super powers as an excuse for armed conflicts in the form of wars. From this point of view, terrorism is an economic, social and cultural syndrome against which some kind of reaction is a must. Another approach towards terrorism is regarding it as political means inter alia with other means that can be used by the political powers and groups for achieving their goals. Both viewpoints have been considered in the present article so that the nature of terrorism as a syndrome or as means to an end may be clarified.