ahvaz

Urban parks as one of the public spaces are considered as one of the most important parts of urban environments due to having various social, economic, and ecological functions. This research tries to identify the criteria effective on the design of urban parks with the approach of citizens' satisfaction and then prioritize them for Misagh Park.

To conduct this study, 364 questionnaires were randomly distributed among the target population (applicants) to improve the results in the spring and summer of 2017. In this investigation, the questionnaire questions were set in four parts, in the order that in the first part related to personal information, social, economic, and environmental trends, in the second part functional indicators, in the third part social indicators and in the fourth part Visual quality indicators were evaluated.

The results of the Karskal Wallis non-parametric test showed that the difference between the answers of 364 questionnaires regarding the 16 variables investigated in this study is significant at the 0.01 level, and the results of comparing the averages of the investigated variables showed that the variables of playground safety, vegetation According to the respondents, the number of sports spaces, attractiveness of lighting, recreational spaces, visual quality, quality of lighting and quality of sports spaces do not have a favorable condition, but the variables of feeling of security, access to the main street, access to the city, access to park places. According to the respondents, the flooring of the park is in a favorable condition. The results of this study can be very effective in the design of urban parks with the aim of improving the satisfaction of citizens.

Increasing urbanization has brought various consequences for cities, which has become the basis for many social and economic difficulties and damages. Therefore, due to these harmful consequences, for years, policy makers and managers at the macro level and in the city scale; They seek to find healing strategies. In this regard, among the most important strategies based on the impressive capabilities of information and communication technology, in order to create a productive and effective city; and it has been proposed to solve the problems of cities in the world; It is a "smart city"; And in this framework, they have tried to build a platform, including in building the institutional capacity of such cities The main goal of the present research is to identify the basic components affecting the institutional capacity in order to realize a smart city; and evaluating the current situation of Ahvaz metropolis from the perspective of these components. This research is question-oriented, which was carried out by following an exploratory method in answering the research questions. The statistical population of the study was experts working in offices and companies of Ahvaz city whose organization was involved in the process of smartening this city; Or will be. The statistical sample of the research was 380 people, and the samples were selected by snowball and supervised network sampling. Since the exact number of the statistical population was not known, the KMO test, sampling adequacy and Rasko's rules were confirmed. The research tool was a five-point Likert electronic questionnaire, whose items were designed based on 29 components extracted from 114 scientific documents and valid research.The extracted data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and one-sample t-test and Friedman statistical tests.Based on the research results, respectively, the components of superior institutions, the use of information and communication technology in improving environmental quality, smart governance, the use of information and communication technology in economics and business, the power of organizational actors; And institutional readiness is in poor condition. In the meantime, the government and the oil institutions are of strategic importance.

Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz.

For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTrade algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution.

Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTrade, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTrade algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTrade, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process.

As a result, T Sharp DisTrade algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. 

Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTrade algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

Cities, as centers of gathering physical and human assets, will suffer a lot of damages during the crisis. Therefore, dealing with passive defense issues can significantly reduce damages. For this purpose, locating with the help of geographic information systems plays an essential role in determining the location of urban shelters according to the principles of passive defense. The present study was compiled with the aim of locating urban shelters with a passive defense approach in the city of Ahvaz. This research is included in applied research, and a descriptive-analytical method was used to compile it. The required information has been extracted through the library, documents, fieldwork and statistical results. Ten sub-criteria for locating urban shelters in the form of three general criteria (functional, physical and natural-environmental) have been selected and prepared, classified and normalized. In this research, Arc Gis 10.6 software environment was used to prepare criteria and sub-criteria. After that, information layers and maps according to the criteria were presented, and finally, the combined criteria map was extracted, which indicates the best place to build a shelter in this area. By combining different effective layers, the final map of the optimal spaces for the construction of urban shelters was obtained by dividing the areas into five categories from very high to unsuitable and suitable places were determined. According to the surveys, 23% of the area (3499 hectares) are in a state of high and very high suitability for urban shelter. Also, the most suitable places for the establishment of urban shelters in Ahvaz are in the eastern, southern and southwestern areas, which are mostly in the third and fifth urban areas of Ahvaz, which have relatively better potential for people to live, and these areas have enough open space and At the same time, they are compatible with the surrounding uses. Therefore, due to the availability of suitable open spaces as well as proper access, these areas have a high ability to accommodate the affected people.

Street lighting is a key factor in ensuring the safety and quality of life for citizens. This research examines a novel approach for mapping urban street lighting using mobile mapping techniques. Given the existing challenges in evaluating and managing street lighting, this study analyzes the lighting conditions of the streets in Ahvaz. In this research, laser scanning technology and mobile mapping, along with software such as ArcGIS and Photoscan, have been utilized to collect and analyze precise data regarding the state of street lighting.

Methods and Material: 

The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, and the data includes information related to light intensity, lighting distribution, and the identification of dark spots. By analyzing this data, accurate maps of the street lighting conditions have been produced.

The results indicate that approximately 30% of the surveyed streets require improved lighting. The accuracy of the generated maps is estimated to be around 80%, demonstrating the high capability of this method in providing precise and practical information for urban managers. This research assists urban managers in making better decisions regarding the enhancement of street lighting. Improving the state of street lighting can lead to increased safety, reduced crime rates, and improved quality of life for citizens. This study can also serve as a model for other cities..

Recently, global warming has become one of the most important topics of global concern. There is significant evidence that proves that most of this warming is caused by human activities. The purpose of this research is to calculate and estimate the carbon footprint caused by the consumption of fossil fuels and the green space standard for the control and self-purification of carbon dioxide in Ahvaz metropolis. In this research work, the data of fossil fuel consumption and green space per capita for the years 1396 to 1400 from the 1400 statistics of Ahvaz Metropolitan Municipality were used. To calculate the carbon footprint, the estimation method provided by Iran's Ministry of Oil (MOP) was used. The results showed that the per capita emission of carbon footprint from 2016 to 2018 was (2207717.06), (3293028.42), (2450152.42), (2607968.79) and (2949480.70) tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively. It is that the highest footprint related to the year 2017 with 42.3293028 tons and the lowest footprint related to the year 2016 was 2207717.06 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The per capita calculation of the standard of green space also showed that Ahvaz metropolis faced a per capita shortage of green space during the studied years and the standard of green space for this city in the period from 1396 to 1400 was (883086/82), (1317211/37) respectively , (980060/96), (1043187/51) and (1179792/28) hectares and the largest per capita shortage of green space was in 2017.

The pedestrian passers by had been the most vulnerable group in the traffic, and the more serious topics about the safety of the passers by were to be used by the culverts and those on foot. Attention to the overland bridges in the world has been a mass of overproduction and the vast presence of this vehicle on the surface of towns and back to the early twentieth century, which led the police to go through traffic on foot trails. The investigation was taken with a target for effective analysis of the citizens's desire to use the bridges on foot - walk in the city. This inquiry, according to the nature of the aims for which it was foreseen, is of a form, a description, and, as it were, of a practical investigation. In order to analyze data analysis, through his central and mental processing software, the figures were first analyzed as to the working theories of his research. The basis for the theory test is used in T. s. The first item was tested with 13 goannas, and the average of the 4, 54, and the second theory with 12 ears and an average of 4.67. The results of this inquiry showed that footways were not good with immunological design and that it was necessary to use successfully tailors, as well as to use better construction groups and to create models of motocross bridges that were better suited to security and safety.

The alienation feeling is a kind of mental state arising from the city in which the citizens feel a sense of separation and lack of belonging towards themselves and the city social, physical, cultural and historical environments. Urban spaces make citizens feel alienated. This research was done with the aim of presenting a conceptual model to explain the causal, background and intervention conditions that affect the urban space alienation feeling. In this mixed method research in the qualitative stage, interviews were conducted with 32 Ahvaz citizens until theoretical saturation, and by the theme analyze, a conceptual model was presented to explain and how the conditions affect the alienation feeling. In the quantitative stage, with the structural equation modeling, the alienation feeling causal structure was investigated for 310 Ahvaz citizens who were randomly selected in a stratified manner. Qualitative findings showed that city space ineffectiveness, insecurity, lack of city vibrancy, poor quality of city structures, city inaccessibility and unviability are the most important causes of the alienation feeling. The gender, family, ethnicity and culture of the people are also the background conditions. Inaccessibility has the greatest effect with a causal path coefficient of 0.65, followed by urban space insecurity with a coefficient of 0.60. The unviability of the city with a causal path coefficient of 0.51 had the least impact on the feeling of alienation in the urban space of Ahvaz. The feeling of alienation in urban spaces is strongly affected by interventions such as policy and legislation, urban designs, and gender segregation. The optimal and intelligent design of cities, taking into account individual and gender differences, ethnic and cultural symbols, and of course the security and accessibility of the city, provides the possibility that citizens feel less alienated from the urban space and their residence place.

Education, training, and upbringing are highly complex processes. As a result, multiple factors and elements are involved in its formation. The physical environment is one of the important elements in desirable education. By providing a suitable physical environment, students will engage in learning with better mental and emotional conditions and more tranquility.In this study, the bioclimatic conditions of Ahvaz city were evaluated using climate consultant software Based on the results of these indices, a total of 12 to 15percent of the training period hours were in comfortable bioclimatic conditions. In 45 to 50percent of the study hours, the climatic conditions were warm and undesirable for students, and in 30 to 35percent of the study hours, the air temperature was below the comfort threshold. Therefore, in more than 80to 85percent of the days when students are present at school, the temperature and climatic conditions are not conducive to their learning and comfort. In this 7 to 8month period, the number of hot and cold hours is approximately equal. However, since the undesirability of cold and discomfort conditions is less than that of hot undesirable conditions, and the cost of heating is lower than the cost of cooling, it is recommended to focus the study period on cool to cold months of autumn and winter. Based on the results of the bioclimatic consultant index, from 15 to 20days in the month of Mehr and from mid-Ardibehesht month, the thermal conditions exceed the tolerance threshold of students, and their health may be at risk. It is better to remove this period from the academic calendar. However, in other months of the study period, by considering appropriate strategies in the design and construction of schools, the climatic undesirability of this period can be addressed.

Climate change affects all sectors of the economy to some extent, but the agricultural sector may be the most sensitive and vulnerable. This phenomenon can lead to increased migration and heightened conflict risks. Today migration is a challenge for all developing countries. Climate migration and the occurrence of consecutive droughts in the Khuzestan province and the city of Ahvaz are also caused by rising temperatures and lack of precipitation, among other factors The aim of this research is to assess the capabilities for reducing migration in the city of Ahvaz and develop a migration strategy. In this study the SWOT model was used and questionnaires were adjusted based on the Likert spectrum and completed and analyzed with the opinions of experts. Initially in the first stage, internal factors, namely strengths and weaknesses, were identified, and in the next stage, external factors, namely opportunities and threats, were identified and weighted. Among the external factors, threats with a weight of )0.460)and among the internal factors, weaknesses with a weight of )0.440) had the highest weights assigned to them. The results showed that the strategic migration strategy for the city of Ahvaz is close to a minimum-minimum or defensive strategy. The main message of this article emphasizes the use of defensive and reduction strategies.This means that in this area weaknesses should be reduced and threats should be avoided. These weaknesses and threats are the basis for migration and hinder the sustainable development of Ahvaz.
 

According to the published reports of Ahvaz municipality, this metropolis has more than 13 slum neighborhoods with a population of about 350 thousand people. Despite the relative improvement of the conditions of these areas in the past decades, many residents of these areas still do not have suitable jobs and have faced difficulties in meeting some of their basic needs, and the help of individuals or charitable organizations has not been able to help them. Please solve this problem. The purpose of the current research is to examine the obstacles to the activities of charities and non-governmental organizations in these areas and to provide a solution for the evolution of charitable donations. Keeping in mind the principle that the use of theoretical literature in the qualitative approach is considered in the stage after the emergence of categories grounded theory method of Glazer's approach was used to collect data and provide a solution. In this regard, by using the theoretical sampling method, the beneficiaries were selected and interviewed, and several meetings were held with 16 of these participants in order to collect data. Weakness of intra-regional social capital, institutionalized job instability, feeling of multi-dimensional poverty, unsystematic charity work, and the combination of challenges of marginalized neighborhoods are the most important emerging categories. The results show that the size, volume, and distribution of charitable donations are insufficient to help the marginalized neighborhoods of the city of Ahvaz in crisis, and comprehensive support is necessary in this field.

This research has been conducted with the aim of comparing and ranking quality of life indicators with an emphasis on the concept of social justice in heterogeneous urban neighborhoods in Golestan and Choneibe neighborhoods in Ahvaz city. This article is descriptive and analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. In order to carry out this research, at first, indicators related to the concepts of quality of life (social, physical, economic, and service) and social justice (educational-cultural, health care, administrative, policing, and leisure time) were extracted and items were defined for each. In the second step, researcher-made questionnaires were designed and 380 samples were distributed among the citizens of the study area based on Cochran's formula and random sampling method, and the results were extracted. The statistical analysis of the data was done using the independent T-test and showed that Golestan neighborhood is significantly higher in all dimensions of quality of life (with a total average of 3.85) than Choneibe neighborhood (with a total average of 2.47). Also, in the examination of various indicators of social justice, Golestan neighborhood with total average of (3.79) is significantly higher than Choneibe neighborhood with total average of (2.39). In addition, the results of Indicators ranking using the SAW model showed that the observed differences are mostly in physical, economic and social dimensions.

In the current research, with the content framing of public policy based on urban governance, the cause and effect relationship of integrated urban management and institutionalism as a driving tool of public policy is explained. In the current research, with the content framing of public policy based on urban governance, the cause and effect relationship of integrated urban management and institutionalism as a driving tool for public policy is explained. In this regard, the operational content of the research of certain types of Ahvaz metropolis is focused on the many problems of the developed managerial and institutional levels of urban development management. The method of data collection is the library-document method for theoretical studies and thematic investigation. Information collection tools are used in the library methods of scanning and computer tables for the use of materials and documents in survey methods, news observation methods, questionnaires or interviews are used to collect the required data. The statistical population studied in this research: Ahvaz metropolis includes elites and managers of urban and urban planning. The classification sampling method is simple and Morgan's sample size determination table was used to determine the sample size. Based on this, the number of 50 sample people has been determined. Executive and social components have a far greater contribution compared to other variables in predicting the dependent variable, such that a unit change in executive, social and legal standard deviation causes the standard deviation of the dependent variable (public policy) to increase by 92 , 38 and 10 percent to change. The results show that the critical values show the significance of each of the parameters and if the CR value is greater than the absolute value of 1.96, then the model parameters are significant. Considering that all the significant numbers of all parameters of the model are greater than 1.96, and the significance level of all questions of the questionnaire is calculated to be less than 0.05, the validity of the measurement structures of the relevant variables can be confirmed at the significance level of 0.05.

Today, one of the emerging and expanding social issues in the big cities of Iran is the phenomenon of littering, which has faced various challenges in urban life. These challenges have severely affected people's lives, family foundations and urban management. The purpose of the upcoming research is to investigate the formation process of waste collection in the city of Ahvaz. In order to achieve this goal, an in-depth interview was conducted with 22 waste collectors in Ahvaz city using grounded theory method and targeted sampling method with theoretical sampling strategy. The findings include 12 subcategories. housing challenges, family livelihood crisis, pressure from friends and inflammatory environment, lack of sufficient and stable institutional support, cultural poverty intensifying livelihood poverty, emotional tensions within the family, the basis for the formation of a self-governing livelihood strategy, the struggle for the survival of the family livelihood, physical consequences, spiritual, environmental, social and security, 5 main categories; Economic desperation, structural pressure, tension-causing cultural background, adopting a self-governing livelihood strategy and numerous consequences of the phenomenon of littering and a main category under the title of the phenomenon of littering as a generator of social tension. The results of the research show that the process of forming the phenomenon of littering starts from family economic and cultural backgrounds and is intensified by structural pressures. In such a situation, the garbage collectors adopt a self-managed livelihood strategy that they work in garbage collection as individuals, groups or families. They reduce the concept of scavenging to an accessible independent occupation, and the consequences of such an act are physical, psychological, environmental.

Honor killing is one of the most complex and controversial social issues in many societies, shaped by specific cultural and temporal conditions. Awareness of this social issue is of great importance, as it can lead to improved human relations between men and women and the replacement of peaceful coexistence with violence. Therefore, this study aims to conduct a sociological analysis of attitudes towards honor killings and examine the factors influencing these attitudes among men in Ahvaz.

This research adopts a descriptive-correlational approach and was conducted as a survey. Data were collected using a questionnaire technique. The statistical population includes all men residing in Ahvaz in the year 1401 (2022-2023), from which a sample of 384 individuals was selected. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, mean difference, and regression tests.

The findings indicate that attitudes towards honor killings among men in Ahvaz are at a moderately high level. A significant, direct, and inverse relationship was observed between the variables of social health and social acceptance and attitudes towards honor killings. Additionally, there is a direct and positive relationship between structural pressure, acceptance of patriarchal beliefs, and age with attitudes towards honor killings. Furthermore, significant differences were found in attitudes towards honor killings between Arab and Bakhtiari ethnicities. Regression analysis shows that these variables explain 41.5% of the changes in the dependent variable.

Attitudes towards honor are an active and acquired process shaped within the context of society and culture, leading to specific behaviors. This attitude is like a seed planted in the minds of adolescents and young people, which grows as the individual matures. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the factors that reinforce this attitude.

Knowledge is the axis of value creation in today's organizations. Knowledge management as a strategic capital of an organization is considered the most important organizational advantage. On the other hand, the importance of sharing the experiences of librarians to each other in order to perform their professional duties, shows the role of knowledge transfer and sharing methods among librarians. These days, improving the performance of the organization is a response from an organization to face the challenges that arise from the rapid global transformations. From the organization's point of view, this challenge includes responding to the needs of customers and providing goods or services with a high degree of efficiency and in an efficient and effective manner. From the perspective of organizational members, this challenge includes improving the quality of work life. So that the organization is a pleasant and satisfying place for work and effort.This paper examines the state of knowledge sharing among managers and librarians of public libraries in the city of Ahvaz. Every organization has its own culture, which is influenced by the culture of the organization's people. In this research, it has tried to measure the effect of culture on knowledge sharing in the form of components such as competition, motivation, support, cooperation, trust, etc.Research questions are:What is the culture of knowledge sharing among the employees (librarians and managers) of Ahvaz public libraries?What are the different methods of sharing knowledge among the employees (librarians and managers) of public libraries in Ahvaz?What is the status of information and communication technologies for sharing knowledge among public libraries in Ahvaz.

Literature Review:

Literature review shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and knowledge sharing in many studies. For example, a study by Burnette (2017) aims to explore the nature of tacit knowledge (TK) sharing among library colleagues, with a focus on the characteristics of TK and contextual factors such as organizational culture or the mentor/mentee relationship. Three thematic areas emerged. First are the influence of organizational culture and the importance of trust in knowledge sharing behavior. Second, the value of teamwork and the significance of mentor/mentee roles surface as significant drivers of TK exchange. Last but not least is a better understanding of the nature of TK, as it relates to types of knowledge and characterizations of experience and expertise.

This is an applied research and has been done by survey. The statistical population was all employees (managers and librarians) of public libraries in Ahvaz City and the implementation time was 2022. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and the content validity of the questionnaire was obtained by experts' opinion and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha (0.90) and dividing it into two halves (0.85). In analyzing the questionnaire data, descriptive statistics techniques were used for demographics, and techniques such as one-sample t-test and Friedman's rank average test were used for the questionnaire's inferential questions.

In terms of the components of sharing culture, the competition between employees for sharing knowledge with the highest average (3.16) has the best status, and the managers' motivation to share knowledge with other libraries is the lowest with an average of 2.70. Also, the state of knowledge sharing in terms of different methods of knowledge sharing shows that the most favorable state is related to courses and workshops with an average of 3.55, followed by the enterprise resource planning (ERP) with 3.51, as well as the quality of personal communication and informal among librarians with an average of 3.26. The findings show the status of knowledge sharing and communication technology from the point of view of the managers and librarians of public libraries in the city. For instance, while training courses and workshops and personal and informal communication between librarians, as well as administrative automation are good, other things such as employee performance and the culture of knowledge sharing are less favorable. Cases were found where there was a lack of awareness of the importance of knowledge sharing and a lack of organizational support.

The results of the current research show that information and communication technology and then knowledge-sharing methods are in a more suitable situation than the categories of employee behavior and knowledge-sharing culture. According to the findings regarding the knowledge-sharing methods, where Friedman's test was used, the highest average rating was given to the method of sharing and exchanging knowledge from courses and workshops with an average rating of 9.63 with a deviation of 0.78. The next ranks were administrative automation system with an average rank of 9.43 and personal and informal communication between librarians with an average rank of 8.46. Finally, the knowledge management system with an average rating of 5.36, publications and bulletins with an average rating of 5.30, and public libraries with an average rating of 4.67, have the lowest average, which should be used by examining the problem of the degree of its solution.Overall, this study shows there is a need to improve information technology and the culture of knowledge sharing.

The issue of poverty is not only one of the most important issues in the world but also one of the most important internal issues and problems of all societies, both rich and poor. In such a situation, the direction of the physical development of the city (its shape) is somehow affected by the phenomenon of urban poverty. Meanwhile, having a comprehensive study on the effects of poverty on urban morphology seems necessary. For this purpose, the current study was compiled to investigate and measure the impact of poverty on urban morphology in the Ahvaz metropolis. This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In the current research, considering the nature of the hypotheses and the type of variables, the methods available in descriptive statistics such as absolute frequency distribution tables and mean, were used to examine and compare the information collected through the questionnaire, and in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation method (SEM) was used. Finally, SPSS and EQS software were used to analyze and apply these tests. The findings of this study show that the most influential and meaningful research indicators are related to the dimensions of legal problems with a mean of (3.74), geographical isolation and the number of involved decision-making institutions with a mean of (3.62). Each of them has had the greatest impact on the variable under study. In the next stage, economic activities with (3.04) and employment with (3.07), have had the least impact on the studied variable. The results of the structural equations indicate that there is a significant relationship between the components of urban poverty and the components of the physical-spatial structure of urban morphology; Therefore, carrying out the necessary measures, requires serious attention and a quick and logical plan of managers and urban and regional planners.

A significant part of the population of all countries of the world includes physically-motor disabled people. Paying attention to the issue of the disabled and the necessity of culture building and respect for human dignity in this field, this group of people in the society, like other people, need to meet their needs in the urban environment. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the obstacles and limitations of the presence of physically-motor disabled people in the urban spaces of Ahvaz. According to the nature of the subject and the goals for which it is planned, it is descriptive and analytical type and belongs to applied research. Research method, library method, field method, statistical population of 53946 disabled people; In order to select the sample size, Cochran's formula was used, according to which the sample size was 380 people. In order to analyze the data, first through the spss software, the desired indicators will be used to test the hypotheses from the T test, for the final evaluation of the model (DEMATEL). The findings obtained from the DEMATEL technique showed that among the indicators, the permeability and accessibility index have the most interaction, and the buildings index has the least interaction, and the permeability and accessibility index are the most influential factors, and the urban furniture index is the most influential factor. Conclusion that by using T test in the first hypothesis the average of all indicators was equal to 3/93 and in the second hypothesis the average was 4/13.

Main goal of this research is to measure the success rate of in-service training courses in improving the professional skills of the employees of the agricultural jihad of Ahvaz city. The research method is t-test and F-test, regression and correlation. The statistical population investigated in this research is made up of all the employees working in the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ahvaz city in 2017, according to the inquiry made by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, there are 750 of them, of which 230 people are using Morgan's table. The title of the sample was selected. A standard questionnaire was used to collect the data required for the research. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the success rate of in-service training courses according to gender and education level. Also, regression test was used to identify the effective factors on the success rate of in-service training courses. The results of the research showed that the effectiveness component of in-service training was significant at the 99% confidence level and the component of the increase in knowledge and skills acquired by employees was significant at the 95% confidence level. are Also, there is no significant relationship between the personal characteristics of the respondents (level of education and service experience) with the success rate of in-service training courses.

In the 21st century, global efforts to mitigate environmental pollutants have focused on fostering a low-carbon economy and advancing energy sources that minimize greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. However, numerous challenges persist. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate and analyze the obstacles to sustainable development in the city of Ahvaz within an environmentally non-operating context. This study was applied in its purpose and survey-oriented while being descriptive-analytical in its methodology. Data were gathered through document analysis, library research, and fieldwork (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population of the study comprised experts in the field of energy in Ahvaz with a sampling method based on stratification. The analysis employed quantitative methods, utilizing the ARAS and VIKOR techniques. The findings revealed that the challenges in developing geothermal, biomass, water, wind, and solar energy were primarily environmental in nature. The VIKOR technique results indicated that solar energy ranked highest in terms of ineffectiveness in addressing energy challenges in Ahvaz with a score of 1 followed by wind energy at 0.758 and water energy at 0.2220. Geothermal energy and biomass ranked lowest, respectively. Furthermore, the integration results demonstrated a varying degree of interdependence between non-factor indicators and energy development challenges contingent upon the type of renewable energy.