جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « al-qaeda » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a profound understanding of the media strategies of the Takfiri movement in increasing support and instilling fear against enemies, and to recognize the patterns of ideology promotion and recruitment in mental imagery. The research with a descriptive-post-event method with an analytical approach and using library and documentary sources tries to answer the question of intellectual and epistemological characteristics by observing the media channels of Takfiri movements, how can it reveal the strategies and effects of their movement? The statistical sample of the research includes content themes, discourse, social effects and fan attraction of Dabiq, Rumiyah, Al-Naba, Voice of Khorasan, "Amaq Al-Akhbariyeh" website and "Ilam" news website, which were published from 2014 to 2023. The findings indicate that the media, for the promotion of ideology, are a key tool for the Takfiri movement in the patterns of content themes, language, social effects, and supporter recruitment. Takfiris use the media trick of the political and social conditions of the region and people's dissatisfaction with the rulers of Islamic countries and the disillusionment of the Muslim residents of Western countries due to the feeling of violation of the right of citizenship to strengthen their social base. To prove their existence, they use the media highlighting of the operations to show the crisis in the borders of the opposition

Salafi-jihadi groups are among the extreme Islamist currents that adhere to a specific interpretation of Islam. Considering the increasing importance of gender violence in jihadist Salafi groups that claim to be Islamic, understanding the operational and symbolic role of women is very important to deal with the threat of these groups at the global level. Women are not only disproportionately victimized in modern conflicts, but also play an important role in the tactical operations of Salafi-jihadi groups. Salafi-jihadi groups' attitudes towards the role of women have evolved from support activities in the front lines to active participation on the battlefield. This evolution has reached from preparing weapons, providing food for fighters, nursing the wounded and spreading the jihadi ideology to recruiting new members, to the real participation of women in jihadi operations on the battlefield or carrying out suicide bombing operations. These developments are in conflict with the ideological principles of these groups; Therefore, we are faced with this main question: what is the attitude of jihadist Salafi groups towards the role of women in jihad? The findings of the research show that the attitude of these groups towards the role of women is changing from a traditional role to an active and radical role. This change in some cases depends on different conditions and strategies. The author is trying to analyze the details of the change in the role of women in jihadist Salafi groups and also the contradictions in this field with descriptive-analytical method.

The Taliban’s lack of compatibility with the international community and their inability to gain political legitimacy in Afghanistan prevented the international community from recognizing the Islamic Emirate of Taliban in 1991. However, in 2021, after gaining control of the country, the Taliban managed to address these issues, align themselves with the international community, and establish political legitimacy. By engaging in international relations without extremism, the group may be able to secure its political survival within the global framework. Therefore, the central question of this study is whether the international community officially recognizes the Taliban as a legitimate government. Through a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study demonstrates that the Taliban group has established itself as a government by possessing a defined territory, a permanent population, a functioning government, the ability to engage with other states, and the capacity to govern. Furthermore, by moderating its extremist positions, the group has potentially distanced itself from being labeled as a terrorist organization, leading certain countries like the United States to implicitly acknowledge its legitimacy.

Al-Qaeda in the international arena and Boko Haram in the borders of Nigeria, are engaging in terrorist activities with an almost similar approach. The terrorist actions of these two groups are so widespread and violent that they have been noticed in almost all countries, even in non-Muslim countries. One of the most important and characteristic features of Al-Qaeda and Boko Haram is their emphasis on religion and political approach. There are many commonalities in the goals, foundations, method and religious approach of these two organizations. Some of these commonalities are the superiority of one's own point of view, a new reading of Islamic concepts, emphasis on Jihad and inviting others, forming a political government, killing one's opponents, and establishing an independent government. The two mentioned sects call only themselves and their followers as Muslims, and with false promises and using the tools of religion, politics and money, they bring many people into their group. Al-Qaeda has a more up-to-date and wider organization; while Boko Haram has a weaker and smaller organization. This essay has made a comparison between the approach of these two organizations with descriptive-analytical method to clarify the differences and similarities between them.

In the Middle East region, due to the artificial borders resulting from the agreements of the early 20th century and the ethnic fluidity in the borders of the countries, the so-called conflict has caused controversy between geopolitical fields, which together contain geopolitical structures and agents, and geopolitical entropy have created in the region. Following the developments of the Arab world and the geopolitical anarchy in Syria, two essential actors, the Kurds and AlQaeda (Al-Nusra Front) in this country, as geopolitical agents, have defined their geopolitical codes and vision that have influenced the ruling structures. The Kurds and Al-Qaeda have created pseudostates that, through formulating and articulating geopolitical discourses, are trying to enter the field of geopolitical agency in order to act in geopolitical fields. This research aims to examine the role of the Kurds and Al-Qaeda from the perspective of the structure-agent dialectic through the scientific method by studying documents and in-depth interviews with experts in the Syrian crisis. The researcher, the statistical community of the research, has included two groups of experts from Syria and advisors of the Islamic Republic in Syria as an expert group, and experts in the country's security, political, and academic research sectors, approximately 80 people in the expert group. The type of research is applied, and its method is descriptiveanalytical with a mixed approach. The results of this research confirm that the religious discourse of Al-Qaeda and the ethnic discourse of the Kurds in Syria have turned into a geopolitical discourse, and these two agents have territorial ambitions. In other words, religion, ethnicity, and geopolitics are intertwined in the Syrian crisis.

The North Caucasus region has always been restless and subject to tensions and crises that have continued since the time of Stalin and there is no clear vision for this region in the near future. Exploring the political and security activities of Russia in this region can be helpful and effective in understanding the root causes and dimensions of these crises. The north Caucasus is a special region in the Russian federation where many ethnic groups such as Kabardians, Balkars, Circassians, Chechens, Ingush and other peoples live. Russia plays a big role in this region. The problem of the current research is to investigate the ethnic and territorial policies of Russia and its effect on the spread of ethnic conflicts and extremism in the North Caucasus.  The findings of the present research show that the ethnic policies and Russification of the Caucasus region by the Russians are in line with the historical, geographical and cultural de-identification of the people of this region, making these ethnic groups dependent on the Russian government, curbing the influence of NATO and the United States in this region and energy security. Also, the events of the Islamic world, including the rise of the Taliban, Al-Qaeda and the ISIS and its security implications for Russia and its regional allies have prompted it to adopt a combination of containment, confrontation and engagement measures in the region. The question that arises here is the effect of Russia's ethnic policies on extremism and political stability in the North Caucasus.

 The political space creation strategy was in line with the historical, geographical and cultural identity of the people of this region, making these tribes dependent on the Russian government and creating permanent divisions and duality between the tribes, so, it led to extremism in north Caucasus.
The research method is qualitative and content analysis type. In this research, with an analytical approach, an attempt is made to explain why the competition, tension and continuous conflicts that have cast a shadow on this region in the North Caucasus region for several decades.
 The method of collecting information is using library resources, including domestic and foreign books and articles.
Theoretical framework is based on Martin Marjer’s ethnic politics. The ethnic stratification system of a society is formed by the nature of the internal relationship between groups, the scarce resources for which they compete for and most importantly, the ability of one group to impose its dominance on others. According to Martin Marjer, three important patterns of behavior reinforce ethnic ideology, escalating ethnic strife, extremism and inter-ethnic division. These three patterns are: the first pattern: adaptation. The second pattern: Egalitarian pluralism. Third pattern: contradictory, conflicting and unequal pluralism

 adaptation or assimilation: groups may be culturally similar or assimilated and interact freely with each other. This process means assimilation, or they may remain culturally distinct and socially distinct. This process is called pluralism. Adaptation means a process of distinct reduction. This process occurs when members of two smaller societies or cultural groups assimilate.

 Egalitarian pluralism: Equal pluralism implies the creation of equality between different groups with independent cultural and structural independence that is roughly balanced in political and economic power. The third pattern: antagonistic, conflicting and unequal pluralism. Unequal pluralism is mainly pursued in colonial societies and racist regimes; but some of its features can be seen precisely in societies that pursue egalitarian assimilation and pluralism. In such a society, the ruling state is in the hands of the dominant ethnic group and the majority of people are not citizens but subjects. In this ethnic policy, the goal is to maintain or expand inequality between groups, and to allocate all political power and a major share of material wealth to the dominant group. The presence of many ethnic groups in the Caucasus region has created problems and has exposed the region to conflict and tension because there is a serious division between these ethnic groups based on the policy of land division. Since its entry into the Caucasus, Russia has emerged as a hegemonic power and has taken effective measures towards its Russian system and model.

The findings of the present research show that the ethnic policies and Russification of the Caucasus region by the Russians are in line with the historical, geographical and cultural de-identification of the people of this region, making these ethnic groups dependent on the Russian government, curbing the influence of NATO and the United States in this region and energy security.

In this study, an attempt was made to study and analyze ethnic policies in Russia and its impact on the spread and development of extremism in the North Caucasus. Today's political map of the Caucasus and central Asia includes countries that are unstable due to real and potential disputes over land and water, ethnic and non-ethnic conflicts as well as Russian and non-Russian differences. The roots of these differences and unrest in the North Caucasus and Central Asia must be sought in the expansionist policies of Tsarist Russia and its successor, the Soviet Union, especially under Stalin, whose ideology was used with the same methods even more violently. The nationalist movement, revenge for the devastation and devastation caused by the aggressive and warlike policies of the Russians, has brought violence and extremism to the region.

All Islamists recognize the principle of monotheism; but in comparing the relationship between democracy and the Islamic teachings, important conflicts and challenges have arisen between Islamists. Some Islamists maintain that democracy in all its forms is a violation of monotheism, while others have rejected Western democracy but have spoken of the possibility of combining the democracy as a method with monotheism. The analysis of this conflict leads us to the conclusion that the problem lies in the ambiguity in the concept of democracy. The Wahhabis, al-Qaeda, and ISIS groups believe that the elements such as secularism, humanism, and unconditional acceptance of the will of majority, are inherent parts of democracy. So, that is impossible to separate them from democracy. Therefore, the democracy is determined in western version and we cannot have Islamic democracy. But, On the other hand, some Islamists have said: "People's participation and role-playing in government is the essence of democracy, and none of the three elements mentioned above are essential parts of democracy. Thus, Western democracy is merely an example of democracy. As a result, ambiguity in the concept of democracy has become the source of Islamists' verbal and unrealistic differences.

The Syrian crisis has become one of the largest socio-political crises in the world since World War II due to its sensitive geographical and strategic location, the arrival of regional and international actors, the emergence of terrorist groups and the issue of immigrants. The cause of the onset, continuation and ambiguity of the crisis can be traced to the social and political divisions within Syria, the rivalry between the countries of the region and the intervention of great powers. The political solution to the Syrian crisis has become an issue that the actors in the crisis have not yet achieved.  The purpose of this study is to investigate the military and political crises in Syria and solutions to overcome this crisis. The question that arises in this regard is how the horizon of the solution to the Syrian crisis is possible despite the differences in the strategies of the actors? The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and the information collected from it is based on library resources. The findings show that ideological alliances of resistance [Iran, Syria, and Hezbollah] and Russian military support, as well as differences in coalition goals against the Syrian government, have given Bashar al-Assad a dominant position in the Syrian peace talks and the possibility of a coalition to fight Takfiri groups between the Syrian government and regional and international powers and to negotiate between the opposition and the Syrian government in the near future.

One of the most important aspects of contemporary terrorism is the gender terrorism against the mainstream of terrorism. The increasing the number of terrorist women, the growth of suicide attacks by women, the widespread use from modern technology in the recruitment of women by terrorist organizations and the expansion of women's employment at various levels of terrorist organizations lead to the global attention to this phenomenon. In analyze the female terrorism the most important questions are that; what are the motivations of women for membership in terrorist organizations and also the goals of terrorist organizations for employing women in terrorist actions? To answer this questions, this paper with review of history of women's involvement in terrorism, has been examined the women's motivations for membership, and the goals of terrorist organizations for women's employment. Women's goals are a set of personal, psychological, social, economic, and ideological motivations. On the other hand, terrorist organizations exploit women for the many strategical and tactical benefits. This article attempts to analyze this hypothesis by using the causal explanation method and content analysis, using the background of important terrorist organizations, especially al-Qaeda and the ISIL.

With the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, then recruitment of Mujahedeen from all over the world, and ultimately formation of al-Qaeda; the world faced with a new phenomenon and that understanding the nature and origins of the group and became a serious priority. The purpose of this study is recognizing the Identity transformation trend of a group called Arab-Afghans, and understanding the roots of the identity gap under the concepts of "self" and "other" as a model in formation of al-Qaeda and fundamentalist Islamic groups. It done by Focusing on the process of Arab-Afghan actions in three phases: local jihad, jihad on the margins of Islamic countries, and global jihad; As well as consideration of identity components in three ways: Goals, Common norms, and Equivalence-differences, It seems that Transition process in the sacred Jihad and al-Qaeda agenda are influenced by the transformation of identity and changing norms due to changing circumstances. This study seeks to answer the factors affecting the formation and transformation of Arab-Afghan identities; and assessing the hypothesis that Globalization, and the formation of the network society as an independent variable, and not paying attention to the beliefs of Muslim groups has led to the formation of Resistance Identity among Arab-Afghans.

The purpose of the present study is to explore transformations in the course of Salafism. The method of study is descriptive analysis and it deals with how this ideology grew within the contemporary era gradually turning into an operational force making use of violence as its distinctive feature in the Islamic world. Furthermore, relying on the approach of historical process mining and making a distinction between two concepts of Salafia and Salafism, it was attempted to explain the theological framework of Salafia in the early history of Islam from the view of Sunnis versus intellectual background differences. In the light of the above distinction, old Salafism was distinguished from new Salafism and by surveying the intellectual impacts of old Salafism on new Salafism, the practical reflections of this movement were studied within the past 3 decades. The results showed that the transformation of this process is essential by spreading the genuine instructions of Islam having a conspicuous effect in forcing out the violent ideology and practices of Salafis in today’s chaotic world. As we move from the early history of Islam towards the contemporary era, the behavior of those who claim Salafism has distanced from the instructions of the pious predecessors.

Todays, the circulation of Takfiri has taken over the Muslims of the world as a scourge. This circulation seeks to implement its extremist and violent conception of the sublime principles of Islam in the world.  In this way, "Al-Qaeda" in Afghanistan has always been considered as the founder and line-up of the Takfiri movement in the West Asian region. The importance of studying this circulation is heightened when we realize that most of the Takfiri groups that are in the line of battle with the axis of resistance today, are rooted in al-Qaeda and its ideology. The group founded by "Abdullah Azzam of Palestinian", "Osama bin Laden of Saudi Arabia" and "Ayman al-Zawahiri of Egypt" called "Al-Qaeda" in Afghanistan under the pretext of jihad against the Soviet Union, which later became the source of extremist Salafi circulations and a lot of Takfiri groups in the region; so that it can be claimed that the main thinking of the deviant current of Takfiri groups gained strength and power with the emergence of this circulation. This descriptive-analytical study tries to answer this fundamental question that “what are the underlying factors, historical course and the origin of al-Qaeda as a Salafi-Takfiri movement and what are the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of al-Qaeda? The findings show that the jihad against the Soviet Communist Army in Afghanistan led the three major Salafi leaders to form an alliance and pave the way for the emergence of a pervasive jihadist movement called al-Qaeda. The base of al-Qaeda's thinking is rooted in Salafi thoughts, and its leaders, in particular, have been more influenced by the thinking of the ruling Brotherhood in Egypt. Also, this study, by examining the thoughts of al-Qaeda leaders, has come to the conclusion that the spread of Shiite thought under the leadership of the Shiite country of Iran has always been dangerous for them and they have sought to avert this danger.

Concepts of Salafi-Jihadi extremism such as monotheism, religious understanding of the Salaf and such beliefs as innovation and ignorance generate certain rules and norms of behavior including excommunication (Takfir) and Jihad. But this semantic core and internal consolidator of the identity of Salafi Jihadi activists enters into a construction process in interaction with external structures, especially at the international level. Therefore, what determines the perception, operational orientation, organizational model, religious boundaries and targeting of Jihadi Salafi groups is the interaction of their internal structures and external structural pressures, especially at the level of the international system. For this reason, the contemporary Salafi-Jihadi current, while based on the foundations of a stable and uniform identity, has changed due to different perceptions of the surrounding situation. The main question of this research is: “How can we explain the identity change, the change of activism and the goals of the Salafi-Jihadi groups from al-Qaeda to ISIS?” To answer this question, the theoretical framework of the structure-agent. The main hypothesis of the research is presented as follows: “The mutual consistency of the internal Salafi identity and the hegemonic structure of the international system have led to the formation of three intersubjective perceptions including oppression, Crusade and emigration among the Salafi-Jihadist current. Corresponding to this perceptual transformation, three types of operational actions including solidarity Jihad, spatial Jihad and triumph Jihad, and three types of institutions, the Jihadist movement, the Islamic Emirate, and the establishment of the institution of the caliphate have been formed. These components can be identified as elements of identity-historical transformation in the form of three Salafi-jihadi generations from al-Qaeda to ISIS.”

In the political economy of terrorism, the methods of financing terrorist groups have become increasingly important. Using a comparative approach, this article seeks to answer the following questions:  1. What are the main sources of funding for ISIS and al-Qaeda?, 2. What are the similarities and differences between these terrorist groups in financing themselves?  And 3. Finally, what are the reasons for these differentiations and similarities?  Firstly, this article identified 14 sources of al-Qaeda and ISIS's revenue. Secondly, it showed that these terrorist groups had similarities in some areas, such as foreign financial support and hostage taking. Yet, in other cases, such as opium trafficking, antiques smuggling, oil and jewelry sales, b-ank robbery, their leaders’ personal wealth, charities and taxation some distinctions live. Thirdly, we identified that their main similarity was the variety of ways in which they financed. Fourthly, we argued that the reason for tendency of these groups' to diversify their financial resource was the reduction of foreign assistance to these groups and the necessity of seeking private micro resources. It also facilitated the circumvention of national and international bottlenecks. Ultimately, it showed that some of the differentiated aspects of their funding were due to their different contexts and environments, as well as their distinctive political structure.

This study seeks to investigate the origin of terrorist groups and organizations. Al-Qaeda and ISIL were selected as the largest study groups in the Middle East as the largest terrorist groups. Since the phenomena studied in the modern world cannot be thought of as sudden and exotic phenomena, this study therefore considers the evolutionary process of these groups and organizations in the context of history. With this attitude, in response to the main research question, what are the root causes of the formation of terrorist groups and organizations in the Middle East? The main hypothesis of this study is that terrorist groups and organizations present in the modern world have a historical and intellectual background that can be studied from the perspective of genealogy. This research has attempted to add credible and diverse sources to the existing literature in this field. This research is a descriptive and analytical one and the method of data collection is documentary and library.

 Fundamentalism means at attempt to revive religious values and also confront ideologies and modern desires and secularism. The fundamentalists involve those who looking for removing existing international structure and establish new structure based on religious principles. In this regards, Islamic fundamentalism has turned to one of the serious threats in the international system during last three decades. It, not only, has endangered regional security but also challenged international security seriously. In other words, at the present, terrorism threats of radical groups are not limited only to the West of Asia, which is origin of Islamic fundamentalism, they also include other regions of the world; from Europe to the East Asia. In this regards, Al-Qaeda and ISIS are the most important terrorist actors that have significant role in development of the security concept and its dynamics.   Research

The research aim is to study terrorist groups of Al-Qaeda and ISIS comparatively. Accordingly, the main question of the research is that what are the similarities and differences of the Al-Qaeda and ISIS?, To understand  these two groups  better, the research focus locate on their differences. The findings of the research can be beneficial for domestic officials since Iran is living in neighborhood of Al-Qaeda and ISIS. 

 The research method is analytical –descriptive and the data gathered through library resources. With regard to the nature of these groups, the research has utilized constructivism theory which emphasis on self-other idea. 

Based on the research findings, the most important similarities of terrorist groups of Al-Qaeda and ISIS are origin of their ideology, apocalypse worldview, pragmatism, anti-western vision, believing in hierarchical structure in their system, pugnacity and bellicosity, anti-Shia approach, universality and applying cyberspace for operations and membership. However, meanwhile, they enjoy some critical and fundamental differences such as intellectual and geographical origin, establishing Islamic caliphate, leadership futures, quality of members, psychological and media tactics, operational priorities, financial resources, military strategy and structural differences, method of acquiring identity and eventually the way Al-Qaeda and ISIS look at women and minorities.

This research concludes that despite of some identical similarities, Al-Qaeda and ISIS enjoy obvious differences in many aspects especially in structure, goals, functional scope, method of action or operation, quality of leaders and means. In spite it, the focal aims is almost the same i.e. violence against innocent people and killing them. Based on their ideology, “the others” deserve to be killed. What is perceived is that Islamic fundamentalism is not going to stop or vanish. It, in return, is transforming to new form in contemporary day. On the basis of historical experiences, it is predictable that new Islamic terrorist group rise once again in the near future that even would be worse and dangerous than ISIS.

The purpose of this article is to examine the ideology of the al-Qaeda terrorist group and its impact on its strategy to combat the US. The main question of this article is how will al-Qaeda's ideologies influence its strategies to fight the US? A brief review of the existing literature reveals that a few have explored the ideologies and strategies of the terrorist group and much of the literature on the origins of terror, terrorist motivations, and counter-terrorism responses. Al-Qaeda's ideology is deeply international in its kind and seeks to frame regional and local conflicts in a broader context such as the war against apostates and infidels. Al-Qaeda's strategy stems from its ideology, with Al-Qaeda's top strategic priorities mobilizing Muslims for a global jihad against the West and overthrowing apostate regimes, especially Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Pakistan.

Although terrorism is not a new phenomenon, its emergence with a new face, in the form of non-state and their high power in carrying out terrorist operations, has created a major challenge in international law today. Attention to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks by Al-Qaeda and the ISIS terrorist attacks, especially in 2015, has shown the development of the power of these groups, as it requires a more serious confrontation with them today. In recent years, we have faced countries fighting various terrorist groups. The US military attack on Afghanistan and the war with Al-Qaeda, and today the full-scale war in Iraq and Syria by countries with ISIS, support this claim. But there is no doubt that wherever there is talk of war and conflict, international humanitarian Law are the rights that govern these conditions. What is being studied in this study, in addition to examining the challenges of the international community in defining terrorism and articulating general frameworks on the fight against terrorism, is that whether humanitarian Law can be exercised in the fight against terrorism? And if the answer is yes, what legal status can be considered for terrorists in terms of humanitarian law? It should be noted that this research has been done by descriptive-analytical method.

In the history of Islam, extremist ideologies such as Wahhabism, under the influence of violence and extremism, have consistently labeled others as heretics and pagans. They have consistently been trying to expand their realms through waging war, bloodshed and plundering. The contemporary extremist groups share great similarities with Wahhabism in terms of ideology and demonstration of violent behaviors. Today, The ISIS and Al-Qaeda which operate under such ideologies are primarily run by Egyptian and Saudi nationals and as such these individuals have Muslim Brotherhood-Wahhabi convictions. Relying on Wahhabism with roots in Ibn Taymiyyah and Muslim Brotherhood, their followers have drawn upon extremist ideas of Sayyid Qutb and have joined hands to make a bitter concoction from Islam. Contemporary researchers generally refer to contemporary extremist groups as Wahhabi-Takfiri, Salafi or extremist (radical) Wahhabi. Employing historical and available resources as well as utilizing historical and comparative methodologies, this research attempts to recognize Salafi-Wahhabi theoretical and practical similarities among the contemporary extremist groups.