جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « demand function » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The Middle East is one of the most turbulent and tense regions in the world, which has been the site of many tensions at the national and international level since the past due to political, social, economic factors and abundant energy resources. Among the variables that have always been growing in the Middle East countries in recent decades- especially the oil countries, is defense spending, which has been affected by various factors. Examining the factors affecting defense spending in the Middle East countries will have broad policy implications for the countries-of this region and can be very useful. Therefore, the purpose of this article was.to investigate.factors affecting the demand function of military expenditures in the Middle East countries during the period of 1980-2019 with the quantile regression approach. The results of this study showed that GDP, oil price, foreign trade had.a.positive effect and civilian spending had a positive effect on foreign defense. Also, the military expenditures of other countries have had a positive and significant impact-on the-military expenditures of each country, which means.confirming the hypothesis of military.competition in the studied countries. Based on the other results of this study, the.effect of the effective factors on defense-spending in the studied.countries.was symmetrical.

in this study, the supply and demand functions of products including red meat, chicken, eggs and milk were first specified and then estimated in the form of a system of simultaneous equations.Then, the demand elasticity of the models was used to calculate the changes in the welfare of consumers of protein products under in two cases, after removing the subsidy of the preferred currency and the 35,000 Toman currency scenario. The results of estimating the supply function of red meat, chicken, egg and milk showed that the supply of livestock and protein products is inelastic than the price and with the increase of input prices, the supply of these products decreases. Based on the results of the demand function, the prices of red meat, chicken, eggs and milk have a negative and significant effect on the demand for these products. Also based on the results of red meat, chicken and fish are substitutes; In addition, red meat, chicken, eggs and milk are considered necessary commodities for consumers. Finally, the results showed that by removing the preferential currency subsidy and changing the price of each kilogram of red meat, chicken meat, eggs and milk in the market to 191,324, 55,236, 38,564 and 12,513 tomans, respectively, the welfare surplus of protein product consumers is equal to 318,468 thousand billion Toman has decreased.

One of the most important issues facing insurance companies is the determination of fair premium. The purpose of this study is to design a mathematical model for calculating the optimal insurance premium by maximizing the total expected discounted utility of the capital, considering the demand and competition of the non-life insurance market.

In the first stage, the capital equation of the insurance company is defined which is derived from the sum of insurance income and investment income. Insurance income is measured via the difference between insurance premiums and related expenses over the year as a function of stochastic demand. Next, the Stochastic demand function is defined based on the number of insurance policies in the past year, the average premium of the market, company premium which is the control function and a linear stochastic disturbance or variables which are related to the demand function. Since the average premium of the market and disruptive are Stochastic, demand is Stochastic. Consequently, the optimal premium is calculated using the Stochastic Dynamic Programming, discrete-time framework via maximizing the total expected discounted utility of the capital.

The numerical results show that the optimal premium is directly related to the average market premium, previous year's demand, break-even premium and the expected expectation of stochastic disturbance. It was also shown that the expected sign of stochastic disturbance determines the optimal premium strategies.

From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that insurance companies should determine the optimal non-life insurance premium in a competitive environment via using the expected value sign of stochastic disturbance, which is determined based on the demand function. The results showed that the expected value sign of positive stochastic disturbance indicates a decreasing demand and the insurance company should change the strategy of determining the optimal premium in order to expand demand.

In an effort to protect national security of different countries, a great proportion of governments' revenues is spent on military expenditures. Military expenditures in the  Persian Gulf states have been  steadily increased in the course of  recent years because of the highly important position of the region in providing the world’s energy, escalating level of  terrorist threats  in Western Asia and increasing competition among the  countries.  consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting military expenditures in the  Persian Gulf states using the GMM method during the period 1990-2017. This  quantitative, causal  study was conducted using a library research method. The results of this study indicated that an arms competition among the  Pension Gulf states is observable. In other words, there was  a significant positive relationship  between the military expenditures in  other countries and those in  a particular country. The results also indicated that  population, oil revenues, foreign trade, government spending and GDP growth  exerted a positive impact  on military expenditures. On the contrary, civilian spending  had a significant negative impact on military expenditures.

This study investigates the effect of some indicators of financial repression، including DR (the gap between the official interbank exchange rate and the free market rate)، Cpi (the difference between Iran''s inflation rate and the inflation rate of the world) and G (the ratio of government debt to liquidity)، on capital stock growth in agricultural sub-sectors in Iran، during the period 1991-2011 using estimation of the demand function and panel data method. The results of the model indicate a significant negative effect of financial repression indicators on the development of the capital stock growth in all agricultural sub-sectors.

Nowadays, life insurance plays a major role in the economy of different countries especially developed countries. Despite the numerous applications of life insurance, this service has remained less popular in Iran just like other developing countries, and its role in Iranian economy and the lives of Iranian people is not significant. Therefore this research studies the factors affecting the demand of life insurance in Iran by simulation of the function of demand for life insurance in three forms of non-linear equations (Cobb-Douglas, quadratic and exponential) using gravitational search optimization algorithm. The variables of real per capita sold life insurance, real GDP per capita, the probability of death, literacy, responsibility and inflation rate between 1978 and 2013 are expanded in these equations. The findings of the study showed that Cobb-Douglas's form of demand for life insurance presents better results in comparison with the two other forms. Accordingly, GPD per capita (as a symptom of income), literacy, responsibility and death probability have significant impact on the demand and by contrast, inflation rate have negative impact on demand for life insurance.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of liquidity on national savings in the economy using econometric regression vector and vector error correction model in 1973 to 2007. The results of the model indicate that the effects of changes in short-term and long-term liquidity on national saving rate is positive and significant, and with the passage of time these works are neutral.there are negative and statistically significant.

Recreation and outing is one of the most important human needs, that the environment has resolved many aspect of it. But real value of environment due to its public is not known. This problem has great damage on this resource, however, economists had many efforts to determine the true value of ecosystems, because the market dose not have a ability to determine to value of non-market services of ecosystems. So they uses Non-market valuation methods. In this research, we examine the recreational value of Taq-Bostan forest park and visitors’ willingness to pay based on on-site collected data, using individual travel cost method (ITCM). Moreover, in order to estimate the demand function for visiting the park and subsequently, the willingness to pay of the visitors, Truncated poisson model and maximum likelihood method have been used. The result show that the average willingness to pay of each visitor for the recreational park under study is 11021 thousand tomans (according to 1392 prices) for each visit per year. To conclude, such willingness to pay provides policy-makers and government officials with enough justification to support the improve the quality of Taq-Bostan recreational park by at least investing on its preservation as much as the visitors’ willingness to pay.

One of the most important research aspects in view of providers of these services (electronic banking services) is the society demand. Many studies have been done on the basis of sampling but there is no study which has been done by entire data of statistical population.The main purpose of this research is to identify and analyses of the effects of factors such as fees, national income, urbanization rate, literacy rate, inflation rate, the number of service providing machines, and the number of issued cards affecting the demand; based on the theoretical demand functions.So, we expect that all factors will have positive effect on demand except fee. In the modeling, we use panel data of 16 banks during 2006-2010 and factor analysis method for time-series variables. Actually, only the fee has negative effect on quantity of demand. The factor fee has low-elasticity because there is no exact replacement for these services.

In this paper, the effect of subsidy on the long run urban water demand function has been examined in the city of Qom. To do this, the researchers have used monthly time series data during 2008:01-2011:06. The model estimated is based on the maximization of Stone - Gery utility function, autoregressive and co-integrated model approaches. The results indicate that the decrease or removal of water subsidy would decrease urban water demand. Also, Qom urban water demand has a negative relation to the price of water and other commodities and has a positive one to the revenue. All of these relationships are completely in line with economic theories. The province urban water demand is inelastic to water and other commodities prices and so a necessity for revenue. Also, the minimum level of water consumption of the households, when removing the price subsidy, is 38 liters per day.

Due to the heterogeneous nature of housing, the Hedonic model of pricing. It deals with the estimation of the Hedonic pricing function of housing using the Panel data procedure. For this purpose, the four regions of Kerman were considered as the areas under study during 1378-1388. It can be realized from the study that in Kerman, physical factors can affect the price of the residential units more than the situational and environmental factors. On the other hand, the elasticity incomes of the demands of infrastructure area and central heating system were positive while that of the distance from downtown was found to be negative. The three above-mentioned commodities were found to be elastic since their price elasticity numbers are more than one.

The aim of this study isto estimate of demand for higher education of Islamic Azad University, Abhar branch, according to demographic, economic, social, and psychological factors. The sample of research included 972students that enrolled in 87-88academic year. Subjects were asked to complete demographic, social and economic information form, achievement motivation questionnaire, and social acceptance questionnaire. Results of Binary Logistic Regression and Multinomial Logistic Regressionrevealed that house status, interest, marriage status, achievement motivation, age, tuition, education cost, and student/family income affect the demand of majors. Also, interest, coming job, parent’s job, marriage status, achievement motivation, age, tuition and education cost were significant.

The development dynamics between various sectors of an economy exerts an effective force towards sustainable development. The potential role of service sector in this regard is outstanding since it constitutes a larger share in GNP. In this context, insurance industry, a key segment of service sector, play a cushioning role for other sectors as it provides financial and psychological support to the entire economy. Insurance activities in Iran, despite its century long existence and experience, have not exploited its potential role in business environment and have not fulfilled its expected role in the economy of Iran. This paper has aimed to estimate the demand function for commercial insurance across the country (province-wise demand function). Attempts have been made to measure statistically the effect of variable such as Income Per capita, premium, inflation, literacy rate and compensation paid, on the demand for commercial insurance in Iran. The author has applied Eviews software and Panel Data techniques to estimate the parameters. The time span covered it this study starts from March 20, 2110to March 21, 2113. The findings of this research indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between Income Per capita and the demand for commercial insurance in Iranian provinces. An increase of 01in Income Per capita brings about 11031increase in demand for insurance. Moreover, there is a positive and significant relationship between compensation paid and demand for commercial insurances in the provinces. The demand for insurance services would increase by 1171in response to 01increasein compensation paid. The relationship between premium paid and the demand for commercial insurances in the provinces, is found to be negative and statistically meaningful. In other words, one per cent increase in premium per insurance issued would contract demand for insurance by 11..per cent.

The energy carriers (e.g. electricity) have a prominent role in the sustainable economic development. Among energy carriers, electricity has an essential role because of not having substitute in many cases as well as its ongoing expansion in the different stages of economic development. This research will investigate the functional relationship of electricity demand by using the co-integration techniques especially ARDL method and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). The quality of electricity supply (by using frequency shortage data) is included in the model. The frequency shortage data is used since it has been considered as an index for low quality of supply in the industrial sector. The results indicate that the long-run industrial electricity demand can not be considered as a function of electricity price. In addition, the estimated price and income elasticities in the short- and long-run prove that electricity is an inelastic input. Cross-price elasticities indicate that electricity and natural gas are substitutes in the short-run. Further more, the quality of electricity supply in the model is a significant variable which indicates its impact on the level of industrial electricity demand in Iran.

In the present article, the authors, reviewing the studies conduct, estimate the demand function for passenger and cargo transportation by railway using Fitzroy and Smith (1998) models and ARDL method. Theory studies show that in the passenger transportation sector, demand growth for passenger transportation, in the long-run is affected by gross domestic product (GDP) and price index of bus ticket, the long of railway line, income resulting from the proportion of passenger-Km to fixed price. In other hand, demand for cargo transportation in the long-runs is affected by gross domestic product (GDP), price index of truck rent, income resulting from the proportion of Ton-Km to fixed price. In any case about transportation railway, gross domestic product is variable effectives in transportation demand function both passenger sector and cargo sector.