جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « economic terrorism » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Actions such as illegal unilateral sanctions and politically motivated dumping may cause instability in the politico-economic system of the targeted country which can lead to human consequences, fear, and terror including economic terrorism. However, as international law stands now, there is no instrument defining economic terrorism, determining its instances and specifying legal and practical mechanisms  to confront it. This paper aims to examine economic terrorism and its instances and create mechanisms as well as a codified legal system to deal with this issue. Economic terrorism in the form of imposing unilateral economic sanctions contrary to international law and dumping is illegal and inconsistent with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, international customary trade law and UN Security Council resolutions. Therefore, to counter economic terrorism, it is necessary to give a precise and legally comprehensive definition of this kind of terrorism in international instruments acceptable to the international community. The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method.

The purpose of the present research is to study sanction against Iran’s Central Bank as an act of economic terrorism. In this regard, the main research question is whether immunity deprivation of the Central Bank can be considered as evidence of economic terrorism. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that deprivation of the funds immunity of Iran’s Central Bank has led to lack of services to people. As a result, the government can not perform their economic rights completely. Blocking governmental funds definitely impedes economic purposes because increasing inflation as well as recession and weakness of economic security have caused high pressure on the middle class who can be the main seekers of human rights. Furthermore, immunity deprivation of Iran’s Central Bank and governmental funds is considered as an evident interference in the countries’ internal and external affairs and violation of chapter 7 of article 2 that makes the government incapable to accomplish its duties and responsibilities. One of the important subjects to avoid harm to the citizens and violation of economic security is to prevent legislative anomalies. Therefore, deprivation of governmental funds immunity is effective on the state’s incapability and inefficiency and prevents the fulfilment of economic security. All these instances can be approved as cases of economic terrorism in the international system and violate the commitments mentioned in chapter 3 of article 2 in the charter of the United Nations. It can intensify international pressure against the country due to threatening peace and global security which are the main objectives of the international contemporary community to preserve. Immunity deprivation of the Central Bank can be considered as a component of violation of economic governance.

Due to its diasporic features and being 'in-between' competing Pakistani-American discourses, Mohsin Hamid (1971--)'s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) has the potential to deconstruct the dominant perceptions about influential incidents like the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. The major concept which is dislodged in this novel is the paradigm shift which occurs in the West and especially the United States after the event. The United States claims that its strategic alteration toward the Muslim immigrants in the post 9/11 era is a reaction against the fundamentalism and terrorism engendered by them; whereas, Hamid's critical reading against the grain, regards the post 9/11 alterations in the reception of Muslim migrants as anterior to the global fundamentalism and terrorism, rather than posterior to them. Put differently, the marginalized and oft-neglected narrative of a Muslim migrant author of the post 9/11 tumults, recognizes the United States as the origin of the global fundamentalism and terrorism and not the victim of them as widely claimed. The redefinition of this change in American policies in post 9/11 is depicted through the perspective of Changez, the novel's protagonist. He is a Muslim Pakistani young man, a Princeton graduate, and employed by a prosperous economic company. Hamid's redefinition of the post 9/11 paradigm shift is investigated along three axes and three important binary oppositions are deconstructed in his novel; the cosmopolitan/nationalist United States, the religious/ economic fundamentalism, and the military/economic terrorism.