جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « function » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Myths, as one of the essential components of popular literature, encompass culture and its dimensions, including the thoughts, beliefs, customary and ethical rules, as well as the perspectives and worldview of society. They convey a significant portion of the culture of nations to future generations through written and oral forms, utilizing simple and comprehensible language and tone. Women, as part of the human community, have always played an active role in the realm of myths, engaging in behaviors that are either performed by them or attributed to them. These actions are referred to in Propp's model as "functions," and the totality of these functions reflects the image of women in the myths of a nation. The present writing aims to descriptively and analytically examine the image of women and their functions in Kurdish myths, drawing on Vladimir Propp's model, and to explore the roots and factors influencing societal attitudes toward women from this perspective using library resources. Based on the research findings, women in Kurdish myths appear in roles such as daughter, wife, mother, maidservant, old woman, stepmother, neighbor, mother-in-law, aunt, and so on, with frequency order according to their presence. In terms of functions and roles, they perform as malevolent, heroines, princesses, false heroes, benefactors, senders, and helpers. The role of "daughter" has the highest frequency among the characters in Kurdish myths, while "malevolence" ranks as the most frequent function, indicating the society's negative perception of women and their behaviors.

One of the challenges in translating literary texts is the cultural elements, and this is especially important in the translation of dramatic literature due to the use of drama, i.e., performance on stage. Among the approaches to translation that take into account the purpose of translation and the function of the text in the target language, and give a special place to the audience's understanding in the translation of dramatic texts, is the Skopos theory. This research aims to extract the cultural elements in the play „The Man Outside“ based on the division of cultural elements into two categories of tangible cultural elements and intangible cultural elements, and according to them, evaluate the performance of the translator from the perspective of Skopos theory. The result of this research shows that although Golshiri's translation has been used in theatrical performances, his transfer of tangible cultural elements is not in line with the goal of the play, which is performance on stage.

Social monotheism, which is the result of a social and practical understanding of the principle of monotheism, in Ayatollah Khamenei's view, is a social theory and a general structure of life. In this regard he proposes the hypothesis of the function of social monotheism in the theoretical foundations and monotheistic society, including social “effectiveness” and “structure”. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the effects and results of the social understanding of monotheism in the duality of social effectiveness and structure, focusing on the verses of the Holy Qur'an. This research has been conducted using the descriptive-analytical method based on library data and the logic of understanding verses and rational reasoning. The results show that both effectiveness and structure are influenced by social monotheism. The centrality of obedience to God in social relations, truth-centeredness and denying the worship of whims in the social movement are among the results of the function of social monotheism in terms of effectiveness. And the negation of the plurality in worship and polytheistic models, the common social destiny of the Islamic Ummah, social control through the duty of enjoining good and forbidding what is evil, and Itibariyat ba’d al-Ijtima’ (conventional perceptions after civilization), the establishment of conventional institutions, and giving a monotheistic direction to social institutions and organizations are the output of the function of social monotheism in terms of structure. Divine traditions are also inviolable social laws that result from the social and collective deeds of people, and as a beyond-human agent, it participates in the macro-transformations and fate of societies.

Social anthropology studies how individuals function and behave within a social system. The concept of function holds significant importance in social anthropology as it pertains to the actions and activities of individuals within a specific social organization. Khalil Mutran lived in a society governed by tyrannical Ottoman kings, whose actions resulted in the people's subjugation and obedience to the sultan's orders. It had negative consequences and hindered social progress during that period. Drawing on his innovative perspectives, Mutran explored new anthropological concepts that transcended the limitations of time and place. By introducing Arabic poetry in a fresh direction, he established the foundations of his school of thought that aligned with the functions of human agency.This research analyzes the most significant functions of rulers in Khalil Mutran's poetry through qualitative content analysis and social criticism, serving as a fundamental pillar in social anthropology research. The findings indicate that the sultan imposed authoritarian functions on the nation, operating outside the boundaries of the law and utilizing social control mechanisms to further his interests and dictate the organization of affairs. It influenced people's behavior and social conduct, legitimizing and elevating the ruler's position. These factors formed the basis for class relations within that society.

The main axis of the armed forces is the command. Therefore, the commanders in the armed forces must have the main characteristics necessary for command. Based on this, evaluating their performance, especially based on jihadi management style, can provide the necessary feedback about their strengths and weaknesses and also improve their performance. Therefore, the general purpose of this research is to design and explain the performance evaluation model of the commander of the major ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army based on jihadi management, which two sub-goals were determined to achieve.

The method of collecting information is field and Library. The number of experts was 15 and the sample size was 54. This research is of applied type and was done with descriptive method in two stages: In the first stage, the dimensions were identified through the qualitative findings from the interviews and their coding using the content analysis method and Atlas T software version 8 in 6 steps. In the second stage, quantitative findings and interpretative structural approach were used in five steps to model the evaluation pattern.

The measured dimensions include: Jihadi spirit - personality - subsistence - command - specialized performance - foresight - interactions - follow-up - insight - security - productivity and employee satisfaction. the dimensions were categorized and classified in 5 levels.

Jihadi spirit was determined as the most effective and productivity, social interactions and employee satisfaction were determined as the most effective dimensions and Factor.

Iran’s strategic location, coupled with the presence of economic opportunities, has resulted in the establishment and development of a well-structured communication network in the past. The numerous caravanserais and robāts, serving as roadside inns within the geographical and historical context of Iran, highlight the significance of this network. The eastern region of Iran, acting as a key commercial route during the Islamic era, boasts a plethora of architectural marvels in terms of roads and the buildings along the routes. In 2016, a study was carried out in Jokhāh Village, situated in the Montazerieh district of Tabas, to investigate the archaeology of the area. The research specifically looked into two caravanserai buildings, conducting comparative studies to analyze their architectural design and function. Accordingly, the questions of the study are as follows: 1- What is the history and construction procedure of the two Jokhah caravanserais? 2- How should the function of these two buildings be evaluated relative to the other rural elements? This research serves as a fundamental investigation grounded in historical analysis. Data collection was conducted through field studies and the library method. Findings suggest that, from a historiographical standpoint, the older robāt of Jokhāh can be associated with two middle periods, while the younger caravanserai is linked to the Qajar Period. The architectural configuration and location of the old Robāt classify it as an out-of-town roadside edifice, while the younger one could be identified as an in-town building.

Literature has a close relationship with society and its concoction such as individuals' behavior and functions. Therefore, not only is a literary work regarded as a pure artistic creation, but also it is a human activity with a social function. Paying attention to the role of literature in re- creation, criticism, and also its dynamics in relation to society, makes this functions more noticeable. When we consider social anthropology as the science of studying humans’ functions and their social relationships in a special structural format such as religious and political organization, family system and other systems; parallel to that, literature is a human construct that depicts society and the functions of individuals. Such an approach provides an appropriate field for anthropological researchers to gain deep knowledge of the structure of society and the social functions of people. It is not hidden from the view of "Khalil Mutran" who was interested in drawing Arabic poetry into issues related to society and human social roles. Based on this, through the approach of social criticism and in light of qualitative content analysis, this article intends to go through a social anthropological study of the roles of people in Mutran’s poetry. One of the most important findings of the research is that the roles of people in the society that Mutran spoke about were represented by involvement in the sphere of authority of the ruler out of fear and ignorance. This by itself prompted some people to raise the status of the ruler and give it legitimacy. On the other hand, people there did not have any will or determination to adopt rejection or to change reality, and they adapted to the current situation which by itself resulted in the stabilization of the ruling system prevailing in that period.

Trade has been one of the most important parts of people's lives since the past, through which people could satisfy their need for different goods through exchange with each other. In fact, the need for different goods that either did not exist in a land or was very limited opened the way for business trips so that merchants and traders could supply the different goods needed by the people of their cities from other cities and lands. Therefore, the expansion of business trips created the need for different shelters along the way to the destination city; Because merchants and other travelers needed to have a short stay in a place to buy and sell in addition to rest. Funduk was one of these shelters, which is comparable to Khan with some differences, As the Khan was a place for travelers to stay, it also had a commercial function for merchants. Khan could be built both inside the city and outside it on the route of the caravans. While Funduk was a commercial place as well as a residence for merchants and other travelers, which was built inside the cities. This research aims to answer this question by using the available sources, what were the places and functions of Funduk in the west of the Islamic world. It seems that Funduk was more of a commercial house with the possibility of temporary accommodation for merchants and travelers, which was built inside the cities, but the appearance of the building and even its functions were different based on the type of stay of travelers and the existing conditions in each period.

Modern entertainments are new-fangled concepts in the present time, which have various effects and functions, including psychological ones. Knowing these functions is scientifically significant thus they sometimes remain unknown even to the inventers of these entertainments themselves. Another point is the influential conditions on the desirability or undesirability of these functions. Taking account of Islamic considerations can guide us in solving these issues. In this course, the following research aims to identify the psychological functions of entertainment and their desirability from the Islamic perspective through a descriptive-analytical method. The research has identified some of the psychological functions of entertainment including: joy and amusement, learning and education, self-fulfillment and self-transcendence, emotional catharsis, thrill-seeking and excitement, rejuvenation and tranquility, getting rid of problems, satisfying idealistic desires, oblivion and adaptation, psychotherapy, self-discovery, and substitutability. In today's world, these functions are often realized in undesirable ways. From the Islamic perspective, for these functions to be desirable, certain considerations are necessary, such as ensuring that the entertainment is lawful and lead not to outcomes such as neglecting wanted issues and man's other duties, ostentation, sudden and thoughtless behavior, addiction to entertainment, creating false needs (such as fashenism), cultural homogenization, attacking the Islamic culture, and dominance by tyrants (economic, cultural, and political).

Social and cooperative institutions, under titles such as non-governmental organizations, make an important contribution in civic education and socialization of people in actions and reactions required for interactions, communications, and regulation of human beings social life, and accordingly they can provide and guarantee the social order and consequently the legal order. The mosque is one of the historical models of non-governmental social organizations in which we can study various aspects of education and training of the citizens in the areas of convergence, synergy, and solidarity for the realization of a desirable and decent society. By taking a documentary and library approach and studying the literature, it has been found that moral education in the institution of mosque cultivates a person who is committed to social and legal norms, yielding to the advancement of social and legal civility and sociability. Basically, It is possible to maintain that a person trained by a mosque and a religious board has a greater practical commitment to complying with social and legal rules and regulations; a society founded on mosque-oriented education and an internal control approach (in the absence of external control), will train people who adhere more to the social order and the legal order, and at a lower cost, the result will be an optimal and more worthy society.

One of the most important functions of social monotheism is its role in the reconstruction of Islamic civilization. The idea of ​​monotheism as a social doctrine by Ayatollah Khamenei, as well as the necessity of total servitude to God in the maximum form, strengthens the hypothesis of the role of social monotheism in the reconstruction of Islamic civilization. In order to prove the above hypothesis, this paper aims to show the output of the social reading of monotheism in the theoretical foundations of the process of civilization reconstruction, and explain its requirements, focusing on the Qur'an and the thoughts of Ayatollah Khamenei. As a result, both instrumental and main parts of the new Islamic civilization find a new color with the social reading of monotheism. The ideology of this civilization is the social faith and its centrality is the ummah (nation) and the transgeographic monotheistic society, and its leadership is carried out by the innocents and their representatives in a continuous and transhistorical manner. The requirements are political, social and economic system-building based on social and dynamic jurisprudence around monotheism and its proliferation, accumulation of social will based on monotheistic agency and activism, and a critical look at non-monotheistic and ineffective civilizations.

All people deal with numerous governmental agencies daily, to the extent that these governmental agencies have become part of people's lives. This reality is more evident in Iran due to the high volume of government activities and the so-called "big government." Governorates, headed by the governor, are responsible for implementing and overseeing government activities in each province separately. Therefore, given the high volume of public interaction with government agencies in Iranian society, the optimal performance of governorates in general and the governors themselves as the helmsmen of this governmental institution has become very important. Accordingly, the main issue that will lead to this study is the lack of existing awareness regarding the performance evaluation of governors. It is unclear on what basis governors' performance is evaluated and on what basis the rankings and results presented by statistical centers are based. Therefore, this study is conducted in two steps. In the first step, the performance evaluation model for governors is designed and modeled by identifying the components and indicators involved in it; in the second step, the extracted research model is validated.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

The present research is based on the interpretive-positivist paradigm and a mixed approach, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Also, the strategy of this research is inductive. The qualitative study population in this research consists of all university professors in the field of public administration and strategic management, governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran government, and senior managers of the Ministry of Interior. To design the model for this research, interviews continued based on the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation; therefore, the number of participants in this study has been 18 people. In this section, the statistical population consisted of experts knowledgeable about the subject, such as governors of the Islamic Republic of Iran government, deputies, and senior managers of governorates of the Islamic Republic of Iran government. Sampling was done using a non-probabilistic convenience method, and finally, 48 people from the target statistical population were determined as the research sample. In order to model the identified dimensions of performance evaluation, the opinions of experts who have had an active executive role were used, as these individuals have been closely involved in management activities at the macro-governmental level and have practical familiarity with performance evaluation processes. Another indicator in determining the sample size in this section was the accessibility to such experts, which ultimately led to 48 people being determined as the sample in this regard.

The analysis of data from the interviews ultimately led to the identification of 12 main categories as dimensions of governors' performance evaluation. In total, the dimensions of governors' performance evaluation were classified into five levels. Accordingly, geographical knowledge was considered the most influential factor, and stakeholder satisfaction, political participation, and productivity were considered the most affected factors. Given that significance levels less than 0.05 were obtained, consequently, non-parametric tests must be used. In this regard, structural equation modeling with a partial least squares approach is used. The average social capital shows that in the statistical population under study, this concept is not at a desirable level. Also, geographical knowledge and welfare development show above-average values, and the rest of the variables are at an average level.

Limitations & Consequences:

 Given the purpose of this study, access to experts who could help with the process of this study has been difficult.

Practical Consequences: 

The findings of this study provide the following suggestions for policymakers and country governorates to utilize:Periodic analysis of geographical areas of provinces using the SWOT matrix method to identify regional strengths and weaknesses as well as understand future opportunities and threats for targeting;Establishing a safety and health working group in governorates under the management of governors to identify health weaknesses at the provincial level and strive to solve these problems through planning and seeking advice from experts in this field at the provincial level;Government officials' efforts to use native governors in each province for better alignment with the region and better understanding of economic opportunities;

Innovation or value of the Article:

 The present study is the first study that presents a model for evaluating the performance of governors.

Presently, to establish a conducive residential environment, enhance the commercial landscape, effectively manage resources, maintain cultural identity, and instill optimism among its inhabitants, Tehran metropolis necessitates an enhanced utilization of resources and the implementation of various novel solutions to address prevailing and emerging challenges. The primary objective of this study was to assess the urban innovation status of Tehran metropolis.

The current research is pragmatic in its objectives, exhibiting a mixed methodology approach and employing a descriptive-analytical survey method. Data was gathered through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires devised by the researcher. Subsequent to the coding and examination of the interviews utilizing thematic analysis, the outcomes were incorporated into a researcher-developed questionnaire for the evaluation of Tehran metropolis, with the data being scrutinized using SPSS software.

The efficient institutional framework and transparent laws, along with the financial-institutional policies of the government, the level of citizen participation, the presence of parent universities, a pool of creative and expert human resources, the existence of technological and innovative companies, access to diverse markets, well-developed urban innovation infrastructures, a unique city brand, the strategic city location, and the quality of life are all crucial factors that can be used to assess the state of the Tehran metropolis. Among these factors, the parent universities, strategic location, human resources, and city brand exhibit a more favorable condition.

The current situation of the Tehran metropolis does not appear to be very conducive in terms of urban innovation and its functionalities. Optimal conditions for the adaptation of such systems to the Tehran metropolis are also not adequately observed.

The concept of love with all its semantic realm and all its capacity to create and evoke emotions has always been present in the poetry and literature of various nations and cultures, especially in Persian literature. Love has permeated our literature in an aura from myths and legends to mystical secrets and everyday affections. This study focused on finding out whether there is a relationship between the concept of love and its multiple functions, in the poems of the contemporary Persian language poet Hossein Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet, the great Turkish poet. If we find such an affinity, then we can contrast, assess and classify the prominent functions and elements of the concept of love in the works of the two poets. Following the American school of comparative literature, this contrastive study sought to find similar experiences and commonalities of the two poets in facing the reality and concept of love, and then its linguistic, emotional, social, aesthetic, etc. functions in the language and world of their poetry.

First, an overview of the concept of love and its reflection in the poetry of two poets (Hossein Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet) was presented, and then the elements and functions of the concept of love in their works were compared, analyzed and classified.

A contrastive analysis of different functions of the concept of love in the poetry of Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet does not seek to prove the historical connection and directive interactions between the two poets’ works but aims to specify the similarities and differences of these functions in the poetry of the two poets. Although chronologically, Monzavi could have been influenced by Nâzım Hikmet, whose works have been translated into Persian and known in Iran for years, upon further contemplation we find the poetic style, genre, world and language of Monzavi have no direct relationship with Nâzım Hikmet’s poetry. Among the contemporary poets of Iran, Ahmad Shamlou, who developed modernism after Nima, by presenting prose poetry and creating important and successful works in this field, was influenced by the language, form and even the content of Nâzım’s poetry. In an interview, Shamlou confirmed this influence: “One of those who strongly influenced my poetry, that is, instantly revolutionized my poetic style, is Nâzım Hikmet (Mojabi, 2009: 751).
The emotional and lyrical function in the poetry of the two poets is one of the most powerful and prominent elements of their poetry, which has been analyzed by referring to examples of their poetic expressions and their roots.
Emotions in Hossein Monzavi’s poetry represent one of the important elements of the artistic geometry of his poetry. Emotional expressions never subside in different stages of his life and the course of his poetry. His poetry is replete with representations of emotions such as joy, sadness, longing, fear, hope, expectations, the pain of separation, and lover’s suffering: “The most important thing that has added to the prominence and impact of Monzavi’s sonnets is the spirit of pure lyricism and the central role of love in his sonnets” (Hosseinkhani, 2005: 106). An analysis of the lived experiences of Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet about love and being loved reflects a type of love in their works, which is the outcome of a kind of emotional behavior of the poets themselves and their romantic lives. In the book Philosophy of Love, the author refers to two important barriers to love in the contemporary world; One is the promotion of safe love in the sense that in the modern capital-oriented world, the riskiness of love, which is the natural recompense of love, is negated and safe love is promoted and thus love is diminished to the level of a safe relationship, and the other flaw in our time is its denial and suppression.
Highlighting the dangerous nature of love is one of the bold functions of the concept of love in the poetry of Hossein Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet. This common and continuous function is predicted in the poetry of these poets; Because, in addition to a kind of cultural and collective belief in the reciprocity of suffering and love, Monzavi and Hikmet were victims of partings and heartbreaks, and part of their lived experiences has been formed in pain and suffering caused by love. Thus, they have numerous poems that have focused on this theme. In some of his poems, sometimes directly and sometimes with a symbolic expression, Nâzım Hikmet considers the suffering lover to be the victim of the beloved. In the following poem, he points to the male bee as a symbol of love: “The male bees are trying to reach her. Finally, the strongest of them embraces her. Their connection did not last a second. He shook himself and the female bee separated from him. The male bee fell to the ground with his body torn to pieces”.
The important point is that Hossein Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet are both the most capable poets of their era in creating the aesthetic functions of poetry. The aesthetics of the poetry of the two poets has a lot of power and attraction, and for this reason, each of them is considered an important and influential poet in their own culture and language. All the themes, concepts and contents of the poetry of the two poets are expressed with aesthetic function and artistic methods focusing on social and protest themes to the deepest human emotions and universal concepts. The concept of love in their poetry is based on their belief in love and their deep personal experiences of love and its representation in various linguistic and formal beauties.  Using harmonized rhetorical techniques and effective image creation including similes and metaphors, Monzavi’s poetry contains new compositions and optimally uses linguistic and musical capacities to turn romantic themes into powerful aesthetic elements of his poetry. That is, the most artistic language behaviors have appeared in his lyrical poems. His dynamic and creative images representing the beauty and heart-wining effects of the beloved are some of his most successful poetic techniques.

The present study showed that the concept of love is one of the main and most comprehensive thematic aspects and layers of meaning in the poetry of Hossein Monzavi and Nâzım Hikmet, with the difference that the world of Monzavi’s poetry is based on the concept of love. However, due to metatextual issues, his lyric poems have also other functions. In contrast, the essence of Nâzım’s poetry is the wisdom of struggle and protest. Moreover, due to his belief in the concept of love and his deep emotional experiences, the concept of love has found a special place in his poetry. Besides, the two poets’ focus on love in their poetry based on their intellectual backgrounds and personal experiences has caused similar and close perceptions of the concept of love and has had similar manifestations in the layers and elements of their poetry.
Furthermore, the expressions of the concept of love in the poetry of these poets have led to multiple elements and functions, including the emotional and lyrical function, the social and protest function, the earthly and individual function, the aesthetic and lyrical function as reflected in the poetry of both poets. However, there are differences in linguistic representation of these themes in their poetry. Overall, the findings from this study indicated that the common functions of the concept of love in the poetry of two poets in two different countries, two languages and two different cultures confirm that a great and comprehensive human concept, such as love, can overcome many linguistic, social, climatic and artistic differences, become a common ground for literary and artistic works, and bring them closer together from different aspects. Thus, with comparative research, we can discover and reveal these common grounds and expand the cultural interactions between different nations through literature.

Comprehensive Ijtihad (Jurisprudence) interpretation is a comprehensive approach to interpretation in terms of the methodology of interpretation and employs various interpretive sources to discover the true intent of God. Since reason holds a significant and foundational position in this interpretation, examining the functions of rational reasoning becomes essential. The utilization of reason in Quranic arguments and rational indicators in interpretation serves the purpose of uncovering the meanings and objectives of Quranic verses, emphasizing the function of rational reasoning as a valid source of knowledge. This study, employing a descriptive-analytical method and through data collection procedures such as library research, data extraction, as well as referencing credible documents, investigates the most important functions of rational reasoning in comprehensive Ijtihad (jurisprudence) interpretation. The use of reason in resolving apparent contradictions in verses, the utilization of rational indicators (intuitive knowledge and conclusive arguments) in interpretation, applying the principle of “implementation and adaptation”, as well as the discovery of rational requirements within Quranic verses are among the key functions of rational reasoning.

Tennis elbow is a common disease in the elbow area, which is felt as pain in the outer part of the elbow.One of the new methods in the treatment of this complication is IASTM, so the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IASTM on pain, function and severity of disability in patients with tennis elbow. 44 patients from the clinic of an orthopedic specialist in Isfahan were selected purposefully and available. The samples were randomly divided into two experimental groups (age: 51.12±0.1 years, height: 165.7±9.4 cm, weight: 68±1.11 kg) and control (age: 50.4±13.0 years, height: 167±3.10.5 cm, weight: 74±12.9 kg) were divided. The treatment protocol of the control group was one injection of corticosteroids, 10 sessions of physical therapy and the daily use of tennis-elbow splint, while in the experimental group, in addition to receiving the interventions of the control group, IASTM was used for 4 weeks, two sessions of 10 minutes each week. became Pain intensity (VAS questionnaire), function (DASH questionnaire) and disability severity (PRTEE questionnaire) of patients were measured before and after 4 weeks. Dependent t statistical method and covariance analysis were used to analyze the data (P<0.05). In both groups, there was a significant improvement between pre-test and post-test of all variables (p<0.05). Also, a significant difference between the two experimental and control groups was observed in all variables,so that the effect size of the experimental group protocol on pain was 0.604, on function, 0.387, and on the severity of disability was 0.619 (P<0.05). The use of IASTM together with common interventions for the treatment of tennis elbow disease can be effective in improving pain, function and severity of disability, therefore, it is recommended for this group of patients.Key words: IASTM, pain, function, Severity of disability, Tennis Elbow

The need for a coherent design of religious teachings in different aspects of life has led Muslim thinkers to draw religious systems in order to be more successful in encounter to different schools and in providing responsive systems to the needs of the individual and society. In this approach, in order to preserve the originality of the thought and the possibility of referring it to Islam, the contribution and function of religion in the field of systematization should be specified, and extremes should be avoided. In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the vocation of religion in this field and the expectations from it in this framework, according to the theological foundations; Also, the influence of religious teachings on all kinds of systems and sub-systems, especially in the field of ethics, should be investigated. What this research has accomplished is the more precise determination of the meaning of system and the meaning of systemization. In this work, the approach of unnecessary scrutiny of words and terms has been avoided and the necessary formats have been determined by focusing on the need for systemization. Also, relying on the belief in the comprehensiveness of Islam, it has been tried to find out the extent of using the teachings of the Quran and Hadith to build any form of systems.

One of the characteristics of the Safavid era was the beginnings of the Shi'i movement, which manifested itself in the form of the concept of Mahdism. The authors of the present study have tried to pave the way for the pathology of Mahdism in the mentioned era , assuming that Mahdism in the Safavid period was faced with functional aspects as well as dysfunctional and non-functionally aspects, and in this way, they have tried to keep their critical distance from the generally ideological readings of this matter. The research question can be formulated as follows: Did Mahdism, in addition to its existing functions, also face dysfunctions and non – functions? What are these? The results of this research show that the functions of Mahdism in safavid are  A: Territorial integration; B: Formulation of "national" solidarity; And in the aspect of  dysfunctions regarding are A: the emergence of false claimants; B: creating an ideological cover to justify the lord-servant structure; C: Inability to re – assimilate social forces; And in terms of non-functionally, it also includes the gradual deterioration of the Safavid style of governance. The aforementioned findings are based on the historical-analytical study method and relying on an interdisciplinary approach (historical-sociological) and based on Merton's theory of functionalism, it is concluded that - perhaps, considering the multitude of dysfunctions and non-finctions regarding Safavid Mahdism, the Net Balance  in Merten's theory  is more dysfunctional and non functional than functional

Proverbs are important cultural components which show the way and style of common thought in a society. They are often mediators and devices for language pressure and influence. The question is where the effectiveness and functional pressure of proverbs come from and how the internal and external mechanisms governing their structure work. Using the qualitative, analytical and functionalist method, it can be said that proverbs become common and influential when they direct the audience to a familiar story in the infrastructure through obvious dualities and contrasts in the superstructure. The easier the audience's mind is transferred from superficial signs to cultural and infrastructural significance of the stories, the more immediate and greater their influence will be on the audience. The story in the deep structure of proverbs can influence the listener like a pressure device by shaping the mental schema and help in cognitive development, recalling and quick understanding of the message. Narratives and cultural stories in the deep structure of proverbs act in the direction of persuasion. They shape acceptance by emphasizing on social constructionism and create an immediate impact on the audience by highlighting the originality of depiction and imposing pressure and theatrical obligation.

The grapheme “و” in the Persian written system signifies several graphs and linguistic signs. This grapheme signifies both “o” and “va” (=and) in the field of conjunction, and there is no noticeable difference between their grammatical categories, function and meaning in the Persian language system. Pointing to the lexical and conceptual changes of these two words from a diachronic study, this article has tried to prove from the perspective of the reduction process in perceptional semantics that the word “و” has only one linguistic meaning and does not belong to more than one grammatical category. Research corpus is the lyric poems of Saadi and Hafez. Studying this conjunction from the perspective of the process of reducing the signs in perceptional semantics showed that the types of meanings attributed to “و” in the tradition of Persian language and literature studies are related to the meanings of collocating units, or are related to the reduction of companion units in the intra-linguistic context. In this approach, the conjunction “و” does not have any other category, meaning, and function in Persian language; and it is necessary to observe this point in the pragmatic studies related to this conjunction in Persian language and literary texts.