جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « labor market » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

The artistic labor market is characterized by unique features such as job insecurity, low wages, and income instability. One of the most distinctive aspects, compared to conventional economic theories of the labor market, is the multiple job-holding among artists. Despite a growing body of literature in cultural economics that discusses this phenomenon, the determinants of multiple job-holding in the artistic and creative labor markets remain largely underexplored. It is of significance to note that the methodology of economics focuses on establishing a well-restricted framework of determinants, rather than listing all possible factors. This approach enables policymakers to effectively monitor and, if necessary, adjust a limited set of variables to achieve broader economic and social goals related to a particular phenomenon. This paper aims to identify the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by analyzing the underlying infrastructures of the market for arts and cultural goods and services. The research question of this study is:Which market infrastructures significantly explain the variations in multiple job-holding among calligraphers?
Although the importance of examining this issue extends beyond the artistic and creative labor markets, fundamental changes in labor markets over recent decades have led to an increase in non-standard and precarious forms of work, such as temporary employment, multiple job-holding, project-based work, and involuntary self-employment. Therefore, understanding artists' experiences and their strategies for coping with precarious work is crucial for analyzing the broader labor market.

The present inquiry identifies the determinants of multiple job-holding among artists by examining the infrastructures of the art goods and services market through a literature review and interviews with experts. The data were collected via a researcher-designed questionnaire from 33 calligraphy artists residing in Mashhad. To establish a well-restricted framework of these determinants, one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, controlling for the effect of the artist’s presence in a prosperous market. This approach clarifies which explanatory variable(s) serve as key determinants in explaining changes in the dependent variable. A notable advantage of this method is its ability to handle variables that are multi-ordered rather than simply binary. Additionally, ANOVA allows for both univariate analysis—testing the explanatory power of changes in a single independent variable—and bivariate analysis, which tests the impact of changes in two independent variables, both individually and in interaction with each other. Overall, the use of ANOVA, particularly in a two-way or, if necessary, multi-way design, enables the researcher to reduce the problem’s dimensions from numerous, potentially correlated, or causally related factors to a limited set of determining factors.

After accounting for the impact of an artist’s presence in a prosperous market, the vast majority of these infrastructures have independently demonstrated a significant ability to explain differences in the levels of multiple job-holding among calligraphers. Subsequently, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the issue and achieving a well-defined theoretical framework, a two-way ANOVA method was employed, leading to the identification of nine infrastructures as key determinants of multiple job-holding among artists from the 28 reviewed: copyright, access to credit, business startup costs, psychological income, declining demand for calligraphy, the share of government commissions, differences between primary and secondary market characteristics, market thinness, and the role of exhibitions, festivals, and expos.
The findings indicate significant two-way interactions between many of these determinants and the demand-side infrastructures of the market, as well as between financial development and the development of art market infrastructures. There is also a notable interaction between the psychic income derived from artistic activities—often cited as the primary reason artists accept non-artistic jobs—and the market structure, as well as between the declining use of calligraphy and the underdeveloped business environment in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. Additionally, the share of government demand emerges as the most significant factor in explaining artists' multiple job-holding. The marked disparity between the level of institutional development in the mass market versus the deep-pocket market, the extreme thinness of the calligraphy market—even compared to other art markets—and the lack of frequent specialized expos further intensify the incentives for artists to take on multiple jobs.

Empirical evidence highlights several determinants of multiple job-holding among artists: the demand-driven nature of these determinants, the weak real-financial mutual linkages (both on the supply side and the demand side of financial services), the connection between market structure infrastructures and psychic income, the exacerbation of negative effects due to the declining use of calligraphy in an underdeveloped business environment, the allocation of government demand without a pre-announced rule, the underdeveloped institutional environment of the mass market, market thinness, and the lack of participation in specialized expos. To address the issue of multiple job-holding among artists, the development of demand-side infrastructures should be prioritized in any agenda for art market development. Additionally, enhancing financial instruments and institutions for development finance in the arts, improving the business environment, reducing barriers to market entry, refining regulations and procedures of the Iran Calligraphers Association to reduce labor market frictions for members, ensuring a fairer distribution of government demand among artists (particularly benefiting young artists in the mass market), and holding specialized expos periodically can all contribute to improving the labor market situation for artists.

With the extensive development of higher education in Iran, the phenomenon of overeducation or job-education mismatch has emerged in the Iranian labor market, which has caused negative consequences, including the increase in unemployment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting overeducation in order to adopt a suitable policy to reduce it. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the overeducation of the workforce in urban and rural areas of the country. For this purpose, the household cost-income data of 2020 and the logit model are used. The results of the research show that the variables of years of education, experience, part-time job, sex, unemployment rate, relative supply of graduates, relative demand of graduates, and employment in the private sector are factors affecting overeducation in Irananian labor market. At the end of the study, the suggestions have been made to reduce the overeducation. The general suggestion of the research is that, first, student training in universities should be done based on the needs of the labor market; Secondly, by making different economic sectors knowledge-based, the recruitment of educated workforce should increase according to the level of education.

Determining the minimum salary is considered as one of the most important changes in the labor market, and the labor force from the newly arrived labor force and the experienced labor force demands to receive a fair salary in order to have sufficient motivation to provide services. For this reason, the government determines one of the salaries, because I understand that it must determine a level of salary that guarantees the personal security of their work and their families. What is clear is that in Iran's economy, which has always been involved in high inflation, the level of wages has increased in line with inflation. therefore, in this research using the VAR model, the question has been raised as to whether changes in other variables, such as in the macroeconomic sector of the economy, have had an effect on wages or not. The variables used are the share of employees in the service sector, the added value of the service sector, the literacy rate of adults and the housing price index. The investigated time period is 1370 to 1399. The results of the model showed that practically none of the changes in the macroeconomic variables of the country had an effective contribution in determining the minimum salary and the process of determining the minimum salary is a repetitive process without considering the macroeconomic indicators

Investors' decisions are influenced by a wide variety of factors, including biological factors such as hormone levels in the body to psychological factors such as personality and past experiences. On the other hand, psychological factors such as self-confidence, fear of failure or risk-taking can affect personal investment decisions. With the interaction of these two types of factors, these effects can appear in a very complex and interesting way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of biological and psychological factors on investors' decisions with the moderating role of risk acceptance. This research in terms of practical purpose; In terms of nature, it is a descriptive-correlational method. Also, in terms of the method of data collection, it is survey type. The statistical population consists of 384 real and legal investors in Tehran who expressed their opinion through a researcher-made questionnaire. Structural equation modeling with SMART-PLS software was used to test the data. The findings show the positive and significant effect of cognitive biases on investors' decisions. Behavioral biases affect investors' decisions. Physiological factors influence investors' decisions. Genetic factors influence investors' decisions. Risk acceptance affects the impact of cognitive biases on investors' decisions. Risk acceptance affects the impact of behavioral biases on investors' decisions. Risk acceptance affects the impact of physiological factors on investors' decisions. Risk acceptance influences the impact of genetic factors on investors' decisions.

This research combined previous research to analyze the barriers to employment in the Iranian sports labor market at three levels: micro, meso, and macro.

This qualitative study uses a meta-synthesis approach and the qualitative content analysis method. The statistical population included all domestic studies conducted between 1380 and 1402. In this way, 31 articles were purposefully selected. Using Sandlowski and Barroso's (2007) seven-step model, the findings of previous research related to the research objectives were reviewed, aggregated, synthesized, and interpreted. Using the ocoding method's identification and validation was confirmed through Cohen's kappa test (0.617).

Based on the findings, the barriers to employment in the sports labor market are classified into 66 sub-themes and 13 main themes at three levels: micro, meso, and macro.

The findings of this study show that employment in the Iranian sports labor market faces numerous obstacles. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive and long-term approach by policymakers, managers, economic actors, and job seekers in this field is essential. At the micro level, skills training and strengthening personal characteristics; at the meso level, reforming the educational system, creating a labor market system, developing a strategic plan, strengthening sports-related associations and institutions, and increasing support; at the macro level, economic reforms, improving political relations, social support, technological advancement, and legal changes can lead to the creation of new and sustainable job opportunities in Iranian sports.

Recent research has confirmed the crucial role of social security in promoting social justice. However, despite its significance, these services are sometimes deemed unnecessary by both employers and workers. This can lead to insurance evasion.

The study was conducted using a qualitative research method based on grounded theory, during which 14 experts of the Social Security Organization were selected using a purposive sampling technique. These people responded to the main question of the research (identification of the factors affecting insurance evasion) during structured and issue-oriented interviews.

After analyzing the data, the core category was identified as “insurance evasion, short-term profit-making of stakeholders, and long-term instability in the production of collective good social welfare.” This central phenomenon is influenced by several causal conditions, including “lack of awareness among actors about the benefits of insurance,” “successive waves of economic crises,” “complexity and ambiguity in laws and regulations,” and “the lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation system.”  Additionally, the findings revealed that social actors encountering this issue have implemented strategies such as “prioritizing income for the labor force”, “associating labor based on bribery/threats”, and “neglect of insurance benefits”. These strategies have resulted in consequences such as “the challenge of financing the uninsured workforce” and “the gradual and increasing collapse of income/cost of insurance companies”.

The insurance evasion occurs under the influence of economic and structural factors. The inflation economic crises, and deficiencies in the social security laws regarding the determination of insurance payment and insurance styles affect the performance of capital and labor owners more than any other factor.

The transition of graduates from various levels of the education system, whether it be from schools or universities, into the labor market has become a significant concern in many countries. This concern arises from the realization that a rising unemployment rate, particularly among educated youth, can have numerous economic and social repercussions for societies. Extensive research conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2019 and the CEDEFOP in 2020 has highlighted the critical role of the mismatch between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the demands of the labor market in exacerbating the unemployment crisis in low and middle-income countries. Consequently, recognizing the importance of establishing a harmonious relationship between TVET and workforce employment within the labor market, this study aimed to address the following question: To what extent does a balance or imbalance exist between the representation of TVET and employment in the three key sectors of industry, services, and agriculture within the country? With this objective in mind, this research endeavored to provide an overview of the current state of affairs concerning the presence or absence of equilibrium between TVET and employment within the country, while also underscoring the necessity of revising the educational development process based on the requirements of the labor market within this particular educational subsystem.

The present study was an applied research conducted using a quantitative approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method. Secondary research methodology was utilized in this study. The statistical data sources for this study comprised registration statistics of graduates from technical and vocational high schools at the second level, individuals, who have acquired skills through informal training offered by the TVT Organization, as well as graduates from Technical and Vocational Universities and Comprehensive Scientific-Applied Universities during the academic year of 2019/20. These data were categorized according to industry, services, and agriculture clusters. Additionally, data from the labor force census plan in the academic year of 2019/20 were also incorporated. Sampling and data verification processes were conducted using a complete counting approach and all the recorded data were included in the analysis. To address the research questions, descriptive-fuzzy tests, such as averages and standard deviations, were employed, along with inferential tests, such as single-group t-tests, ANOVA, and the TOPSIS and TOPSIS-A methods for data analysis.

The research findings shed light on the current state of compatibility between employment and technical, vocational, and skill training within the sectors of industry, agriculture, and services of the country. Both the descriptive and fuzzy sections of the study revealed a lack of satisfactory alignment between training and employment nationwide with a significant mismatch observed across all three sectors. Specifically, the results indicated that mismatch existed in all clusters, with industry and agriculture experiencing a more pronounced disparity. The mismatch within the services and agriculture clusters primarily stemmed from a shortage of technical, vocational, and skill graduates in the fields related to these sectors. On the other hand, the imbalance within the industry cluster was attributed to an excess of technical, vocational, and skill training surpassing the demands of the labor market. This discrepancy characterized by a shortage of training in the services cluster and an oversupply of training in the industry cluster reflects a common characteristic of less developed societies. It stands in contrast to prevailing and future employment trends worldwide. Unquestionably, this trajectory will inevitably lead to a crisis of mismatch and a surge in unemployment in the country's labor market. In conclusion, the research findings underscored the urgent need to address the imbalance between training and employment in the country. A comprehensive review and revision of the education system, specifically tailored to meet labor market demands within this particular subsystem, are imperative. By aligning technical, vocational, and skill training with the evolving needs of industries in the country, the nation can navigate towards a more harmonious and prosperous labor market, thereby mitigating the risks associated with mismatch and unemployment in the future.

Observing statistics and information related to the position of university graduates in the economic environment of the society, clarifies the job fields and the factors affecting it. It will be useful in explaining employment policies. This research examines the employment status of graphic graduates of technical and vocational schools in Mazandaran province and their position in the labor market.

The data collection tool was a job status questionnaire, which was answered by telephone interview, and the statistical population included 240 graphic graduates from 1390 to 1393 from 2 boys' colleges and 3 girls' colleges, of which 104 answered. . Statistical indicators (frequency percentage, tables, appropriate graphs) were used to process and analyze quantitative data and qualitative study monitoring methods (classification, summary, comparison) were used to analyze qualitative information

Statistical results show that among 104 graphic arts graduates of the province from 2011 to 2014 with an employment rate of 76.5 total girls and boys and 95.1% of male graduates have been attracted to the labor market . this shows that workshop training in university and technical And the profession has been relatively successful in creating

Employment, Graduates of Graphic Arts, Labor Market, Technical and Vocational University, Mazandaran Province

Propellants and effective variables on the future of Labor supply in Iran's labor market with a combined Delphi approach and structural analysisAbstractThe present research has been carried out with the present of identifying and structurally analyzing the mutual influence of variables and effective drivers on the labor supply in the labor market of Iran in the horizon of 2061. so, in the beginning, through library research and survey of sources and documents in the background of the issue, a number of variables were identified, and so on key variables were determined through interviews with experts and the implementation of the Delphi method and the cross impact analysis questionnaire was designed and completed with the establishment expert panel (consisting of 12 experts in the context of the labor market). By means of MICMAC software, the degree of influence and effectiveness of each of the identified variables was evaluated and accordingly, It was concluded that variables such as age structure, social pressure, per capita income, marital status, immigration, death rate, gross national product, education cost and household cost have the greatest influence on the supply of human resources in Iran's labor market,and variables such as economic conditions (inflation and recession), payroll and government policies are key and propellant factors.

The mismatch between university education and labor market demands is a critical concern for many education systems. However, there's a lack of established models to guide the development of strategies that address this issue. This article aims to bridge this gap by proposing a new, locally-developed model for aligning the development of advanced technical university education with labor market needs.The research employed a mixed methods approach with nested logic. The qualitative section utilized theoretical sampling based on the snowball technique. Interviews were conducted with 17 individuals until reaching theoretical saturation, a point where no new insights emerged. The quantitative section involved a survey administered to 120 experts. The validity of research tools was ensured through self-review techniques and triangulation across data sources. Additionally, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient confirmed the study's reliability.The findings reveal a multi-dimensional and interconnected set of factors influencing the effectiveness of aligning university education with market demands. The proposed model further demonstrates that causal, interventional, and contextual factors influence this phenomenon. Additionally, the model suggests potential economic, educational, and social outcomes associated with implementing strategies for developing advanced technical education. The research identifies "correct planning in strategies" as the most critical factor (total factor load of 4.14), while the presence of "skilled professors with executive experience" plays a less significant role (factor load of 1.000) within the model's framework.

In recent years, a lot of investment has been made by the government to increase the number of university graduates. These investments have been made in order to improve the living conditions by increasing the wages of the workforce. Increasing the education of the workforce through the promotion of human capital can increase the productivity and wages of the workforce. But this happens in a situation where the education of the workforce is in line with the needs of the labor market. Lack of education or required education can even have a negative effect on the wages of the workforce.

Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of education on the wages of urban and rural workers. For this purpose, the raw data of household cost-income of 2019 for the provinces of the country is used. The calculation of education is done by Duncan and Hoffman's method, and Mincer's wage function is estimated by the mixed effects method (multilevel model). In this research, Iranian people (urban and rural) in different provinces are studied. Therefore, the data are analyzed at both individual and province levels. Hence, according to the two-level nature of the data, multi-level patterns are a suitable method for this study. In this type of modeling, the complex structures of economic-social life are considered in the framework of natural and social groupings such as geographical regions. In this research, using the above method, the effect of the variables of the individual's appropriate years of education, over-required education, under-required education, years of potential experience, the product of potential experience years in over-required, appropriate and under-required education respectively, gender and the control variable of the group wage employment have been investigated in urban and rural areas.

The estimation results show that the required education in the rural areas and the insufficient education in the urban areas have a negative effect on the wages of the labor force. Also the variable of experience in both urban and rural areas has a positive effect and the variable of being a woman has a negative effect on the wages of the labor force in both.

This study intended to compare the effects of internet access on unemployment rates in the two time periods before and after COVID-19.

The research method was causal-disability-analysis. By estimating two regression models and using panel data method for the period of the coronavirus pandemic and the years before it, the impact of internet accessibility index on unemployment rate in these two periods in EU and MENA countries was estimated.

A 10 percent increase in internet access during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a 0.1 percent decline and in the period before the coronavirus it only led to a 0.04 percent decrease in the unemployment rate.

Originality:

 The contribution of the current study is investigating the impact of internet access on unemployment rate in terms of providing remote working conditions in public quarantines caused by the coronavirus epidemic.

Implications: 

To better manage any future pandemic crisis, policy makers in the field of information and communication technology need to consider the importance of the impact of internet access on the unemployment rate. To realize this, we have suggested the following administrative approaches: internet accessibility, managing the process of supporting enterprises, strengthening export capacity, and expanding e-government services.

The effect of using women's capacities inthe development process has emphasized in many researches. Although progress has made in recent years in equal access to educational opportunities, the question raised in this context is whether equal access to educational opportunities has been extended to labor market. Therefore, this research is dedicated to ranking status of Iran's provinces in terms of gender equality in education and labor market in 2016. We used TOPSIS method for ranking and using Pearson's correlation, to evaluate the relationship between equality in education and equality in the labor market. The findings indicate the provinces of Isfahan, Kerman, Gilan and Alborz are inthe group of provinces with the highest level of gender equality in the education sector; While the provinces of Qazvin, North Khorasan and West Azerbaijan show the highest gender equality in the labor market. Findings shows, provinces with the most gender equality in the education sector are not necessarily in the best position in the labor market from the perspective of gender equality. Also, despite the increase of gender equality in the education sector in recent years, no significant relationship was observed between gender equality in this sector and gender equality in the labor market.

Human resources is one of the most important factors of production that plays an effective role in the economic growth and development of the country. The Human Resources market is more sensitive compared to other markets; because in addition to being affected by economic factors, it is also affected by social and demographic factors. In this research, the determinants of labor supply in Iran were studied by developing a system model based on the qualitative system dynamics Approach. This method helps the policymakers to get a deep understanding of the complexities and delays in the system by seeing the different fields as interdependent. The labor force participation rate as the proportion of the working-age population of a country that is active (employed or unemployed) in the labor market is an indication of the relative supply of labor. The paper uses expert opinions and previous research to identify demographic, economic, and social factors that affect labor force participation, such as marriage, fertility, retirement, immigration, economic growth, job opportunities, human capital, and corruption. According to the results, with the increase in GDP and consequently the increase in job opportunities, the probability of finding a job increases, and foreign migrations decrease. This path, together with the increase in the retirement age and the reduction of corruption, which faces the path of economic growth with many obstacles, can lead to an increase in the labor supply.

Employment is a key area for growth and self-fulfillment. Women have always faced many challenges since long ago, especially in developing countries, to achieve this goal under the influence of various historical, social and cultural contexts. Employment of women in Iran has an unequal position compared to men. These gender differences in the labor market can be identified both through the statistics and figures published about the level of economic participation of women in the Iranian society and through the discriminations in the work environment, such as taking low and less advantageous organizational positions by women compared to men. Despite the national development programs as well as the development of women's skills, abilities and education in recent years, the challenges facing them in the labor market still remain. Therefore, the present research aims to identify and achieve a coherent understanding of women's strategies to achieve employment with a qualitative and in-depth approach. In this regard, the conditions governing the adoption of any strategy by working women in medium job positions should be determined in terms of income and status.

Literature review:

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that the process of finding employment for women is influenced by some macro-demographic, cultural-social, individual, psychological and economic factors. In general, the findings of these studies, which are often carried out with a quantitative approach, indicate that women based on several variables such as age, education, capabilities, self-confidence, self-belief, having family support and access to financial resources, have different experiences in the job search process. The results of some other sociological researches show that a major part of women's bad luck in obtaining favorable job opportunities is due to the lack of attention of government and public institutions and inappropriate policies in order to ensure women have balanced privileges in the workplace. It should be noted that the findings of some other studies show that the media and social networks facilitate the job search process, especially in the field of controlling and adjusting traditional structures.

The present research, with a qualitative approach and based on interpretive methodology (grounded theory), has investigated the experiences and identification of women's strategies in obtaining job opportunities. The statistical population of this research consists of working women with average job positions in terms of income and status in Mashhad. In order to determine the sample size, two methods of targeted sampling and snowball were used, thus 19 working women were interviewed. In order to achieve theoretical saturation, the researchers implemented and analyzed the data after conducting each interview in order to identify the hidden aspects of the data and non-transparent data. In the continuation, the existing findings were completed by taking new interviews until reaching a clear picture of the phenomenon under study. Based on this, the data collection process continued until reaching the saturation stage.
Validity and reliability in the present research were measured using Guba and Lincoln's four-step approach. Based on this, numerous referrals and long-term presence in job search centers and continuous observation of the behavior of the main actors of the labor market on both sides of job seekers and suppliers were made. Also, the diversity of the respondents in terms of having multiple career records and experiences and different socio-economic bases was emphasized during sampling and data collection. Finally, the use of open-ended questions during interviews and the systematic coding of interviews at an open, axial and selective level during data analysis was one of the other strategies of researchers to fulfill the criteria of validity, transferability, reliability and verifiability in this research.

The analysis of the data of the present research led to the formulation of the central phenomenon under the title "Women's job search: balance between identity search, security seeking and independence seeking". This phenomenon has been affected by a set of causal conditions such as "unmet economic needs", "concentration of working women in peripheral social networks" and "role-identity challenges". Also, the background conditions include "increasing expansion of unstable job opportunities in the labor market" and "evolution in the criteria for validating women in Iranian society" and intervening conditions such as "education", "marriage and economic experiences related to it" and "lived experience of women in Father's house" have had an effect on the identified central phenomenon. To face the central phenomenon, the studied women use strategies such as "wandering in the labor market", "entrepreneurial experiences", "job search based on previous experiences", and "relying on peripheral social networks "," utilizing sexual capital and appeal to official organizations. Also, they have reported consequences such as "prioritization of income over job security", "redefinition of women's identity based on employment", "relative economic independence of women" and "gradual feminization of the labor market".

The results of the research show that women, under the influence of positive or motivational factors, tend to get a job outside their place of residence. It can be said that women who have pursued the job search process at least once in a serious and goal-oriented manner have been affected by factors such as unmet economic needs, the density of working women in social networks, role and identity challenges, as well as having professional skills and qualifications.
 Finally, the results of this research confirm the findings of some previous studies that women's individual characteristics are more effective than social, cultural and structural factors in their job search process. In this effort to enter the labor market by women, two main elements under the title of job security and identification are given priority over economic independence. An important part of middle-class women's efforts for employment can be seen in the light of this prioritization. In fact, being in job positions attracts women's interest more than to achieve economic benefits, because of its identity and dignity creation. Finally, in the shadow of employment and in the process of searching for desirable job opportunities, women learn about independent and effective lifestyles in society.
Therefore, in the policy making of the employment field, emphasis should be placed on creating a platform for flexible career experiences for women, taking into account the requirements of their personal and family life. Also, the optimization of the legal protection system for women in the workplace should be considered.

The purpose of research was to identify the challenges of the secondary education system and its relationship with the labor market and to provide a solution. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach. The statistical population was experts, managers the country in the field of connection between education and the labor market in 2022-03, and 13 people were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation with the purposeful sampling method. The results of the challenges led to the identification of 46 basic themes, 13 organizing themes, which include organizational factors in the form of 4 global themes (unproductive teaching and learning process, weak structure of occupational education guidance regulations, lack of vocational education needs assessment); human factors (problems related to administrators, problems related to counselors, problems related to teachers, problems related to parents, problems related to students, problems related to educational planners); Trans-organizational factors (existence of educational gap, educational injustice, socio-cultural poverty) and economic and physical factors (financial and infrastructure problems). Also, in the review of solutions to solve the existing challenges, 45 basic themes and 13 organizing themes were identified, which in the form of 5 global themes include the development of a road map for vocational education guidance (revision of educational laws, education based on practical ability and entrepreneurship, communicating with groups Reference); Individual improvement of students ; Improving the quality of teaching and learning methods ); Strengthening the effectiveness of educational actors , improving the performance of managers) and government support (financial and physical development).

The purpose of the present research is to identify and rank the employment barriers of university graduates in the Iranian labor market. This research is among the applied researches that have been conducted with a mixed exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The qualitative part was done using the meta-analysis method and as a result, during a seven-step process, a total of 52 documents were selected and analyzed as samples of the qualitative part. The quantitative part of the research was also done using the descriptive method and using the survey method. Sampling was done using criterion sampling technique and80 experts participated in the research. Qualitative part data was analyzed by content analysis method, using thematic content analysis technique and with the help of MAXQDA20 software, and quantitative part data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and using structural equation modeling technique with the help of Smart PLS software. The findings of the qualitative section in the form of 7 factors including; Economic, educational, structural, political, business, cultural and human resources factors were calculated. Also, the results of the expert opinion survey showed that other than the human resource factor, other factors can be considered as obstacles to the employment of university graduates in the Iranian labor market, among which the economic factor is the most important and the cultural factor is the least important. The general results of the research show that in order to remove these obstacles and get out of the existing situation, measures such as; It is inevitable to revise university educations, create culture, launch a comprehensive labor market information system, revise university courses, etc.

Increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) can improve the socioeconomic situation of nations and lead to sustainable development of societies. Therefore, the variable of female participation in the labor market and its determinants is one of the basic issues that have been frequently addressed in economic studies. This study examines the effect of economic growth on the participation of females in the labor market among Asian Muslim countries during 1995 to 2019 using a panel model. The results of the study indicate that if individual effects are not considered in estimating the panel data, as in previous studies, the U-shaped relationship between economic growth and female participation rates is confirmed among the set of countries considered. However if differences between countries are considered, this relationship is rejected. It is highlighted that considering the cross-country differences leads to clarification of unique dominated institutions in countries on FLFP as well as correct specification of the effect of economic growth on FLFP.

This study aims to analyze the context forming gender inequality in the job market and employment through a phenomenological qualitative approach based on the lived experiences of women living in Tehran. Hence, a semi-structured interview was conducted on 23 women from 18 to 68 years old, who were selected through purposive sampling to analyze the context of gender inequality in the job market and employment. Colaizzi’s method of data analysis was utilized. Additionally, coding the text of the interviews was done manually. In total, three categories, ten subcategories, and 59 concepts were extracted. According to the research results, the “Belief in gendered division of labor” category, consisting of “The breadwinning of men,” “Femininity and its necessities,” and “The status of women in private” subcategories; the “Institualization of women’s inferiority” category, consisting of “the socialization of women,” “the submission of women,” and “male-oriented gender stereotypes” subcategories; and the “predominance of patriarchal paradigms” category, consisting of “belief in the superiority of men,” “the domination of men,” “the innate empowerment of men,” and “neglecting the power of women in the job market” subcategories are some of the context forming this phenomenon, which has been reinforced in the cultural context ruling over society and families while they are constantly being produced and reproduced.