جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « spatial analysis » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Education facilitates migration by increasing economic efficiency. Studies show that immigrants have higher education than non-immigrants. Migration of highly educated people can create changes in the composition of the population of origin and destination of migration.This study has investigated the effect of internal migration on the changes in the education level of the population of the counties and the gender differences of this effect by using the census data of 2011 and 2016 and the statistical yearbook of Iran Statistics Center in 2016 and with the method of secondary data analysis. To calculate the effect of migration the method of the Compositional Impact of migration was used.The findings showed that the biggest change was in the level of higher education of the population of women and men. The share of the population of men and women with higher education in developed counties has increased due to immigration, and the share of the population of men and women with higher education in less developed counties has decreased. Examining the gender differences showed that these changes were more in the female population of the counties than in the male population.The results of this study indicate that the existence of regional inequalities in access to educational and employment opportunities has led to the migration of women with higher education compared to men with higher education from less developed counties, especially from the semi-western and northeastern regions of Iran. Considering the importance of educated manpower in achieving economic and social growth and development, taking measures to develop less developed counties can provide the basis for increasing the speed of development of these areas by reducing the migration of educated people.

The policy of converting rural areas to towns despite their small populations has been a significant concern in the residential system of the country over the past three decades. This has resulted in the formation of the Premature cities class, situated at the base of the urban network pyramid. The objective of this study is to investigate the standing and composition of these cities within the municipal network of Semnan province. Additionally, it seeks to identify the determinants of their growth and determine the most effective model for the transformation of a village into a city.The present study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology and possesses a practical nature in terms of its type.The research findings indicate that premature cities are the most populous in Semnan province, accounting for only 3–4% of the urban classes, despite having the largest population. Furthermore, the transformation of district centers into cities through political intervention has significantly impacted the growth of the province’s premature cities. In order to achieve the same result with villages, the optimal strategy is to consider the settlement’s regional significance and ensure that it possesses the requisite potential to develop into a city.This study’s findings validate the notion that political interventions have contributed to the emergence of a substandard category of cities known as “premature cities” at the periphery of the provincial urban network. These cities failed to fulfill the essential function of fostering progress; rather, in order to elevate a village to the status of a city, one must take into account the region's potential

Water scarcity has become a critical issue in some regions. Accordingly, increasing attention has been given to the structural and functional connectivity of river networks as the primary source of surface water supply, while this can be a potential watershed-scale management solution. However, assessment of hydrological connectivity remains understudied in Iran. This pioneering research aimed to evaluate and optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed to enhance protection and management of water resources and improve hydrological performance. The results showed that the hydrological network in the Samian Watershed with a total length of 1254.73 km had 173 links and 176 nodes. The river chain node ratio (β), actual bonding degree (γ), Index of Integration of Connectivity (IIC), and Probability of Connectivity (PC) were calculated to be 0.983, 0.331, 5.66, and 1.151, respectively. The hydrological structure of the Samian Watershed in the plain areas exhibited weak connectivity. After optimization, the center of gravity of water circulation shifted southward at different connectivity levels. Increasing the optimization level up to Level 4 resulted in an improvement in the hydrological connectivity indices within the Samian Watershed. While the overall connectivity showed a sudden increase after the 4th optimization level, the IIC increased but then decreased beyond Level 4. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the hydrological connectivity in the Samian Watershed up to Level 4 for effective management of water resources. 

Smart tourism utilizes communication and information technologies to enhance the visitor experience at tourist destinations. Integration of smart tourism concepts is particularly important in rural areas. By leveraging smart technologies, villages can promote their businesses and improve their tourism infrastructure. The aim of this study was to examine and analyze the factors influencing the development of smart tourism in tourism-oriented villages in eastern Kermanshah Province.

This study employed a descriptive-analytical research design. Data were collected through a combination of methods, including a documentary review of library resources and scientific journals, as well as field surveys using questionnaires. The information required for the study of smart rural tourism and its indicators was gathered based on the background literature and regional context. Out of a total of 1,191 rural households, a sample of 215 respondents was selected using Cochran’s formula with a 0.065% margin of error. The one-sample t-test was used to measure the level of smart rural tourism according to the type of data, drawing from Pearson correlation tests. To analyze the impacts of the examined factors on smart rural tourism, the CRITIC weighting and COCOSO ranking methods were used based on the type of data. Additionally, factor analysis was conducted to further explore the impacts of the factors on smart rural tourism. For the statistical analyses, JAMOVI software was utilized, while GIS software was employed for spatial analysis.

The results indicated that the concept of smart rural tourism was characterized by a set of indicators related to smart economy, smart governance, smart infrastructure, smart people, smart connectivity, and smart education. The one-sample t-test revealed that among the indicators of smart rural tourism, the indices of smart governance, smart people, smart economy, and smart education were the most important factors in the studied villages. Specifically, the mean scores for smart governance and smart people were 3.95, while the mean scores for smart economy and smart education were 3.90, suggesting these were the most influential components of smart rural tourism in the research context. 

Traffic accidents are one of the leading causes of death and disability, causing an annual death of 1.23 million and tens of millions injured and injured worldwide. Meanwhile, a significant proportion of fatalities and injuries resulting from traffic accidents occur among urban accidents. According to the 2014 report of the Statistics Center of Iran, about 9% of accidents in the city lead to death and 60% lead to injuries. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, patterns of urban accidents in the city of Ardabil were investigated using the GIS. The present study is a quantitative-analytical study. The data required for the study were extracted from the Ardabil Traffic Police as well as the municipal database and the Statistics Center of Iran. The map of Ardabil city areas was used to show the distribution of events. Nearest Neighborhood, Local Moran and Global Moran indices were used to determine the pattern of incident distribution, Medium Center Test was used to focus events, Ellipse Deviation test was used for distribution, and Kernel Density Test was used to identify the focus of the incident. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and ARC-GIS software. The results showed that the central part, northern and eastern suburbs of Ardabil are the most vulnerable areas of Ardabil in terms of intra-city traffic accidents. Intersections, squares and boulevards are the site of most traffic accidents that lead to the formation of accident hotspots

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the status of social capital indicators from the perspective of citizens in the fourth district of Ardabil. The present research is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population is residents over 15 years old in the four cities of Ardabil; Using Cochran's formula, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that includes four indicators; Social trust, social participation, social cohesion and social network and the degree of reliability obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.82 indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. SPSS software (one-sample t-test, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests) was used to analyze the data. Innovation of the present study is the use of three statistical tests to determine the status of social capital; In the whole region, it is four and according to the indicators in the neighborhoods of region four. The results of comparing the average of social capital indicators from the citizens 'point of view in region four show that the status of social capital indicators is somewhat favorable and somewhat higher than the average, and that the ranking of indicators from the citizens' point of view is It means that citizens have different rankings of social capital indicators. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test also show; Neighborhoods in all indicators of social capital have a significant difference at the alpha level of 0.05 percent.

Introduction :

In the past fifty years, population and urbanization have led to Uninterrupted urban growth and expansion. In other words, it can be said that the urban population has increased. Still, the existing urban services have not been able to respond to the diverse needs of the people due to inadequate distribution and insufficient access. Therefore, the rapid growth of cities has exceeded the capacity of organizations and city managers to provide infrastructure and public services to citizens. Dispersion and proportional distribution of urban service use are some of the most important considerations in urban land use planning. There is a possibility of creating social crises and spatial problems due to the uneven distribution of urban service users. Inadequate spatial distribution of urban service cables requires more movement over longer distances to use the services provided by them, Which leads to additional costs, time wastage, increased crowding, traffic, air pollution, and insufficient access to services. For some, it also includes families. On the contrary, the proper distribution of urban services provides the possibility of optimal access to service uses and not only plays a significant role in improving the health, security, and peace of society but also acts as an important indicator in the direction of achieving social well-being. It can be inferred that optimal access and proper distribution of urban service users in all urban areas means providing the right services at the right time and place. In this regard, the measured action of urban management in the spatial distribution of urban service uses is necessary to improve the physical quality of the environment so that the quality of life of the people can improve and urban sustainability be achieved. For this purpose, it is very important to understand and analyze the current situation of the spatial distribution of urban services in which the pursuit of proper distribution and easy access to the services of these uses requires the allocation of resources with the most favorable combination. Ardabil City has seen rapid population and physical growth in recent decades. However, the distribution of different uses of urban services does not correspond to the growth and expansion of the population and the physical structure of the city. This imbalance in the distribution of urban service centers can not only lead to the promotion of intra-city travel and aggravation of pollution but also disrupt the population balance and expand urban spaces in conflict with social and economic dimensions. Therefore, by examining the distribution and access to the uses of urban services, it is possible to identify their spatial pattern in different urban areas. This, in turn, can lead to providing solutions that improve residents’ access to such uses and increase their quality of life. Laundry and dry-cleaning jobs, especially the subject of study in this research, are among the types of activities and services that operate in the category of special service trade unions in cities, and in a way, they respond to the needs of the majority of citizens for the services of these units. The current research focuses on laundry and dry-cleaning jobs as a specific example of service sectors in cities and it has analyzed the spatial distribution of these jobs in Ardabil city by relying on some spatial analysis capabilities in the ArcGIS environment. In this regard, the main question of the research is as follows: What is the state of accessibility and spatial distribution of laundry and dry-cleaning units in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city?

In terms of the type of research, the current research is applied-developmental and its method is descriptive-analytical based on graphic methods. The method of collecting information is library (documents) and field. In this way, first by using the library method; The introduction, background, and theoretical foundations of the research were compiled. Also, using the field survey method (GPS), the exact locations of laundry and dry-cleaning units in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city were identified and their coordinates were recorded. After correcting the errors and accurately coding the collected locations in the Google Earth software environment, the final data was entered into the ArcGIS software to form a geographic information database to be analyzed in this software environment. To analyze the information, spatial analysis models and spatial statistics in the ArcGIS environment such as spatial autocorrelation analysis and hot spot analysis were used.

In the current research, the accessibility and spatial distribution of urban services (in this research, laundry, and dry cleaning units) were investigated at the level of the neighborhoods of Ardabil city, and the obtained results showed that in terms of the weight of the abundance of the investigated units at the level of the neighborhoods of Ardabil city, Neighborhoods No. 1-10, 2-8, 3-5 and 4-4 each with 5 units with the highest frequency and neighborhoods 2-9, 3-2, 3-10, 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 4-6 and 4-10 without any laundry and dry cleaning units are placed in the last classification in terms of the frequency of the mentioned units. The status of the number of laundry and dry-cleaning units by the neighborhoods of Ardabil Municipality and based on the ratio of the number of units investigated per 10 thousand people showed that in the neighborhoods 3-4, 3-3, and 4-4 per 10 thousand population. 4/58 laundry and dry cleaning units and in the neighborhoods 3-2, 3-10, 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 4-6, and 4-10 per 10 thousand people, absolutely no laundry units and There is no laundry. The condition of the rest of the neighborhoods is in the range of these values. Also, based on the analysis of hot spots in the neighborhoods of Ardabil municipality, neighborhoods 1-7, 1-9, 1-10, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 2-10, 3-4, 3-5 and 4- 4 have the highest Z value and have a hotter situation in terms of access to the studied units. On the other hand, the neighborhoods 2-9, 3-2, 3-10, 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 4-6, and 4-10 have the lowest Z value, so without any value Hot and cold spots are located among the urban neighborhoods of Ardabil. Finally, the result of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the mentioned units based on the neighborhoods of Ardabil Municipality with Z:1/55 showed that their distribution is classified as a random pattern.

Urban planning requires the allocation and distribution of scarce resources among different areas of the city and relies on criteria such as social welfare. Otherwise, it can lead to more access in certain areas of the city to urban resources compared to other places. The basis of the distribution of urban services should take into account access and spatial distribution within the city. Considering the importance of the subject, the present research has investigated the accessibility and spatial distribution of laundry and dry cleaning units in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city. The results of the research showed that according to the type of urban fabric of Ardabil, the structural form of these fabrics has a significant effect on residents’ access to service facilities (in this research, laundry, and dry-cleaning units) and their spatial distribution in the city. The spatial distribution of the aforementioned service units in the neighborhoods of Ardabil city is more than that of the peripheral neighborhoods. The findings of this study are consistent with the research of Lee et al. who state that the structure of the urban fabric affects the residents’ access to service facilities and the distribution of services is not consistent with the distribution of the population. In addition, the results of Fatemi’s research showed; that Region 4 of Ardabil, which is considered as one of the peripheral areas, has a high dispersion of bakery units, which contradicts the findings of the above research. Also, the findings of the spatial distribution of laundry and dry-cleaning units in the neighborhoods of Ardabil show a random and inappropriate pattern, which indicates the concentration of these units in one or more specific neighborhoods of the city. This model leads to more access of some neighborhoods and their residents to relevant services, which helps to form inequality in the distribution of urban services in Ardabil. In this regard, the results of the above research are in line with the results of the research of Naimi and Babai Aghdam, which shows the inappropriate distribution of urban public services in different areas of Sanandaj City. Finally, considering the importance of the issue, it is suggested that a detailed survey of the per capita usage of services such as laundry and dry-cleaning units in the city is done and necessary measures are taken to solve their shortage in the city, and the ability of all residents to access city services is a priority for the managers. Take This means that the distribution of services in the city should be done in such a way that all residents of the city have proper access to city services. To achieve this, it is important to pay attention to urban facilities’ service radius and capacity.

Recently, the use of big data from mobile devices has received considerable attention in transportation studies. The need to do activities is the main inducement for urban trip generation. Furthermore, urban activities and their patterns vary both over space and time. Mobile phone data, as a kind of continuous spatiotemporal data, records the location of people at different times. Therefore such data is suitable for the estimation of urban activity levels and the detection of patterns. In this study, we selected Shiraz as the study area due to its cultural, religious, and tourist significance, as well as the presence of major healthcare centres in the city. The analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of urban trips using continuous spatiotemporal data, such as mobile phone records, can significantly contribute to the improvement of transportation system management, planning, and policy-making for Shiraz.

The variable under investigation in this study is the activity density within a specific time interval and a defined spatial unit. Activity is defined as the number of individuals who either enter or leave a specific area for a specific purpose. Furthermore, activity density indicates the level of activity within the area’s unit of measurement. To investigate activity density across 321 traffic analysis zones (TAZ) in Shiraz, mobile phone data was collected over a one-week period (from 2021-06-24 to 2021-06-30). Following the implementation of data cleaning and preprocessing techniques,  individuals’ stay point and home locations were identified. The population of each TAZ was estimated by utilising the location of individuals within their respective homes. The estimated population and the real population in each spatial unit were employed to calculate the expansion factor. The activity levels within one-hour time intervals on workdays, semi-workdays, and weekends were estimated using an appropriate expansion factor. To examine the spatial dependency of the variable of interest (density of activities), global and local Moran’s I indices were applied to the aggregated density of activities. The study employed exploratory analysis of urban activities time series to identify the trend of activity level, peak periods, intensity change by time, as well as other relevant temporal characteristics. Additionally, the Standardized Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT) was employed to identify the change point of activity in time series, which indicates the commencement of the activities.

The results not only demonstrated a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of the density of activities within traffic zones (P-Value < 0.001), but also identified the hotspots in the central parts of the study areas. It is notable that the central zones of the city exhibited high activity density, which was influenced by the spatial relationships within the study area. An exploratory analysis of time series revealed variations in activity patterns. These patterns exhibited higher activity levels on workdays compared to semi-workdays, and weekends. The time series observed in the latter half of the semi-workdays exhibited a striking resemblance to that of workdays, yet subsequently exhibited a trend between workdays and non-workdays as the activity level decreased. By examining the time series of activities, it can be observed that the mid-day peak period occurs at 12:00 to 14:00, while the evening peak period occurs at 20:00 to 22:00. Additionally, the lowest level of daily activity was identified between 3 and 6 a.m. The time series uniformity test was employed to ascertain the starting times of activities on workdays and semi-workdays, which were identified as 8:00 am, and on weekends, which were identified as 9:00 am. To validate the detected population and expansion factors and thus the estimated activity level, a spatial correlation between the estimated mobile phone population and the actual population within traffic analysis zones was calculated, which yielded an approximately 82% correlation coefficient. This correlation is statistically significant and therefore acceptable.

The results of these analyses could prove beneficial for the formulation of appropriate transportation planning and policy, as well as for the management of population density at hotspots at any time of the day. Furthermore, they could inform the analysis of urban transportation environmental impacts. With the availability of accurate mobile phone data for a range of spatial units, including traffic zones and even entire countries, it is possible to extract a diverse range of urban activity patterns, including those highlighted in this research.

Realizing the importance of accidents and taking into account the location of Saveh city and the lack of consistent studies in this regard, the present research tries to investigate the accidents of Saveh city and prioritize accident-prone areas with the help of GIS and spatial analysis.In this research, while showing the two-year accidents of 1400 and 1401 on the map, taking into account the type of accidents, the spatial analysis of the accidents has been carried out using the Kernel density function, the nearest neighbor index, the global Moran index, and the general statistic G (coefficient). Finally, by using Enslin's local Moran's index, we classify roads according to the type of accident.Based on the findings of the research, four areas including Azadi Square, Shahrdari Square, Beheshti Boulevard and Sepah Boulevard have the highest number of urban accidents.According to the results, it was found that more damage accidents occur in main roads and high traffic roads including markets and commercial and medical centers, and the most fatal and injured accidents in the city are in the beltways of the city, where both the speed of vehicles is higher and the combination of heavy and light vehicle traffic. There is happening. The best solution to reduce casualties and damages in Saveh city is to build a ring road from north to east in order to separate the traffic of light and heavy vehicles, as well as to make the police monitoring of urban roads more intelligent.

This study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the distribution pattern of land uses in the district 3 of Ahvaz. Land uses were evaluated at the regional, district and neighborhood levels by calculating indices of Compactness, Herfindahl-Hirschman, Fragmentation, Simpson’s Diversity, Entropy, Built-up Land Density, and analytical tools available in ArcGIS software, including ANN, DD and GWR analyzes. Therefore, this research was done with a practical purpose and a descriptive method, and the data was collected by a library method. It should be mentioned that so far a few articles have been written on the evaluation of the pattern of land use distribution by these methods and also on the case of the district 3 of Ahvaz. The study showed that in the district 3 of Ahvaz city, the existing per capita land uses wer 12 m2 higher than the standard per capita. Zone 2 had the highest density and compactness and zone 3 had the highest dispersion. Despite this, the pattern of distribution of land uses in the zone 3 showed more mixture, diversity, concentration and continuity. Spatial distribution of 46% of land uses was highly clustered and the land use direction towards the center of the district was favorable. This orientation attracted the population in the center of the district. As a result, Land uses in three Ahvaz regions do not have proper distribution and it is necessary to prepare a plan to organize land use.

The expansion of the urban population to more than two-thirds of the world's population by 2050 on the one hand and the prediction of the growth of the risk of natural hazards in the future, on the other hand, necessitate the attention of managers, planners, and urban policy makers to the issue of greater resilience of societies in the face of natural hazard. The aim of this research was to analyze the spatial resilience of urban areas against earthquakes in Kermanshah. This study used a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Kermanshah city, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. For analyzing the data, one-sample t-test, Friedman, Kruskal Wallis, and CV method were used. The findings showed that the resilience of Kermanshah city in all indicators (awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude and social capital) is average. The attitude index is the most important regarding resilience and awareness, social capital, knowledge, and skill are respectively in the next ranks. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference between the eight regions in Kermanshah metropolis in terms of all resilience indicators and that the status of the eight regions are not at the same level. Among the indicators, the highest inequality is related to the awareness index and the lowest is related to the social capital index. In general, the spatial analysis of resilience in Kermanshah city is average and there are differences between regions.

Network is a concept used to understand organizational relationships between economic actors. Networks are a form of business and innovation system and are powerful mechanisms for communication. The main objective of this research is to analyze the spatial network of poultry farmers in Shazand County in terms of cohesion and intra- and inter-group links through the E-I grouping index, separated by geographical levels of village, district, and section. The higher the inter-group relationships, the higher the social capital will be along with higher social cohesion.

The statistical population of this study consisted of all poultry farmers in the villages of Shazand County in 2023 (68 farms). The required data were collected through interviews and determined using UCINET software.

The results of network analysis showed that the E-I grouping index in social relationships among poultry farmers was 4.97% at the village level, 4.75% at the district level, and 7.41% at the section level, indicating a very high tendency for intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level. According to research findings, the power of intra-group communication among poultry farmers at the village level is significantly higher than that at the district and section levels. The spatial analysis of E-I index findings in relationships between poultry farmers based on village, district, and section indicates a greater tendency for intra-group communication.

Considering the importance of geographical distance, wind direction, traffic flow, direct communication in pollution and disease transmission between farms, as well as maintaining stability and health of farms and avoiding various types of pollution and diseases and specific environmental conditions... Intra-group communication among farms at the village, district, and section levels has increased while there is a decrease in inter-group communication.

Desert tourism is one of the most special and adventurous types of tourism that takes place in many countries. Unfortunately, due to weak infrastructure and effective strategies in this field, attention to the potential of this type of tourism has been neglected in Iran. The aim of the current research is to outline a new perspective in the development of sustainable tourism in Iran in the form of desert tourism, which is centered on the desert forests of Um El Debs in Khuzestan.

Design/methodology/approach:

 The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and the research method used in it is quantitative, which investigates the issue using a semi-parametric geographically weighted regression model.

According to the findings of the present research, there is not much difference between the fitting results of the traditional weighted geographic regression model and the semi-parametric model of geographically weighted regression, and these values prove that the significance test can prove that all cases are in the correlation area. Also, the values related to the estimation of the parameters in this area are high and this shows that promoting the economic development of tourism will bring positive results for the majority of the local residents of Bostan county.

The results indicate that the expansion of tourism in the desert forest region of Um El Debs has positive and effective effects and consequences, and desert tourism can have a positive potential to increase the economic prosperity of the region, and in case of careful planning and policy, it can also be fruitful in the development of sustainable tourism in the region.

Originality/value:

 Referring to the results and findings of the present research, for the first time the possibility of developing sustainable tourism in Iran, centered on desert forests, was confirmed and investigated.

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

 With the transfer of the capital, there will be two important impacts, its first effect will be to solve the problems of Tehran, and the second effect will be to create a balance of development in the territorial space of the country. In this research, the second effect of the capital shift will be analyzed. This research has two goals. The first goal is to investigate the role of Tehran in the development of the country's unequal spatial development, and its second goal is to study and analyze the movement of the capital and its impact on regional equilibrium in Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data collection tools were library (documentary) and questionnaire. The statistical community has been experts in land administration and regional planning. The sample size is 100 people. Samples were selected through targeted sampling (judgments). To analyze the data, the coefficient of distribution, cluster analysis and regression analysis were used. The results show that the impact of capital shift in different options in experts' opinion can not be effective in balanced country development and the most appropriate strategy for experts in distributing decision power in the regions of the country (the capital of the system).

In fact, the growth of urban consciousness is a wise strategy to drive urban development and control dispersion and drive urban growth toward sustainability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the rate of Bushehr city area in terms of growth indices. In this regard, this research is a goal-oriented, applied-developmental one, and a combination of documentary, analytical, causal and survey methods. Reliability of the research instrument based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the research was 0.749 which is higher than 0.7 and is appropriate. The statistical population of the study is Bushehr inhabitants which according to Cochran formula is estimated 384 samples. According to the statistical population, the questionnaire was distributed randomly among the citizens. In order to compare between two regions, T-test with two independent samples was used for evaluation of urban smart growth in District 1 and 2 of Bushehr. In this test, the first option to be considered is the significance level while the significance level or sig between the two regions is less than 0.05 indicates a significant difference between the two regions and vice versa. Significance level analysis (0.000) shows that there is a significant difference between the two regions in terms of urban smart growth. Meanwhile, the mean of Region 1 with 3.21 was higher than that of Region 2 with 2.86. Although there is a significant difference in Bushehr region in terms of smart growth indices, this difference is not significant and in general Bushehr regions are not in a good position in terms of smart growth indices.

Today, in many countries of the world, environmental issues are very important for researchers. In this field, the spatial expansion of urban heat islands is one of the most important environmental issues. Urban heat islands are formed due to the growth of human activities and the dominance of artificial environments on the natural environments. The main purpose of this research was spatial analysis and identification of urban heat islands in Rasht metropolitan. In this regard, four main indicators (Density of land use, Green Infrastructure, Transportation, and Urban density) were selected. Environmental studies, Google Earth software, the master plan of Rasht, and the questionnaire method were used to collect information. The pairwise comparison method was used to investigate the relative weight of the indicators. For data analysis, the Arc Map software used spatial analysis tools such as point density, line density, kernel density, interpolation, Euclidean distance, and Zonal Statistic model. Results showed that the transportation index with a coefficient of 0.44 was more important than other indices in the formation of urban heat islands. The index of the land use density with a comparative weight of 0.341 was the second most important index. The indicators of urban density and natural infrastructure were the third and fourth most important indicators. According to the results obtained from the overlaying of the indicators, the center of urban heat islands was identified in Bagharabad, Chelekhane and Bazar neighborhoods. Spatial analysis showed that the spatial expansion of urban heat island is towards the western neighborhoods of Rasht such as Pirsera and Ziabri. According to the results of the research, in 26% of the Rasht area, the possibility of the formation of urban heat islands was high and very high. Also, in 48 percent of the neighborhoods of Rasht city, in other words, 26 out of 55 neighborhoods of the city the intensity of urban heat islands was high and very high. Therefore, managers and city officials must pay more attention to this issue in planning for the future of Rasht City and adopt policies that reduce the negative effects and consequences of this issue.

There are the only historical narratives of the city of Katha that are mentioned in the historical geography books of the 4th and 5th centuries Hijri. Still, uncertainty prevails about the historical nature and the state of the city in the ancient period and its adaptation to the current situation. In the last century, various opinions were presented with regard to this issue, with some considering Katha in the vicinity of the city of Yazd, and some identifying it as the city as it is. There is no accurate knowledge of the structure and spatial organization of the city. The question is, "What was the spatial structure of the city of Katha, and what will be the result of matching its location with the city of Yazd?" The goal is to know the historical nature of Katha in the middle of the transition period from the ancient to post-Islamic. The research method applied is "historical-analytical". According to the old roads and cities, as well as evidences such as the Jame Mosque of Katha and the closed references of some historians in the following centuries, the location of Katha in the ancient city of Yazd is probable. Its spatial structure evolved around a fence and a rampart and two gates and a rabaz outside the southern gate where the Jama Mosque, the Bazar and the residential structure were built.  Around the city, there were gardens and fields where water from a Qanat (underground aqueduct) flowed. Sharestan, similar to a castle, is probably the remnant of the spatial structure of the Sasanian period, and it is considered be the center of development of the post-Islamic city. These two residential areas were organized at the beginning of the Kakuid rule (5th Century AH) inside the fence with four gates.

Knowing the physical condition of the city and evaluating the pattern of physical development in order to guide it in the direction of the development of urban sustainability is a vital matter, because nowadays most researchers believe that there is a significant relationship between the pattern of physical development of the city and sustainability. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to analyze the physical-spatial development pattern of Yasouj city using spatial analysis methods such as local spatial autocorrelation (Moran), directional distribution, standard elliptic distribution and hot spots. The research methodology is a combination of deductive and inductive methods. The results of spatial analysis show that the density in all three indicators of population, residential and construction, has a pattern of cluster distribution and spatial autocorrelation. So that the value of Z_Score statistic in 2016 for population density (54/58), residential density (57/48) and building density (51/12) has increased significantly compared to 1996 and 2006. The results of the hot spots for the years 1996-2016 in Yasuj city show that during this period, the physical expansion of the city was scattered and non-dense, and the ground is ready for the spiral and unplanned growth of the city, especially in the northwest axis. The highest amount of hot spatial clusters of different densities of Yasuj city with 99 percent significance is related to the western blocks of the city and the highest amount of cold spatial clusters is related to the northwestern blocks of the city. Therefore, controlling and monitoring urban constructions and preventing the destruction of agricultural lands in the west and northwest axis of this city can be an important strategy in guiding the physical development of Yasouj city.

Due to its pervasive level and long-term effects in cities, construction violations are among the challenges of modern urbanization; which, in line with the increase in the effective demand in the construction industry, has faced the cities with huge challenges. The aim of the present research is the spatial analysis of construction violations based on the Article 100 Municipal Commission in Bostan Abad city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Construction violations recorded in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a 5-year period (1396-1400) were analyzed temporally and spatially using spatial analysis techniques in the ArcGIS software environment. Then, using the average nearest neighbor distance (ANN) model, the pattern of spatial distribution of construction violations in the city of Bostan Abad during the 5-year period of study was determined. Also, Hot Spot Analysis technique has been used to analyze high or low amounts of construction violations in Bostan Abad city. According to the findings of the research, according to the frequency of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality during a period of 5 years (2017-2021), Farhangian, Valiasr, Molavi and Gurbanabad neighborhoods with 227, 190, 114 and 93 respectively. The case of construction violations registered in the Article 100 Commission of Bostan Abad Municipality; they have allocated a major part of the construction violations. The neighborhoods of Qarakore and Eskikendi have the lowest frequency of construction violations with 37 and 49 cases of construction violations recorded during the 5-year period studied. The pattern of spatial distribution of registered building violations is cluster type and the spatial density of building violations per hectare is higher than other localities in Malawi, Qara Kore and Tarbiat according to the area of the localities. It should be noted that most of the registered construction violations are related to construction violations without a construction permit and excess construction permits, which have been registered in the form of residential and commercial uses. As a result, this study provides evidence for the improvement of policies by the city administration and the control of constructions outside of the rules and regulations in the city of Bostan Abad by the municipal officials.