جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « travel » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Today , with the advent of the digital age, new management approaches and methods are needed. One of the new communication methods to communicate in today's world is social media. Basically, marketing through social media has an impact on business growth. In fact, such media are a tool for market research and enable companies to select their desired customers through their users, according to the request for new products through the statistics system that has been proven in the world's economic forums. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to identify the effective factors on social media marketing in the sustainable development of tourism businesses (case of study: travel and tourism service companies in Tehran) using the fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. Descriptive research is a survey. 43 employees of travel and tourism service agencies in Tehran were randomly selected and interviewed. Data and scenarios were analyzed using fuzzy cognitive mapping technique and the research model was designed using social network analysis. In this regard, several factors are involved, among which the factors of using knowledge and specialized force, long-term relationship with tourists, and social media targeting were the most important; Because they were more central. Finally, some suggestions were made based on the obtained results.

Created on a social network basis, Instagram pages effectively contribute to shaping our mental perception regarding various topics. On the other hand, those Instagram pages dedicated to travel have highly been welcomed by viewers in recent years. Actually, the representations made by the relevant influences concerning the travel process, travel destination, and travel meaning construct some explicit and implicit meanings. Therefore, this study sought to identify the semantic system governing the popular Instagram pages of travel influencers. The conceptual framework of the study is based on John Fisk's semiotic approach and his social reality codes, including social reality, representational reality, and ideological reality. Social reality codes address physical characteristics such as speech, environment, and clothing. Moreover, representational reality codes deal with the sender's creative power, including framing, colors, companionship and substitution, and characterization. Finally, ideological reality codes examine the concept that gives coherence to such categories. The findings of the study indicated that naturalism, intimacy, liberation in social relations and individual lifestyle, availability and ease of travel, charm-seeking, desire for freedom, travel as a lifestyle, and responsible travel are the pivotal values represented by travel influencers at the level of ideological codes, representing such a special type of tourism that seeks changes in daily routines, acquisition of new experiences, the quest for authenticity, and returning to the true self. This travel style represents a conscious or non-conscious effort against the homogenization of the modern world and a kind of resistance against daily routines, rationalization, and social order.

Theorists argue that disability is a form of social oppression and exclusion, and disabled people experience considerable inequality in all dimensions of social life. Education, health, employment, housing and transportation are among these inequalities. Although disabled people are very interested in tourism activities, they do not travel much because of the unpleasant negative experiences they have during vacations and trips. The conditions for the travel of disabled people should be provided. Such as infrastructural facilities, accommodation and transportation. Social conditions such as family companionship, job, income, and physical and medical conditions of disabled people also affect the motivation and desire to travel. The suitability of the place of residence, transportation facilities, access and services at the destination should also be compatible with the needs of the disabled. The status of social exclusion of disabled people and how it is distributed among them is one of the important issues of social studies of disability and social justice. In this descriptive-analytical research, the effects of social exclusion dimensions on the tendency of disabled people to travel were investigated.

This review was done with a quantitative method using documental studies and survey. The statistical population includes 2103 disabled people of Babolsar city, and using Cochran's formula, 325 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. In order to check the validity of the content, necessary consultations were conducted with professors in the field of tourism, and according to them, the proposed problems were corrected, and in the re-survey, it was ensured that the questionnaire has the necessary validity. To measure reliability, a sample of 30 people completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.75. The operational definition of the components of social exclusion has been modeled on the studies conducted by Sebaktin Rizi and Mouszadeh (2016) and Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). The reliability of this scale was more than 0.80 in the study of Sobaktekin Rizi and Mouszadeh and 0.79 in the study of Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). These two studies have used the verified scale of Hoff and Vrooman (2011), which includes 24 items and has been operationalized in the form of four dimensions of social participation, normative integrity, access to social rights, and material deprivation. In this study, these four components of travel and tourism related documents have been used. The reliability value of self-efficacy was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The analysis was done in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics and with SPSS software.

The average tendency to travel is 2.97 of 5, which indicates the low level of tendency of disabled people to travel. The average feeling of self-efficacy, social participation and normative integrity is also at the average level. According to the average, the feeling of material deprivation (4.07 of 5) of disabled people is at a high level, and on the other hand, the average access to social rights (2.03 of 5) shows the low access of disabled people to social rights. The findings indicate that the tendency of disabled people to travel, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights are at a lower-than-average level, and social participation, normative integration and sense of self-efficacy are at an average level. Social participation and feeling of self-efficacy had a positive effect on the tendency of disabled people to travel. In other words, by increasing social participation and improving the sense of self-efficacy, disabled people tend to travel more. On the other hand, normative integrity, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights did not affect the tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated that there is no significant difference in the tendency of disabled people to travel according to gender, marital status, age, education, type of disability.

Self-efficacy has the greatest relationship with intention, so that if a person believes that she/he can successfully perform an adaptive behavior, there is a high probability that she/he will take action. According to this opinion, the belief of disabled people that they can go on a trip and enjoy the trip increases their intention to go on a trip and use related services. But if they overestimate the costs of such work. Such as understanding the negative attitude of the society, the feeling of shame, the feeling of helplessness, the financial expenses and the lack of proper facilities, the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness decreases in them. They become isolated because they think that being alone and distancing themselves from others can protect them from the social stigma of disability.To remove attitudinal barriers and participation, it is necessary to increase public awareness in social and support institutions and recognize the right of disabled people to establish social relations and participate in the public domain. Also, it is necessary not to consider only the problem of the physically disabled and medical and rehabilitation approaches should be aligned with social and cultural approaches. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required foundations in the form of psychological, human and structural conditions, and take necessary measures to improve the conditions.This study provides a more distinct picture of the dimensions of social exclusion of the disabled and its effect on the tendency to travel and tourism. Disabled people are not very familiar with their social rights and are only supported by their families.Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for people's organizations of the disabled and providing the ground for the tourism of the disabled as one of the new tourism markets should be given more attention.

The Silk Road, as a symbol of inter-civilizational dialogue and ethnic convergence and the strengthening of cultural contexts, has been less studied from a legal perspective. The interaction of very diverse and unfamiliar tribes with each other has always been a source of tension and a source of conflict and disputes over trade and communication. Historically, peace-seeking and understanding beyond the mere implementation of formal judicial mechanisms, in the event of legal disputes in the interactions and communications of the Silk Road (model of restorative legal peace-seeking), in comparison with punitive and penal means, paved the way for caravans and the passage of caravans It was silk. Legal peace-seeking without relying on legislation, in the modern sense, and bureaucratic litigation has perpetuated a culture of peace and mediation and conciliation in common crimes committed along the Silk Road throughout the history of this region of the world.According to the findings of the article, the most important pillar of international relations - especially contractual and customary legal cooperation - rests on the axis of cultural commonality. legal understanding is one of the most difficult manifestations of cultural understanding; in ancient nations, the globalization and convergence of the single values of human rights have not been so important. Creating peace and compromise through arbitration has been one of the usual ways of dealing with claims, which is rooted in the ethics and experiences of ancient civilizations in facing cultural differences. Travels, especially on the Silk Road, have been both a platform for disputes between people of different nations, and have provided a ground for innovation in resolving these disputes, with the help of natural ethics and conscientious dialogue, and without resorting to strict legal rules. All civilizations have had a penal system.Research Question: The article is looking for an answer to the question that the ancient rituals of criminal dispute resolution in the Silk Road relations, especially the restorative justice initiatives in the legal thought of the ancient Iranians, create a capacity for confronting China in resolving legal disputes in the new Silk Road.Research Hypothesis: Although China's ultimate goal of the New Silk Road initiative is to provide the necessary economic, political, security and especially legal grounds to become a regional and global hegemon, this plan faces serious internal, regional and global obstacles and problems, and is facing and ultimately will not achieve China's desired goals to the maximum extent; In particular, it does not seem feasible for the Silk Road countries to have a single legal system to settle disputes arising from goods transit contracts and crimes committed on the transit route and against this route.  

Methodology and Theoretical Framework: 

One of the problems in transferring or not transferring the criminal policy of the transit countries of the Silk Road revival plan is the challenge of "non-recognition of laws and judicial judgments of other countries" by the legal system of most countries of the new Silk Road. This article follows the qualitative method, by historical-legal analysis of criminal peacemaking, within the framework of the theory of restorative justice in criminology, in the framework of the historical analysis of the rituals of settling legal disputes in the relations between merchants and people on the Silk Road, analyzes the interaction of the legal systems of different nations in the settlement of disputes in the light of the legal system of ancient Iran. The present article, in the framework of the analysis of the history of the evolution of restorative justice rituals in the wide scope of the evolution of ancient criminal law, analyzes the innovative methods of informal proceedings of crimes that occurred between merchants and with people on the Silk Road, and in the meantime, the rituals of justice It highlights the common restorative punishment in the legal system of ancient Iran.

The present article, after explaining the theoretical foundations of legal peace-seeking, examines the role of cultural-legal exchanges in the Silk Road in terms of the pattern of criminal policy transmission from a historical point of view and assumes that peace-based mechanisms (restorative justice) are the general tool in solving and the season of legal disputes has been in this way. As a result, reviving the Silk Road with the so-called "One Belt-One Road" scheme, regardless of the conflicts between the legal systems of the transit countries, is a challenge of the same kind as the old Silk Road dilemma.

One of the characteristics of the third millennium is the globalization approach, which has undoubtedly changed many security requirements, social control, cultural, political, national and international relations. Despite this, the world community is still facing serious challenges in achieving international peace and security. Many cases of human rights violations have caused the governments of the world to think of finding a solution to prevent such incidents from happening. In general, there are issues that are not unique to a particular society, but are considered common issues of humans in the third millennium, and their global dimension cannot be neglected. One of the most important issues is peace and human rights. The genealogy of peace rituals and cultural dialogue, peace-seeking rituals in ancient civilizations and long-lasting and deep inter-civilizational relations, such as the interactions of the nations of the Silk Road, are manifested. Legal peacemaking based on the hypothesis that "natural justice is a durable foundation for the establishment of eternal peace" has popularized the culture of peacemaking and criminal mediation and compromise in the crimes committed on the Silk Road caravan route.

The superior classes and classes in the Iranian society of the Qajar era have always sought to reflect their differences and social distinctions with respect to the inferior classes and classes in different ways and ways. One of these methods is to show social distinction through means, manners and methods of travel. This research aims to find the appropriate answer to these questions by descriptive-analytical method and by applying Pierre Bourdieu's "distinction" theory: Did the nobles of the Iranian society in the Qajar era travel and its means and customs only as a matter of necessity. Are you looking for something to meet your needs? Did they have an aesthetic and artistic side to it? The view of the lower classes of the Qajar era Iranian society towards the issue of travel and its customs and equipment was based on which of these indicators? The findings of this research show that the privileged sections of the society, who could easily fulfill their basic need for travel and its means, are more in pursuit of revealing and reflecting their identity and social status and showing class identity and pride through Travel etiquette and luxury; Magnificence and beauty were seen in the means of travel, while the mass of people and the lower strata of society did not pay much attention to luxury; Aesthetics or any artistic taste, they look at travel, its customs and equipment only as a tool to meet the need and necessity.

Tagore mainly famous as a poet. Tagore's works and poems have to be analyzed from various literary, philosophical and political dimensions. Although most of the features of the school of prose are contained in the prose of Tagore, his poems are more influenced by the school of Romanticism. in a descriptive-analytical method and quantitative evaluation the most important components of the school of romanticism, such as: nature, individuality, excitement and feelings, death,... have been investigated in Tagore's poetry. First, his position in world and Indian literature is briefly introduced, and then the main features of the school of romanticism in his poetry are examined and evaluated. Nature is described in a metaphorical and life-giving way in his poetry. Tagore is more concerned with mystical love. Death is frequent in his poetry and he is not afraid of facing death. In general, characteristics and themes: nature with a frequency of 79%, individuality 61%, the relationship between human behaviors and natural elements 56%, love 38% and... have higher frequency in his poems.

Human beings' concern for hygiene and restoring health to the body in various situations, especially when traveling, has been an ever-present issue. Therefore, the current research is based on this question: What was the response to the hygienic and health needs of travelers in Safavid Iran? The findings of the present study, based on a descriptive-analytical method, show that travel in the Safavid era, with various religious, military, and commercial goals and motives, was primarily done on land (on foot and horseback), and by sea. Under hygiene protection measures and various treatment methods, the behavioral approach to responding to the traveler's hygiene and health needs is presented under the intellectual atmosphere and the humor medicine system (four temperaments). The occurrence of various physical and mental challenges for the traveler along the way was the result of moving while traveling. Therefore, gaining the necessary knowledge, taking measures, and making changes in habits and patterns of behavior before traveling was necessary to prepare the body. Adhering to six core principles of maintaining hygiene safeguarded the health of the traveler's body during travel. In proportion to the duration of the travel and the two important variables of heat and cold, there was the possibility of catching various diseases and facing harmful conditions such as thirst, hunger, fatigue, heatstroke, frostbite, scalding, and injuries. Different treatments have been provided by physicians to solve all kinds of conditions and complications, depending on the situation and temperament of the person.

The synergy between tourism and social networks has become a megatrend; To the extent that the two are unbelievably interdependent. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the behavior of e-loyalty of tourists in this megatrend and its influencing factors. The statistical population of the study is the user tourists on social networking sites (SNSs). The statistical sample was 1599 persons. An electronic questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using SPSS25 and Lisrel8.5 software packages. The finding confirms the impact of the e-servicescape on e-trust, e-satisfaction, e-commitment, and e-loyalty. E-trust has also influenced e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. In addition, e-satisfaction has influenced e-commitment and e-loyalty. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that SNSs’ managers pay more attention to elements of the e-servicescape such as visual appeal, value for fun, usability, customization/personalization, and interactions. Also, other practical suggestions were made. Also, other practical suggestions were made.

During the Qajar era, a large number of foreign tourists visited Iran and recorded their observations from this country and wrote about it. It is very important to study and recognize the obstacles, limitations and problems they face when attending Iran and conducting research activities at that time. In this research, using the diaries and travelogues of these tourists and using the method of descriptive-analytical research, we have sought to find answers to these questions: What are the obstacles and difficulties for foreign tourists in understanding Iranian society in the Qajar era? To what extent could these obstacles and restrictions affect the process of activities and goals of these tourists? The research hypothesis is based on the fact that the obstacles, problems and limitations that foreign tourists have faced in Iran, have had a great impact on the process of understanding their society, history and culture. Findings show that various factors such as unfamiliarity with the Persian language, environmental influences, cultural-religious limitations, lack of road facilities and travel difficulties, insecurity, the prevalence of diseases, And time and space limitations have been of the most important obstacles, limitations and difficulties of foreign tourists, which has had many negative effects on the knowledge of Iranian society, history and culture in the Qajar era.

The current paper examines the differences between men's and women's tourism experiences as an aspect of leisure. Four factors, including normative restrictions, female roles, economic weakness, and lack of security feeling, lead women to regulate their tourism travels different from men. For this purpose, the data of the National Survey of Values, Attitudes and Behavior of Tourism in Iran, with a sample size of 5009 people from all provinces of the country, were secondary analyzed. Eight hypotheses related to tourism motivations and behaviors, including having tourism experience, and choosing accommodation, vehicle and tour, were compared between men and women. The results showed that women who traveled alone or with their friends/colleagues, comparing with men, traveled more with tours, less by personal cars, less for recreation purpose, and more for pilgrimage motivation. Women were more likely to travel for visiting relatives when they were alone, and were less likely to camp in trips when traveled with their friends or colleagues. Although the frequency of women who traveled alone or with friends/colleagues were less than men, since their trips with families and relatives were more than men, the total amount of domestic travel by women were not significantly less than men. While the number of foreign trips of women were less than men, the frequency of foreign trips of employed women were not significantly different with men. It seems that despite the serious shortcomings in the quality of women's tourism experience compared to men, by using structural and normative shunpikes, they tried to compensate it.