جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « vikor method » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

There have been many changes in attitudes regarding risks in recent years, to the point that the international community now views resilience as an important strategy for enhancing communities and cities' ability. In this regard, the DEMATEL method was used to evaluate the cause-and-effect relationships between the criteria, the ANP method was utilized to assess the importance of each criterion, and the VIKOR method was used to rank urban regions of Tehran. In the first step, the criteria affecting resilience in 4 dimensions (environmental, economic, physical, and institutional), 11 criteria, and 31 sub-criteria were selected based on the Delphi method. In the next step, the DEMATEL method was used to investigate the causal relationships of criteria. The findings of the study showed that based on the values (D-R), the environmental dimension with a value of (1.18) was the most effective measure of urban resilience among the four dimensions of urban resilience. Furthermore, the results of ANP showed that disasters and natural hazards in the environmental dimension, urban infrastructure in the physical dimension, and employment rate in the socio-economic dimension had the highest impact among the sub-criteria. Also, the results of the VIKOR method showed that region 4 has a high level of resilience and region 12 has a low level of resilience. In general, it can be said that municipal areas located in the center of Tehran have less resilience to crises than other urban areas. Findings help urban planners and managers consider the criteria of the cause group to define priority prevention programs to increase urban resilience.

Evaluating and monitoring the urban physical expansion structure to understand the development process and the problem is an important step toward optimal city management. This study aimed to investigate the physical expansion pattern of Bushehr city from 1984 to 2022.

This study is carried out in two parts in Bushehr city, 2022. The physical expansion structure of Bushehr city between 1984 to2022 was studied using satellite images. The impacts of urban growth were identified using field studies and desk studies and were analyzed using a questionnaire. The initial questionnaire was revised in two steps by the 30 experts. Content validity of the questionnaire was calculated using the opinions of 30 experts. The CVR and CVI of the questionnaire were higher than 60%. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among 250 urban management and planning experts in Bushehr city. The data were analyzed using the t-test and Vicor's weighting method.

The structure of Bushehr city has 4 main nucleus. The most important effects of this multi-nucleus development are summarized in economic, social, and environmental indicators and 16 dimensions. It is needed to pay attention to the dimensions of green space deterioration and energy efficiacy improvement in the environmental indicator, unique cultutal crafts protection and social integration along with local cooperation in the social indicators, and the promotion of tourism and functions' diversity in the economic indicator in order to solve the problems of the city's multi nucleus growth and optimal urban management.

The pattern of horizontal expansion of Bushehr city was a multi-nucleus structure.

This study was conducted to identify the effective factors in the quality of skills training in professional technical centers. With the help of research background and experts' opinions, the factors affecting the quality of skill training were identified and then, using the efficient Dematel method and pairwise comparisons, important and influential factors were identified. The statistical population of the study was the professional technical centers in the west of Mazandaran province, which were ranked by collecting questionnaire data by Vikor method. The results of the mean comparison test of a sample, showed that three indicators of educational factors, managerial factors and professional competence of trainers were the factors affecting the quality of accounting skills training. Dematel technique demonstrated that the component of educational factors has the highest impact on the quality of skill training followed by professional competence of trainers and then, managerial factors. Also, using the Vikor method, it was found that Tonekabon has the best performance with Nowshahr, Chalous, Ramsar, Noor, Kelardasht and Abbasabad in the next ranks.

The aim of the present study is to identify and evaluate the factors influencing the improvement of the quality of products of ceramic tile factories in Yazd province. The purpose of this study is applied and its statistical population includes all experts familiar with quality issues and working in Yazd province ceramic tile industry. The sampling method is census and 32 experts identified in this field completed the 39-item questionnaire. The collected data are analyzed using the fuzzy VIKOR method. The results of this study show that quality of design, quality control during the process and access to high quality and economical raw materials Ranked 1st to 3rd. That is the optimal planning in these sections will affect the quality of products and consequently the profitability of ceramic and tile factories.

The manufacturing sector is one of the principal components in economic development plans. Identifying the key sectors and “take-off” industries as the driving force behind economic growth is crucial for investment priorities and resource allocation. Accordingly, the main objective of this research is to rank and identify key sectors based on ISIC Dual Codes in 23 sub-sectors of Iranian manufacturing industries. The data given by the Statistical Centre of Iran was implemented by surveying manufacturing establishments with 10 or more workers during the period from 2008 to 2013. Selected industries were ranked by forming a composite index based on 9 criteria, which were obtained by using the FBWM-VIKOR Methods. These criteria consist of: export value, labor service compensation, energy efficiency, labor productivity, investment, added value, production value, number of workshops, and the number of employees. The results indicate that, chemical production, food and drinking, and basic metals industries could be the leading sectors in promoting Iranian economical growth.

Soil erosion has significant environmental impacts and economic losses on crops and reservoir capacity, and affects water quality both directly and indirectly (Issaka and Ashraf, 2017: 3). Therefore, identifying factors affecting soil erosion and ranking the prevention methods in rural areas provide valuable information for managers and planners for soil conservation (Asadi et al., 2016: 99). Soil erosion, on the one hand, is affected by natural features and, on the other hand, by human activities. The type of precipitation regime and water erosion, erosion-sensitive formations, low natural vegetation cover, topographic conditions of natural factors, incorrect use or overuse of lands, poor pasture grazing, plowing of low-yield rainfed fields, and implementation of construction projects, such as road construction, building construction, and mining, without considering the principles of soil protection are the factors caused by human intervention in the country (Darabi et al., 2018: 201). The most appropriate scientific methods can be selected to prevent soil erosion in accordance with the opinion of relevant experts and scientists. Another important issue is the use of appropriate criteria and sub-criteria   to obtain final responses. In fact, if the study method is selected properly, but the criteria and sub-criteria used are not of the desired quality, the results are not reliable and the final output will cause deviations in the final decision. Therefore, it is necessary to extract all required criteria and sub-criteria from the research literature and validate them by experts. Among the methods used to control soil erosion are contour plowing, mulching, mixed cultivation, adding organic fertilizers and manure, grass cultivation, terracing, and cultivation on contour lines (Begum Nasir Ahmad et al., 2020: 104). Darmian County is one of the important agricultural centers of South Khorasan province. As reported previously, 93.3% of the total area is in the severe desertification class (Parvaneh, 2009: 150). According to most studies on multi-criteria decision making techniques (MCDM), the VIKOR technique results in a lower percentage and intensity of changes and yields more valid results (Nazmfar and Padarvandy, 2015: 36; Kim and Ahn, 2019: 126). Therefore, this technique was used in the present study. Keshtkar et al. (2017: 133) conducted a study with the aim of prioritizing the biological management options of Delichay watershed using MCDM. They identified four biological management activities and developed 16 management scenarios in the region. Also, the social, ecological, economic, and physical criteria were assigned the first to fourth priorities, respectively, and scenario number 10 (grazing management and pit-seeding) was determined as the top scenario in the first priority. Vulević et al. (2015: 317) prioritized soil erosion vulnerable areas in the Topčiderska River Watershed, northern Serbia, using multi-criteria analysis methods, and identified the most vulnerable sub-basins due to a significant presence of arable and very steep arable lands, which, therefore, had priority for protection. Also, Zhang et al. (2020: 1331) identified priority areas for soil and water conservation planning using multi-criteria decision analysis in the Xinshui River watershed, China. They selected six assessment indicators, including slope gradient, precipitation, NDVI, land use, soil texture, and slope aspect. They concluded that more attention should be paid to the slope of farmland   and grassland during the planning and management of soil and water conservation projects. Darmian County is an important region in terms of agricultural and horticultural products and severe erosion that threatens the products and natural resources in rural areas. In this research, therefore, an integrated approach based on the multi-criteria decision making methods, including Best-Worst (BWM) and the VIKOR methods, is presented according to expert’s opinions to analyze the factors affecting soil erosion and ranking the prevention methods in the rural region of Darmian, South Khorasan Province.

In this study, the weights of the identified criteria and sub-criteria from the research literature and experts’ opinion were first determined using the BWM and then the VIKOR method was used for ranking the erosion prevention methods. According to the review of the literature, many methods have been proposed to rank the methods of preventing soil erosion. However, these methods usually have a relative level of uncertainty due to a high level of decision maker involvement in the production of final answers. However, the best-worst method has a very strong approach in determining the weight of criteria compared to other decision-making methods (Rezaei, 2016: 126).

This is one of the powerful methods in solving the multi-criteria decision making problems used to obtain the weights of options and criteria (Rezaei, 2016:126). This method compensates for the weaknesses of methods based on pairwise comparisons (e.g., AHP and ANP) such as incompatibility. In addition, it reduces the number of pairwise comparisons significantly by only performing reference comparisons. In recent years, the best-worst method has been used by many researchers to determine the weights and rankings of options in various fields.  

This method is an adaptive ranking technique that is often used in situations with different conflicting criteria (Opricovic, 1998: 5). This method creates a compromise solution based on "proximity to the ideal solution and mutual agreement through concessions". This method has been widely used by many researchers to rank options (Arab Ameri et al., 2018: 1400; Gupta, 2018: 47; Opricovic and Tzeng, 2004: 445). It uses linear normalization that specifies a summation function indicating the distance from the ideal solution. 3- Results and Discussion The criteria and sub-criteria used in this research (based on a review of the research literature) are presented in Table 1. Table (1): The criteria and sub-criteria affecting soil erosion Sub-criteria Criteria Sub-criteria Criteria Aggregate stability Technical Destruction of vegetation Environmental Water penetration capacity Surface water flows Depth of soil Runoff volume Clay particles Chemical Destruction of ecosystems Soil organic carbon content Drought Climatic Non-use of livestock manures Social Fire Rainfall Overgrazing Land slope A consensus method was used to achieve valid results, as for gathering information, a committee of experts was asked to evaluate the performance of the options against the criteria (Table 1) using the scales listed in Table 2.  Table (2): Verbal scale for pairwise comparisons of best-worst methods and Victor techniques Scale for the best- worst approach EquallyImp. Equal to moderately Imp. Moderately Imp. Moderately to strongly Imp. Strongly Imp. Strongly to very strongly Imp. Very strongly Imp. Very strongly to extremely Imp. Extremely Imp. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Scale for Victor technique Verbal expressions  Degree of Imp. for  negative effect criterion Degree of Imp. for positive effect criterion Least Imp. 5 1 Moderately Imp.  4 2 Strongly Imp.   3 3 Very Strongly Imp.  2 4 Extremely Imp. 1 5 P.S. Imp. = Important Calculating the weights of the criteria using the best-worst method Out of all the criteria, the best and worst criteria were selected by experts through mutual agreement. The priority of other criteria was also determined by the worst criteria. After collecting the best-worst method questionnaires, the weights related to the criteria and sub-criteria were obtained using the GAMS optimization software version 24.3 by the BARON solver. The degrees of priority for all the criteria were achieved to calculate the optimized local weights. The results showed that the "technical" and the "chemical" criteria had the highest (0.293) and the lowest (0.085) local weights, respectively, among all the examined criteria. Prioritization of erosion prevention methods using the VIKOR method After achieving the weights of the criteria, the methods of erosion prevention were prioritized in the next step based on the weights of these factors using the VIKOR method. According to the computational results, the technical and the chemical criteria (with scores of 0.293 and 0.085) had the highest and the lowest ranks, respectively. In the final prioritization of the erosion prevention methods, Biochar and injection of organic maters were in the first and second ranks, respectively, and artificial rain was at the lowest rank.

In this research, a new combined approach is presented based on the best-worst method and VIKOR technique to identify the factors affecting soil erosion and to rank the prevention methods based on the opinions of experts and scientists in the field of agricultural development. According to the obtained results, "technical", "climatic", and "environmental" sub-criteria are the three important factors in evaluating erosion prevention methods. In the next step, the options were finally ranked using the VIKOR method, indicating that the top three options are "Biochar", "Arch planting", and "injection of fertilizers and organic matter", respectively. Considering that the development of infrastructure to select scientific methods to prevent soil erosion in rural areas is one of the effective factors in the development of agricultural science in the country, studies in this area should be given more attention. It is expected that the results of this research can provide a suitable tool for managers to make correct decisions.

The use of wind power plants is considered as one of the most important ways of generating electricity using renewable energies. The environmental impact of the environment is low compared to other methods and the potential for extensive exploitation, including the benefits of using wind energy in electricity production. In this regard, it is necessary to find the optimal location for deploying equipment and facilities to exploit existing and potential potentials. The purpose of this research is wind power plants site selection in Fars province using AHP and ranking the spatial options using the Vikor method. In this study, we tried to prioritize the location of wind power plants based on effective technical, environmental and socioeconomic measures using the AHP decision making model. At first, the required data were collected and prepared in the GIS environment. Then, using AHP method, the two criteria were compared and then weighted, and finally, using the Vikor method, the priority was drawn between the final locations. The results of this research show that among the criteria in the research, the technical criteria (wind speed, wind stability and wind density) are more important and have a higher weight (0.731), and the wind speed 0.594) is the most important factor. The results of the Vikor model showed that the northern and eastern regions of the Fars province have a good potential for wind energy. Abadeh, Eqlid and Neyriz are the right places to build a wind power plant in other parts of the province.

Rural development comes from several factors, one of which is desirable housing. One of the important ways of knowing the housing situation in the rural planning process is the use of housing indices. These indicators represent the quantitative and qualitative status of rural housing at any time. The present research is an applied-developmental and descriptive-analytic method with the aim of evaluating the quantitative and qualitative indices of housing in rural areas of Tehran province using quantitative models such as factor analysis and viik technique. Among the 52 rural housing indicators, the 18 indicators of housing index were used for statistical analysis. The research findings from factor analysis indicate that the indexes are reduced to four factors, which include 93/67of the variance. Among the four extracted factors, the welfare factor alone covers 59/89of the variance. Which is the most influential factor in the study. The results of the viquor method for ranking the rural areas of Tehran according to the survey indices indicate that the city of Shemiran with the highest Q (0.98) ranked first and the cities of Qods and Malard with Q (0.20 and 0.19) Are in the last rank.

Todays we are faced with a phenomenon called "Brand of Nations". The industry sector is one of the most important and influential sector in the nation's brand development. The quality and unique characteristics of products and services that a country exports, affect the public opinion of those countries. Althogh in Iran, the industry sector faces many problems and challenges, this issue will never diminish the importance of industry sector and its role in nation branding of iran. Accordingly, in this research the Iranian industries in terms of their importance in nation brand ranked and their roles in promoting it investigated. For this purpose, the Vikor method used to rank industries and through interpretive structural modeling the relationships between effective components explained. The results of industry ranling show that Tourism industry has the most effect on nation branding of Iran. Then, medical-pharmaceutical industry is located in the second rank, Dietary- Drink and Mining industry industry in the third rank, Automotive industry and Oil-Gas and Petrochemical industry in the fourth rank and finnaly Electric-Power industry and Textile-Garment industry in the fifth (last) rank. In the interpretative structural modeling stage, the results show that the component of "productivity in production" acts at the lowest level, the fifth level. The components of "production of high-quality products" and "innovative products" are on the fourth level. At the third level, the components include "production of competitive products" and "environmental issues". The two components of "Promotion of National Brands" and "Branded Exports", are also in the second level and act as the touch point for the industry and the image of the nation (level one).

The main purpose of this paper is to review techniques of Islamic home finance through Iran, s banking system and prioritize them using VIKOR method. Based on an extensive literature review, this paper aims to highlight, explain and discuss the basic principles underlying implementation of six techniques of Islamic home finance including: Murabaha, Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek, Musharakah Mutanaqisah, Tawarruq, Bay Bithaman Ajil and Parralel Istisna'a, then using experts, opinions and VIKOR method, also regarding legal, financial, jurisprudential and general criteria identified, prioritize them and finally introduce the most proper technique (techniques) for implementing in Iran,s home finance market. Based on opinions of experts in Islamic finance and home finance, this paper asserts that techniques of Musharakah Mutanaqisah, Murabaha and Ijarah Muntahia Bittamleek are more compliant with Islamic economics teachings and as such should be used more by Iran, s monetary institutions.

The existence of inequality and its various dimensions is one of the important signs of development, because in fact the countries that today are known as developed countries, while they have high economic and social indicators, the distribution of revenues and facilities is fairly fair. The present study is aimed at leveling 31 provinces of the country according to 93 indicators of development. The type of applied research and its method is analytical-comparative. For analysis of the indicators, the method of VICOR has been used. Findings in the health indicators section show that Tehran provinces with the lowest viyomites (Qi = 0) are in the first place and Zanjan province with the highest score (Qi =1). Thus, in the Northern Khorasan province, with a score of 0 (Qi = 0.48) and Kohkiluyeh and Boyerahmad with Emitas (Qi = 997) in the Cultural Index of Khorasan Razavi with a score of (Qi =0) and Kohkilah and Boyer Ahmed with a score of (Qi =1) In physical indicators of Alborz province with a score of (Qi =0) and Ilam with a score of (Qi =1) in the social sector of Alborz province with a score of (Qi=0) and border of Ilam province with a score of(Qi =0.997) In the economic sector, the province of Tehran with points (Qi = 0) and Gilan with the score (Qi = 0.00017), in the migration section of Alborz province with points (Qi = 0) and Semnan with a score of (Qi =1), finally in the education sector of the province Chaharmahal Bakhtiari with points (Qi =0) and Fars province with a score Q (Qi =1) are placed in the first and last positions respectively. Finally, there are suggestions for improving the status of the provinces and maintaining the balance of the provinces.

Differentiation through NPD is one of the most effective ways to achieve success. However, because of the failure rate of these projects, it could not be expected firm’ success due to only one new product development project. Therefore, it should be selected a portfolio of new product development projects. In this research by literature review and interview with experts 20 criteria for evaluating new product development projects in disposable medical product extracted. Then by using analytic network process (ANP) based on DEMATEL method degrees of influences given and received among these criteria and also weights for each criteria based on correlation between them calculated. Finally, by evaluating NPD projects with VIKOR method, best portfolio selected. The proposed model is capable of considering complex interrelationship and interdependency between criteria and dimensions for more accurate project selection as well as providing appreciate solutions to improve selected portfolio performance by measuring these interrelationships between criteria and their effective degree and affected degree. The results show that the most important criteria for selecting portfolio of new product development projects are Platform for firm growth and Business-strategy fit.

Geodiversity is a difference in the properties of rock, climatic conditions and landform susceptibility. Today, geological protection has been widely applied and mark as a new approach to protect geological heritage (Which is part of the natural heritage). In Iran not only the geological conservation methods have not been developed, the methods of evaluation and description of the geological heritage also has not been prepared. Thus, understanding the importance of these documents and preserve (what is called common heritage of humanity) is very essential. Conservation of nature and includes two varieties: Land variety and Biodiversity. In this regard, based on identifying the factors affecting terrestrial diversity, a map of land diversity of Mashhad city has been derived based on Landform's susceptibility. Therefore, based on the subjects described, land variety map of Mashhad province has been derived in present study to identify the factors affecting land diversity. In this regard, overlying and Vikor methods have been evaluated. Results show that the results of these methods are good agreement with each other.
Results showed that as sensitivity increased, the land diversity is increased respectively. As the highest amount of land diversity is found in the northern half of the city which is mainly located on the limestone and dolomite formations. Results obtained from Vickor model are more consistent with reality. Because based on in situ measurements the maximum land diversity is found in areas of Kardeh village and the elevation ranges from 1500 to 2000 meters. •
Based on the objectives described, quantitative-analysis methodology has been used. Firstly, literature review was conducted based on the papers, books reports and etc and primary data were collected and intendent indexes were selected. Secondly, geological, geomorphology and topography map were outlined. Also Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used for deriving land form energy map (used for Geodiversity). Finally, geomorphology, geology and energy maps were used for extracting fragmentations model and NDVI and Land use maps used for deriving landform preservation map. In order to achieve the desired objectives, Google Earth, Global Maper, Arcgis and Vikor softwares used. As aforementioned, two different methods were used in present study (overlapping method and the Vikor decision matrix). In the first step, after selecting indicators, vector layers have been converted to raster. Then all raster layers have been rated and were reclassified and the land variety map derived by combining all layers. At the second step, using Vikor decision matrix method, the indexes were averaged based on aspect ratio, elevation and village polygons. After organize decision matrix and normalization of primary matrix, the ideal positive and negative values calculated and with use of these values.The profit and rate obtained finaly with counting vikor index,geodiversity zoning made in 3 group (high.average laws ) and based on vikor index rank geodiversity map extarcted for hight and villages category
Results and discussion Sensitivity layer created shows that about 33% of Mashhad province classified as high sensitivity and about 60 and 7% of the remaining areas classified as medium and low sensitivity areas respectively. Also the preserve layer illustrate that about 47% of study area is classified as high protection, and the remaining areas classified as medium and low protection (about 36 and 16 percent respectively). By combining the sensitivity and protective layers, land variety map extracted which the results show that about 86% of Mashhad province classified as low variety (including residential and agricultural areas). Also about 9 and 5% present of case study region classified as mid variety and low variety regions respectively (including the northern half of the study region which is located over limestone and karst thick layers). Variety map which was extracted using Vikor method shows that Kardeh rural area and areas located at an altitude between 1500- 2000 meters classified as the highest variety. This result is consistent with the results of the first methodology •
Overlapping method shows that as the sensitivity increased, land variety increased too. As the highest amount of land variety found in the northern half of the province which is located over limestone and dolomite constructions. The results of Vikor method show the good confirm with the reality, because in site measurements show that the highest amount of land variety located around the Kardeh rural and at an altitude between 1500- 2000 meters. Finally, the three land variety maps compared with each other. In each land variety maps, areas with high variety show a good agreement Also according to the results obtained from the Vikor model it can be concluded that in the karde village of Mashhad which has high geodiversity. We can develope geotourism with aproperiate planning and management. Moreaver, the city of Mashhad annually welcoming millions of tourists and pilgrims that can even be increased in number by creating geotourism sites in areas with high-diversity, also with revenuos from this items can play a determining role in sustainable development of area

IntroductionNeighborhood as a constituent element and smallest part of social and spatial of city and ýlink citizens, it can also at least strengthen social capital, natural, human and economic, ýurban sustainable development to have at all levelsþ. þý In other words, the neighborhood as a ýnormative concept in which social obligations are formed based on shared values, and ýbecause of the relationship between humans and the environment and correct ýunderstanding and expectations commensurate with the natural and social competences, ýmay underlie the social and ecological justice and balance in relation with sustainable ýdevelopment is at different levels. Since theþ þwithout relying on local and national ýsustainable development as a primary focus of social life - ever, are not allowed. So in ýrecent years, serious attention to the sustainable development of city officials and urban ýplanners at different levels of social, economic and cultural, tangible aspects of urban life ýand lower levels (neighborhood) has attracted. The attention to the importance of ýsustainable development neighborhood in Tehran is very important because there are a lot ýof problems. ý
Tehran, the capital and largest city of the country, until the early part of this century, ýaccording to multiple sources and organizes all elements of Persian cities with Islamic ýelements in the visible region was dry. But in recent decades, neighborhood structure in ýthree steps, ýþ»þcentrality of the family unit neighborhood ýþ «þý, ýþ» þFew places combine family and ýcareerþ «þý and ýþ» þNeighborhood Removingþ«þý lost and the modern city and the neighborhood has ýbecome. So that today the neighborhoods 374 of Tehran, due to replacing the general ýsocial organizations rather than neighborhoods, failure to use and utilizes the power of ýpartnerships, and community residents to manage community, great migration, fatigue and ýlack of municipal buildings and mismatch them with new details regarding the identities ýand locations of human communities, neighborhood associations and relationships within ýtheir neighborhood is lost. So that today the neighborhoods 374of Tehran, due to replacing ýthe general social organizations rather than neighborhoods, failure to use and utilizes the ýpower of partnerships, and community residents to manage community, great migration, ýfatigue and lack of municipal buildings and mismatch them with new details regarding the ýidentities and locations of human communities, neighborhood associations and ýrelationships within their neighborhood is lost. Since the return of the old neighborhoods ýof Tehran is not feasible and reasonable. So keeping in mind the need to retrieve the ýidentity, values and meaning of the neighborhood - Iran and the role and function of the ýurban neighborhoods in Tehran could have, should lead to serious consideration of ýsustainable development places in the city. Accordingly, in this research, identify ýindicators of sustainable community development and Sustainable Development and ýevaluation of a neighborhood in the slums of Tehran and test hypotheses as 1- The study ýsites are located at different levels of development. 2- The social base - the residents of ýthe neighborhoods studied economics and sustainable development of the communities ýthere is discussed. ý
MethodologyThe aim of the present study was applied and methods descriptive - analytical. In this ýresearch, according with regard to a problem and aim of the study, the unit of analysis was ýselected households in the neighborhood. Then sample size was calculated using ýCochran's sample of 384 families, from families living in the city of Tehran was ýdetermined. Then classify the neighborhoods of Tehran in social - economic 4 class (High, ýmedium high, medium, low, low), a neighborhood of each category were selected using ýrandom sampling. Accordingly, the share of total population in each neighborhood to ýneighborhood site each sample was determined by sample size. Then required data were ýcollected from the families sampled in a systematic way. Then, using the Kruskal-Wallis ýtest is a test of the difference, the initial data matrix was prepared, then with Using ýAnalytical Hierarchy Process and Vikor Method Neighborhood sustainability, the study ýsites were assessed. Finally using the One-way analysis of variance and Pearson Statistical ýtests Hypotheses were examined. ý
Results and discussionThe results of the analytic hierarchy process for sustainable community development ýindices showed that Weighted index of social justice (0. 236), Safety and Security weighted ýindex (0. 208), Environmental indicators weight (0. 179), Identity and vitality index ýweight (0. 114), weighted index of the urban landscape (0. 102), Weighted satisfaction ýindex (0. 097) and Participation index weight (0. 064), The index of social justice and ýparticipation, Respectively the highest and lowest value, sustainable development ýindicators are compared to other neighborhoods. ý
The results of the Vikor model Showed that Niloufar neighborhoods with Q=0. 017 and ýneighborhood Valiasr shomali with Q=1. 000, respectively the best and worst of ýneighborhood sustainability indicators are and Ashtiani's and Imamiye neighborhoods with ýstability 0. 160 and 0. 613 ranked second and third in the neighborhood are sustainability. ý
ConclusionThe overall results of the study suggest different levels of sustainability in the ýcommunities studied, and the reason may be lack of municipal subdivisions in the ýneighborhood and ends with the establishment of the municipality in the area, clutter ýneighborhoods studied historical identity in the process of urban development and et al ýnoted. ý
To increase the level of success in achieving sustainable development, neighborhood ýlocalities studied following suggestions are offered. ý
Principal or district administrators and trustees elected from among the residents of the ýneighborhood; ý
Open green spaces and open and moderation in the housing of the prospect, air, noise and ýlight; ý
Spatial andþ þsocial structure of right and moderation in the economic and social groups; ý
According to the Environmental Planning andþ þpreserve environmental values in the ýneighborhood and the reduction of noise and air pollution expand the scope of public ýhealth and the environment; ý Increase social security in addition to the neighborhood police station by a guard and ýencourage a sense of community responsibility and local people, especially for women ýand children. ý

Rapid urbanization and increase consumption of materials, goods and waste production, lead to health and hygiene decline in urban environments. Since separation at source has been a suitable method for reducing the problems of urban waste. Assessment the condition of the urban neighborhoods in terms of source separation indicators can help to the urban waste management. This research is a descriptive-analytic study. For data collection, survey method is used. The areas of research are 44 neighborhoods in Ardebil city. Using Cochran’s method, 386 houses were chosen as the sample unit (e). The Cranach’s alpha test of the reliability obtained 1.95 that confirms the reliability of the research tool. To analyze data, we used descriptive statistics; the coefficient of variation (C. V.) and for the ranking of neighborhoods, VIKOR model was used. Analyses of the data showed that only about 47% of the units of the survey, separate the solid wastes. The results of C.V also show that the value of this coefficient in over 70% of the indicators is more than 100 which means that the distribution of indicators is heterogeneous. The results of VIKOR model show that only 8.18 percent of the Ardabil city neighborhoods in terms of the source waste separation indicators have had optimal condition. The results of research indicate that more than 80 percent of the Ardabil city neighborhoods in terms of the source waste separation are in Undesirable condition. Hence, supplying the infrastructure, training and enabling citizens, and the implementation of the waste management program for the city of Ardabil offered at the end of the research.

Due to occupational and recreational attractions of the city of Yazd in the last century has ‎been accompanied by a strong migration‏.‏‎ So that today, factors such as cultural diversity ‎and sense of identity, social and cultural rights of immigrants to the new environment ‎causes abnormalities in different areas of the city of Yazd. This also creates problems ‎such as addiction, violating the privacy of individuals, Denied the comfort of the ‎residents, the loss of a sense of neighborhood and protect the treasury and public property ‎unsafe neighborhoods in the city of Yazd was caused. Thus, given the role that citizens ‎can feel unsafe in the formation of centers of mass, and ultimately create Unsafe ‎neighborhoods have, in this study, to assess and evaluate the security situation in the city ‎of Yazd and ways to increase the sense of security in these areas is discussed.‎

The aim of the present study was applied which utilizes a descriptive - analytical. In this ‎study, using literature review and expert opinions, criteria and factors contributing to the ‎sense of security of citizens in urban environments were identified, Questionnaires among ‎people 15 years and older were distributed to each district using random sampling. After ‎entering the data collected through questionnaires using SPSS software to measure the ‎following items each were combined. The combination of sub-criteria for each criterion, ‎and determining an index of every neighborhood in the initial decision matrix was formed. ‎Then, using a multi-criteria decision technique Vikor raw data matrix was analyzed and ‎ultimately the community in terms of ranking indices were safe.‎

‎ Based on the results of research neighborhoods, Maskan, Naeem Abad, Shykhdad, Yazd ‎baft and Khirabad in the order of best to worst in terms of build are safe.‎‏ ‏Among the ‎reasons for different levels of security at different skeletal sites studied could be attributed ‎to the physical structure of neighborhoods, the different social, economic and cultural one ‎of the neighborhoods and citizens‏.‏‎ However, city officials are ignoring the lack of services ‎and facilities in some neighborhoods in the same city insecurity is effective. It should also ‎be noted that the reasons for the poor security situation, the neighborhood Khyrabad ‎cannot implement new issues of urban planning, Residents of this neighborhood's diverse ‎culture. Because this area is so spread among the villages in the city of Yazd combined.‎

The results of the study suggest that people in urban areas are experiencing different levels ‎of security. Among the reasons for this behavior can be seen that Vndalysty, the narrow ‎passageways and streets, resident evil people and outlaws, differences and diverse ‎multicultural neighborhood residents, Lack of adequate lighting and physical and mental ‎conditions, particularly in those areas of Yazdbaft and Khyrabad noted.‎

The aim of this study is to evaluate and rank entrepreneurial university factors in Isfahan province. This study is an applied research, and mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) is used for data collection. To determine influencing factors, the population of study includes managers of incubators and entrepreneurship centers, research administrators and faculties with experiences in entrepreneurship and the selected sample of 15 is done by judgmental sampling method. The ranking has been done between great public and Azad universities of Isfahan province. At the first step, the list of factors including financial resources, human resources, structure, tangibles and intangible factors and their sub-criteria was provided using the related literature and Delphi method. The weight and the importance of factors are obtained by Analytic Network Process, and VIKOR method also is used to rank the selected universities. Among the affecting factors of entrepreneurial university, the most important is human resources. Among public universities, Isfahan University of Technology and among Azad universities, the Islamic Azad University of Najafabad and Khorasgan have the first place in terms of total factors.