جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استرآباد » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Russia's attempts to infiltrate in Northern provinces of Iran became more serious during the Qajar period, and finally became more noticeable and evident after concluding the treaties of Golestan and Turkamanchai. The Russians paid special attention to Astarabad because of its unique commercial and geographical location. By influencing in Astarabad, they had a significant impact on the events of this area. This situation progressed  to the point that the ruler of the region was actually the Russian consul and the Iranian authorities had no power against him. This study aims to investigate the state of Astarabad province and the reasons for the inability of its rulers to deal with Russian infiltrate and domination and seeks to answer this question: Why the governors of Astarabad didn’t have a proper reaction to the influence of the Russians? According to the findings of this descriptive-analytical study, the absence of powerful and reforming rulers in the Asatrabad, the oppression and abuse of the Iranian authorities and rulers of this region to the people, the lack of unity among the residents, and finally the collusion of some Iranian officials with the Russians, increased Russian dominance and presence in the state.

The mismanagement of government administrative organizations in the Qajar Iran and its consequences is not an unspoken issue. The record of the central government to eliminate this shortcoming indicates its failure. On the other hand, this inefficiency had a heavy cost for the people. Thus, getting rid of the consequences was a difficulty that the people themselves had to overcome. Social reaction to the mismanagement in the Qajar period is the problem that the present work studies in the case of public opposition of the people of Astarâbâd, a province on the south eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, to the will of the central government. Explain that, shortly after the abolition of the tobacco concession (January 1892/Jumadi al-Awal 1309 AH), in August 1892/Muharram 1310 AH Astarâbâd became the scene of mass opposition against drinking alcohol and then for several months against the governor of the province. So far, the occurrence of these happenings and their results have been neglected. The present article is a historical-analytical research, based on archival materials, that deals with the role of mismanagement (independent variable) in the occurrence of the popular reaction in Astarâbâd (dependent variable). Examining the social forces active in this political action and also its result are other goals of the present work. The findings of the study show that mass opposition in Astarâbad first caused by extreme frustration and deprivation of the people and then led to their rational-calculation of opposition to the government-appointed ruler to improve the situation in the province. Although the insurgency initiated by the lower classes in order to combat the cholera outbreak, the secondary stage - the rejection of the governor - welcomed by other urban classes and local military commanders who demanded improvement in the multifaceted consequences of chronic mismanagement in the province. Despite the religious motive as well as the participation of different classes and groups, the resistance in Astarâbâd had all the characteristics of a "rebellion" and lacked participation and the support of a political organization. In spite of success in opposing the will of the central government, the rebellion due to its nature- lack of both public political awareness and political organization- failed to bring about desirable and lasting result for the province and the people of Astarâbâd as well.

The Turkmens were clans of the Ural–Altaic tribes who migrated to Iran between the 10th and 16th centuries, from the other side of Syr Darya. The Turkmen’s tribes who had migrated to Iran before the Ṣafavid dynasty (R.1501-1722) gradually assimilated into Iran's culture and connected with other Iranians. However, after the establishment of the Ṣafavid, the tribes who entered Iran took actions against the Iranian dynasties, and until the late nineteenth century repeatedly plundered the northeast of Iran. These newly-arrived Turkmen tribes, who settled in northern Khorasan and eastern Astarābād, converted to Sunni Islam under the influence of the Uzbeks of Bukhara. Following the Uzbek scholars, Turkmens were given the right to loot and kill the Shia Muslims. In Turkmens perception death at the hands of Shias was looked upon as martyrdom. Interestingly, when Turkmens changed their religion to Shia Islam, they stopped looting and killing Iranian Shias and took actions against other Turkmens. Anyway, the Qajars who themselves were assimilated Turkmens and had a long term ties with these newly-arrived Turkmen tribes, tried to give them the Iranian identity and prevent them from looting. However, Qajar strategies ended in failure. In this paper, I will show what strategies the Qajars adopted towards the Turkmens. I will further discuss the reasons behind their failure and would provide some analysis.