جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اوضاع اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

We do not have comprehensive information about the largest constituent of society in the last century of Safavid rule, namely farmers. Limited sources describe the general situation of some farmers, which indicates the continuation of poverty in the lives of villagers. The economic situation of the subjects is often projected in the context of their relationship with the category of taxation. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. Despite the fact that the Ghezelbas were originally from nomadic tribes and Turkmens, the economic situation of this class of Iranian society at that time has also been ignored in historiographical sources. And their colorful military role in the political-military equations, which forms the framework of historians' views, has obscured their social life and economic functions. Court documents on the economic situation of smallholders, artisans and craftsmen, and the lower classes of urban society as a whole do not add anything to our knowledge. Because these sources are in fact indicative of the bureaucratic structure governing the government mechanisms of that period, and considering their application in the mentioned period, they did not feel the need to address this issue.

The newspaper “Yomiya Sobh Sadegh” was published by the franchise owner "Mortaza Qolikhan Moyed Al-Mamalek Fakhri" After the issuance of the constitutional decree and during the first assembly of the National Council. Due to his opposition to the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, he started publishing the newspaper Youmiya Sobh Sadiq and abdicate ruling Mazandaran and Iraq Ajam. The following research aims to the economic situation and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 AH by content analysis of this newspaper. The newspaper has dealt in detail with the problems and common economic conditions in 1325 AH. By analyzing the content of Yomiyeh Sobh newspaper. It is possible to get a correct understanding of the living conditions and economic problems of the Iranian people at that time. In this newspaper, there are accurate and first-hand news about the negotiations and approvals of the first National Assembly, the price of public goods and services, and other economic indicators. The main question of the current research is what was the state of the economy and general livelihood of Iran in 1325 A.H., based on the data of Sobh Sadegh newspaper? The main claim is that the content analysis of this newspaper can lead to providing first-hand information about the Iran's economic situation at this important historical moment. By reviewing this newspaper, we can find the inflation of some goods, the problems of employee situations, and the failure of the plan to establish the National Bank and we get a great picture consistent with the problems of that era and it becomes clear that the economic situation was chaotic and people were suffering from many livelihood problems to the extent that the price of some basic goods increased. According to the nature of the subject, this research is in the field of theoretical fundamental research, and the method in this research is descriptive-analytical, and content analysis techniques have been used in the classification of topics and frequency of words. The method of data collection is library.

Qazvin as one of the most important Iranian cities at the Safavid reign, when it was the capital, reached the peak of its development. But after about four decades when the capital moved from Qazvin to Isfahan, without any doubt, this transferring had significant consequences for Qazvin city. In fact, it was expected that the development of the city would be rapidly lost. Since it is obvious that the political centralism of a city could be effective, to a considerable extent, in its development and as a result, its lack of centralism has the opposite effect. From current study, which was conducted through using itineraries and reports of the travelers and ambassadors and reviewing financial documents and the works of historians was concluded that though changing the political capital from Qazvin area to Isfahan area, led to considerable decrease of the political significance of the city, due to other factors, moving of the capital had not much negative effects on the economic and commercial life of the area, and this condition stayed continuous until the Qajar dynasty which led to new situations in the economy of northern areas of Iran.

The economical conditions of Iran, especially Its farming, were been damaged from mongol invasion. During his brief reign, and through execution of reforming, Ghazan khan intended to renovated and recompensed these imported harms on economical conditions of ilkhanid territory. But, consequently his dying early, it is unclear that was been lasted effects of these reforms on agricultural conditions of ilkhanid territory. By The historical analytic method and by asking about the little existing data, this article seeks to examined the effects of ghazan reforms on improvement of farm and farming state in ilkhanid territory. This study shows that, although, process of reforms were been corrupted and farmers living were dominated devastating parameters, after death of khwaje Rashid-al- din fazl allah, but, greatly, that were not been impressed agricultural prosperity and such were maintained itself process of increasing growth.

In terms of commercial situations، Khorasan was deemed to be the connection path of west and east for many years. This region was connected to other regions such as India، China، Eastern Europe، and Tibet through commercial paths. In addition، existence of the thriving markets in various cities such as Balkh، Marv، and Neishbour has flourished its commercial situation. The paper intends to study the economic situation of Khorasan and its relations with the political acts of the region from the first century to rise of the first local government. It could be concluded that trade in this region had brought about important political and historical developments among which we can refer to formation of epic stories، entrance of Sasanid Yazdgerd to this region، presence of numerous Arab tribes، the fall of Umayyads and the rise of Abbasids as well as formation of the first local governments after the fall of Iranians by Muslims while its economic capacity had a significant impact in this regard.

The entrance of Saljugids to Neishabur led to a plenty of social، economical changes in this city. In this period، Neishabur progressed economically and it changed to a center for businessmen who could commute from there towards the south of Iran، Persian Gulf and India. This article is looking for an appropriate response for this question concerning the sort of effect of Saljuqids on the economical and commercial conditions of this city. The findings of this article illustrates that in spite of the vulnerability of agriculture in Neishabur due to the presence of cattle of Saljuqids in the agricultural lands، the elements such as the presence of significant mines، the prevalence of coins from Neishabur in deals، the security as well as the commercial voyages of businessmen of Neishabur have been effective in its economical prosperity.

During their rule in Khorasan and due to their racist nature the Umayyads practiced discrimination against Mawālī (freed slaves) and the Arab people who shared them in thought and imposed high taxes of different kinds on them. Such a policy made Mawālī face serious and complicated economic conditions and stimulated them to contribute in the harsh regional struggle against Umayyad dynasty. One of the reactions was Harith b. Surayj's uprising. It was not only one of the most important uprisings that shook the Umayyad regime in Khorasan but also prepared the ground for Abu Muslim's uprising who managed to ruin the unstable bases of the Umayyad regime by making use of the experiences he gained from Surayj's uprising. The present paper tries to investigate the causes, development and outcome of Harith b. Surayj's uprising in Khorasan.

Neyshabur is one of the four capitals of Great Khorasan and one of the ancient cities of Iran. It had a political and cultural importance in the early Islamic centuries. It was so important that some governments chose it as their capital. Its scientific and political status, Imam Reza is short visit to it and his narration of the "Gold Chain" tradition have added to its importance. This city enjoyed an important position in the first and second centuries ('AH') but the importance of this historical city increased in the third and fourth centuries ('AH'). The present paper tries to elaborate on Neyshabur's political importance, its conditions, the religion of its people, their customs, language, the conflicts and wars, its schools, its economic conditions, and religious sects of the city in the third and fourth centuries ('AH').

AbstractThe Ghuzz were part of Oghuz tribes in the north of Iaxartes (Syr Darya) who, despite the immigration of the majority of them to Khorasan in the early fifth century, still stayed in the same place and did not leave until the sixth century – when, due to some political changes in Transoxiana, they were forced to move to Khorasan. After the collapse of the Seljuq of Khorasan, however, they plundered the area, and were, thus, under certain circumstances, forced to leave Khorasan for Kerman.Their different lifestyles from the natives next to some natural problems on the one hand, and the lack of political sovereignty on the other deeply influenced the social and economic conditions of the region, among which social insecurity, disorders in the economic affairs, brutal killings of a large number of citizens of Kerman, immigration of a few to other regions, and permanent settlement of the Ghuzz in the suburbs of such regions. The present article concentrates on the interaction between the Ghuzz and the natives as well as the social and economic problems that arose out of that matter.

Persian Gulf has been one of the most important areas of Iran in different eras. It is also clear from its local and international influences that this area has been playing an important role in all fields, especially economics, which has continued up to now. In Qajar's era different cities and islands of Persian Gulf experienced main economic and political evolutions which at their time have had a great impact on Iran's economic and political fate. This research provides a critical overview of Persian Gulf's economic status in various fields such as commerce, agriculture and industry according to the information derived from the Books of Travels, which are the most credible texts of that time. The Findings of the study show the good and relatively balanced status of Persian Gulf in commerce; import, export and transit of goods, and the results are so useful in revision and completion of other historical text's information and data.

This article surveys the relation between Naqshbandia path and trading activities in Timurid period (1370-1508AD). Considering the principles of this path, illustrates the cerebral elements supplying the economical activities of its followers. These elements can be grouped in four concepts: solitude in public (sohbat), hidden recitation, serving people, and having occupation.Existance of tuitions concerning economical activities in Naqshbandia path had three important results. First, its propagation and vast influence among farmers and craftsmen as the two main producing forces. Second, supporting it by Timur and his successors. Third, forming a positive view on wealth and political power. These results provided both producing forces and political supports for Naqshbandies. So the leaders of Tariqa could spread their spiritual and material influence in Transoxania and Khurasan.Transoxania was the homeland of Timurid government, the original land and power center of Naqshbandia Khajehs, meeting point of different trading roads and one of the axial regions of the Silk Road. This location and former elements made Naqshbandies very strenuous in trade of this period. From the end of 13th to the beginning of 15th century, in the whole Timurid period, Naqshbandies were of the key elements of trade, especially in Transoxania, Khurasan and axis of Silk Road, from Transoxania to China. The Naqshbandi statesmen of this period build trading centers. The leaders of Tariqa, Khajehs, paid attention to agriculture and trade, in addition of religious activities. They also tried to revoke Tamgha tax. In the other hand, Naqshbandi merchants promote their Tariqa along the roads during their trading journeys.Naqshbandies vast trading activities in this period had three important effects on this Tariqa. First, it spread along the silk road, in centeral Asia and eastern Turkestan till the frontiers of China; the truth whose consequences has remained until our time. Second, Naqshbandi leaders who was interested in trade, earned such wealth and seepage that was unprecedented among Gnostic paths, and made mammonist aspect of Tariqa more vivid. This problem caused some important discussion on the rate of relationship between Tariqa and economical activities at the end of 15th century. The third result was a calamitous effect on Naqshbandi leaders in the second half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century (Ahrar family), because of its increasing economical seepage and vast links with Timurid government, Ahrar family shared in their final fate. Some of them were killed by Uzbeks and the rest refuged in the other lands.Surviving the beginning and the end of relationship between Naqshbandi Traiqa and trade in Timurid period, is an occasional narrative of the important problem about the rate of economy and religion along the history of Iran.

Many reasons and causes led to the establishment of the Fatimid Khilafah in al ه Ifrighiyyah)Muslim Africa(in 792 AH. Among all such reasons, economic ones have not been taken very seriously by historians though the significance of such causes is by no means any less than the importance of other sets of foctors involved here. In this Paper, the economic conditions of the time and the role they played in the establishment of the Fatimid Khilafah are investigated. Part of such economic causes is related to the prevailing conditions in Ifrighiyyah and Maghrib in the second half of the 3rd century AH and some others are related to the Fatimid's own activities in the period of their invitation and call to rising. Both of these categories of causes are discussed in this article.