جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رضا شاه » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Hijab in the contemporary history of Iran has acquired complex dimensions with the introduction of western culture and ideas and the negative interference of governments. Certainly, any investigation and solution thinking about it requires a fundamental investigation of the form of public confrontation with the removal and discovery of the hijab, and of course, a study of the policies of the governments regarding that issue. The city of Qom, as a religious city with a concentration of clergy in it, can be considered as a suitable case study in this field. Regarding the research method, it should be said that in this research, with a descriptive-analytical method, during a library research and with the benefit of archival documents and documents available in them, the subject will be examined and of course analyzed, and besides that, the citation and persuasive aspect of the work will be added by using the memories of contemporary knowledgeable people of the event (oral history).The results and findings of the research can be expressed as follows: The policies and methods of Reza Shah's government in the field of implementation of the Hijab Removal Law in Qom can be divided into two dimensions, propaganda and implementation. Advertising dimensions; It was usually followed in the form of hijab unveiling ceremonies and celebrations, which mostly had a commanding and theatrical procedure, and its performance aspect, which gradually became more colorful, serious and violent, compared to the first aspect.

With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a part of its territory was split among the Allies, leading to the formation of many countries, including Iraq. Iran regarded the territory of Iraq up to the Euphrates as a part of its territory since ancient time and had clashed with the Ottomans for centuries to achieve this goal and saw the Versailles Peace Congress to raise this demand after the conclusion of the war. However, the great powers, particularly Britain, had envisaged a different destiny for Iraq, and as a consequence, Iraq became Iran's western neighbor. Therefore, it is clear that, from this point on, Iran's stance toward the newly created Iraq was impacted by a historical backdrop which caused the Iranian government to refuse to recognize this country for years. This prompted the Iraqi government, fomented by the British Empire and seeking to consolidate its influence, to exert pressure on Iran through measures such as the deportation of Iranian religious scholars who criticized British trusteeship, canceling the capitulation of Iranian citizens in Iraq, as well as border disputes. Finally, this turmoil, combined with other national and international issues, compelled Iran to recognize Iraq. As a result, the problem of the present research is to know why and how the newly established Iraq was recognized by Iran after many years. Also, this research employs a descriptive approach, drawing on Persian and Arabic texts and sources from the historical era in question to study and explain the causes or factors impacting these relationships, as well as their shifts and evolutions.

The education of women by women in the structure of the Ministry of Culture is one of the important and new phenomena in the era of Reza Shah. Women teachers entered the field of education, worked and retired through a process that was very similar to the hiring process of men. The women who taught middle and lower class girls in the cities and villages with the 6th grade and later in the structure of the Ministry of Education created an important change in the level of Iranian society by entering this field. The issue of how the hiring process and then control over their work was like can be one of the most important indicators of Reza Shah's era. Among them, the teachers of Kerman state have been considered, because this state had many deprived areas during the period under review, and there was also religious and ethnic diversity in it. In this research, the cases of several women teachers have been explored from the stage of employment to retirement, and the research has been prepared and organized by posing the question of what was the activity status of women teachers in the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Kerman province. Therefore, the research has been compiled . The results show that, in their first steps, women teachers have faced many problems in terms of rights, place of life, maternal and female responsibilities. Iranian society has not been very ready to accept womenteachers in the new form of education.

The issue of endowment (waqf) is one of the most important issues in the history of Islamic Iran. This importance stems from its impact on various religious, political, social, and economic aspects. Therefore, in the history of Iran, governments have always tried to interfere in the affairs of endowments. The first Pahlavi government also followed the same method. This government made fundamental changes in endowment affairs, as in other areas including political, economic, social, and cultural structures of Iran in the Qajar era. The present study aims to answer the question of: How was the endowment affairs organized in the first Pahlavi era and what were its educational goals? The historical method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources were used in this study.The findings show that the Pahlavi government during a ten-year process, through the approval of new laws, was succeeded in organizing endowments and making changes in that area with the aim of quantitatively and qualitatively developing the country’s educational system. This goal was achieved by using endowments and spending the proceeds of endowments in the fields of construction (construction of educational buildings), education (promotion of education and provision of educational resources), and publishing books.

The issue of endowment in the history of Iran has been considered since ancient times. With the rise of Islam and its widespread emphasis on endowment and benevolence, its functions and uses increased. The importance and credibility of the endowment institution in Iran are such that some people believe that the correct recognition of the Iranian court is not possible without accurate recognition of the endowment institution. In the Qajar era, with the increase of political and religious influence of the clergy, the power of the clergy in managing the spiritual and financial affairs of the endowments was restored and despite the efforts in the Naseri and constitutional era, the power and influence of the Ulama over endowment affairs remained until the end of this period. So, the first Pahlavi government inherited the structure of the Qajar government in endowment affairs. This structure of the endowment system was not favorable in the first Pahlavi government for various reasons. That's why the Pahlavi government, after consolidating the foundations of its power, sought to organize endowment affairs for its goals. Explaining the evolution of the endowment system and analyzing the educational goals of Reza Shah are the most important concerns of this study.

Materials and Methods   

This study aims to answer the question of: How was the endowment affairs organized in the first Pahlavi era and what were its educational goals? To gather the data, the historical method and archival documents, publications, and other historical sources were used in this study.

Discussion of Results and Conclusions    

One of the goals of the first Pahlavi government was to achieve political centralization. Creating a bureaucracy and training an efficient bureaucrat was one of the necessary institutions and tools for creating political centralization. According to this principle, bureaucracy and its development as the tools to create political concentration were considered by the first Pahlavi government. The realization of this issue depended on the development of the country's educational system. The development of the educational system also required the provision of financial resources. It was not possible to finance these expenses only through the annual budget of the Ministry of Education. For this reason, the Pahlavi government had to seek other financial resources to cover the expenses of the country's educational system. One of these sources was the income from endowments. Accordingly, the Pahlavi government tried to organize the endowment system of the country and finally succeeded in approving the endowment law in 1313 AH. In this way, it would provide the necessary financial resources to achieve its goals. However, before approving this law, the Pahlavi government tried to use the revenues of endowments in the development of the country's educational system. This process intensified after approving the Endowment Law. After that, the Pahlavi government organized the endowments in a purposeful manner and sought to use the endowments and their revenues in the field of educational development. Endowment and its revenues were used in three parts including construction, educational expenses, and publishing books. In the construction expenditures part, the Pahlavi government acted in two fields of building schools in endowment fields and constructing schools from endowment revenues. In the field of educational expenditures, endowments and incomes were used in some ways including the provision of teachers' salaries, the provision of tuition, accommodation expenses for students, and the establishment of a preaching institute. In addition, the Pahlavi government published some books and established libraries from endowments revenues. Thus, the first Pahlavi government succeeded in organizing the country's endowment system to take steps towards achieving its goals by using endowment and its revenues in the development of the country's educational system. The most important of these goals was to train the necessary force to create an efficient bureaucratic system in order to create a political concentration in the country.

Reza Shah's renovation program can be considered as a continuation of the demand for fundamental reforms in the constitutional era. These social and economic reform projects were implemented throughout the country, and of course, in some areas, such as Lorestan, due to local requirements, they faced special challenges and obstacles. In addition, in the Lorestan region, the Ili Haro region itself had more special conditions: due to the social unrest in that region, it was more difficult to establish order and security and to carry out modernization measures.In this article, the implementation of Reza Shah's renovation plan in Haro region is examined through a historical study method to answer the question of what were the obstacles to the implementation of the government renovation program in Haro region and how were they removed? The results show that despite the opposition of influential groups in the region (such as Khavanin Beyranvand), the government implemented the renovation program with measures such as general disarmament, road construction, nomadic settlement, deportation of dissidents, establishment of schools and other cases, with authoritarian procedures. Due to the adoption of non-expert methods of renovation program in the Haro region had some unfortunate consequences in the social life of the people.

The importance of the press is such that it has been called the fourth pillar of democracy. The role of the media in increasing the level of political awareness of the Qajar period, especially the constitution, is of particular importance. Despite all the restrictions, the press has played an important role in the developments in Iran. The role of the press became more apparent from the time of the Constitution. However, with the conquest of Tehran, the press gained an upward trend with different tendencies. Opposition media acted as an obstacle in the process of Reza Shah's rise to power. These newspapers tried to tell the events to the people and to tell the true face of Reza Shah and those around him. Opposition media have a critical view of socio-political currents. Such media are in the minority and are under the enemy's control. During this period, there were various newspapers that the value and importance of these newspapers that were published in Tehran shows their role in enlightening public opinion and Reza Shah coming to power. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the role of opposition media in Tehran during Reza Shah's rise to power since the 1299 coup

From the second half of the 13 solar hijri century, increase in the cultural and commercial relationships of iranian zoroastrians with Parsian society in India, has been resulted in a development of the cultural and educational activities of the zoroastrian society in Iran. Representstive of indian Persian, who beleived that the biggest problems of Iran are illiteracy and poor cultural situation, have been founded the schools and did several reforms in cultural and educatinal structure of iranian zoroastrians. After that the Reza shah got into power, in one side the tendency of the government for resuscitation of the antagonistic thought increased; And at the other side, modernisation and the integration of the cultural and educational system became one of the essential goals of the government. Above all, the main questions of this article are how these changes effect the state of Iranian Zoroastrians, and what is the role of them in developing process of cultural and educational activities? Based on descriptive and analytic consideration of historical documents and educational statistics, social state of Zoroastrians in the period of RezaShah was imporoved, and they play significant role in that period.

During Reza Shah’s monarchy in Iran (1941-1925), political, social and economic structures of Iran witnessed extensive revolution. Given the economic passivity and weakness of constitutional governments, most of experts emphasized on the necessity of economic revolution in Iran and they believed that Pahlavi government was bound and capable of implementing economic revolution in Iran. In responding to these demands, Reza Shah’s government influenced by German nationalist discourse tried ti implement nationalist and centralized theories in Iran. During that time, one of the significant evolutions in Germany was the foundation of national economy theory based on Friedrich List’s theories- German nationalist economist. His economic theories known as “National Economy Theory” were written in the mid-19the century which emphasized on nationalism, economic centralization and nationalization of all national economic resources. The main question of this article is: what national economic measures were taken during Reza Shah’s government and how they were related to Friedrich List’s theories? Hence, the authors of the present article investigate this subject through descriptive- analytic method. The findings of present study indicate that relying in national discourse and the support of some Iranian intellectuals, the modern absolute government of Reza Shah tried to make evolutions at different economic fields in order to provide required ground for the development of national economy and merging the small local economies in this economy.

The government was one of the most important institutions in the contemporary history of Iran, which was considered in the discourse of modernity, and its transformation soon occupied the minds of Iranian modernists. The first attempts to change it were formulated by Malcolm Khan during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah with the discourse of "orderly independent state" and did not succeed and remained as planned, but the idea remained that one could not modernize without a strong government. This idea also entered the constitutional discourse, and although the constitution sought to limit the state, it had in its heart the idea of ​​a powerful state, and with its inability to create it, and the turmoil that arose after the constitution, Reza Shah's absolute government over It worked, which was the reverse process of creating an absolute state. Considering the discourse method, this article seeks to address the question of why the process of state transformation in this period was reversed and the absolute state emerged after the pre-constitutional period, and the most important result is that One is the imperfection of the new state-building process in the Nasserite era, and the other is the inability of constitutionalism in state-building, despite its tools, including the constitution, to be the reasons for this reverse process.

Reza Shah’s Government (1304-1320) rigorously administered the westernized plans after the authority of militants all over the country. TheUniformed costume and wearing Pahlavi hat was one of these actions faced with too much reaction and objection over the country. Molla Khali e-Mangoor (1334), the religious leader of Savojbolaq e-Mokri particularly Mangoor tribe considered this policy prohibited and announced jihad and took charge of the leadership of uprising against Reza Shah  This uprising shortly followed by thousands of people was suppressed by the central government. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method and investigating the primary sources of this era to answer this question on the issue of Molla Khalil’s uprising and its orientation based on the elements such as the national benefits and security, this study has concluded that the motivation, orientation and function of uprising was towards the protection of Islam, traditions and Kurdish outfit with no claim of independent.

Iran’s economic conditions in the 1930 are very similar to today’s situation. At that time, the government also faced a foreign currency crisis. Economic managers thought to different ways. Finally, the enactment and implementation of the “Foreign Trade Monopoly Law” prevented the wasting of currency and confronting if country with the lack of money. The government strongly controlled importations and prevented Import of luxury goods to the country. In this article, we review what happened. Then, we analyzed two laws that the government adopted and implemented in response to events. Also, we survey the impact of this process. This article is taken from my book “The Ups and Downs of the Textile Industry in Isfahan”.

In recent years, some investigations have been done about modeling of thought development organization form German propaganda Ministry. Yet has not been published any independent work about the potential impact of the German propaganda Ministry's structure and activities at the Hitler time on Forming and activities of Iran's thought development organization at the Reza shah pahlavi time. Present study would examine part of available Iranian and German documents about two governments in this age (1925/1304-1941/1320) and would assess this possibility.
The study plans to answer the question that to what extent there is the possibility of impressionability and modeling of German propaganda Ministry of thought development in terms of cultural procedures and structural. Findings show that thought development organization according to historic, cultural and political circumstances formed largely with modelling form similar programs in German propaganda Ministry and affected by it. These effects are more important in two modelling case from western life and promotion of political totalitarianism.

The industrial development of the country had been one of the most crucial issues for Reza Shah. He along with his political consultants and executives tried to take advantage of states which had less threaten to Iran's national interest for reducing economic pressure on society. Hence, due to the lack of having a colonial background in the Middle East and the availability of sufficient funds and technical advisers, Germany was considered the best option for cooperation with Iran in the period. This article, it is tried to answer the main question about the role of Germany in the economic progress of Iran between the two World Wars by enjoying the historical method and descriptive-analytical approach and using library resources. In answer to the question, it is supposed that Germany had played a significant  role in the development of the economic development of Iran between the two world wars.

The relationship between religion and politics in Iran is one of the research topics that has a wide range. The seminary, representing religion and government as the representative of politics in Iranian history, have developed different patterns of convergence till its divergence. Constitutional defeat and the power to find Reza Khan's government is one of the points to consider. The present paper is an attempt in the framework of the theory of discourse and in order to answer this question, "what elements influenced the relationship between Qom seminary and the government in between the years 1921 to 1941?" The hypothesis of the article is that "at the beginning of the political life of Reza Shah, until 1308, due to the lack of coherence and lack of sufficient power in both the institutions of the state and the seminary, an interactive relationship between the two discourses of the Islamist Ayatollah Haeri and Aristocracy of Reza shah is exist, but with the focus on Reza Shah's power, the contradiction in the relationship is formed. "In this article, the main contributing factors in the convergence and divergence of these two discourses are discussed.

This paper studies the establishment of modern schools during 1921-1941 in Kurdistan Province and argues that this brought about a principal cultural change. The objective of the study is to investigate the extent of the progress of this reform in the Kurdistan Province in the first part of the Pahlavi reign. The study aims to treat the role played by Reza Shah's modernisation project in this cultural development, as well as the factors contributing to the late establishment of modern schools in Kurdistan. The analytical-descriptive and qualitative approaches are employed to collect data from library sources, newspapers, articles, documents and archive. The results showes that the establishment of the central government in Iran by Reza Shah and the modern system of administration had a determining role in this process.

To strengthen its power and to establish a modern government, the Pahlavi government had to encounter local rulers. Since local rulers used forced against people, omitting them was an easy task for the Pahlavi I. However, dealing with clergymen was difficult. Separating religion and government added more immigration to cities. This increased religion leader's influence in cities.

The Issue of Opium in Reza Shah’s Era: Addiction، Its Harmful Social Effects and Government’s Solutions to the problem Simin Fasihi1 Farideh Farzi2 Received: 28/4/2014 Accepted: 26/10/2014 Abstract This article aims to investigate the issue of opium in the Iranian society during the reign of Reza Shah. Addiction to opium which became a big problem in this era، was a Safavid and Qajar heritage. At the end of the Safavid period، the production and consumption of opium increased in society and in the Qajar and Pahlavi eras its trade played an important role in the country’s economy. The expansion in the production and trade of opium for world markets in the Qajar era and its intensification in the Pahlavi period، provided easy access to this substance. Moreover، the misuse of opium as medication along with other domestic factors، increased its consumption in society and created a problem with many unfavorable consequences. This research is based on unpublished documents، newspapers، diaries and historical sources of this period and makes use of the descriptive- 1 Assistant Professor، Department of History، Alzahra University.

The Iran's industrialization program in the Reza Shah period was concentrated mainly in the agricultural consumption industry. Some researches about the economic programs of this period, So far, have been done with limited view and without the theoretical basic. In this study, with a different view, and with the approach to the global economy theory, the impact of economic and political changes in the industrial core of the capitalist system has been investigated. Consequently, priority for industrial or agricultural development is discussed, first, and then, the reflection of global economic system on the industrial programs of this period is described. The findings of this research suggest that changes in the core of the global economy, especially after the economic crisis of the 1930s, had impacted on the Iran’s direction of industrial programs as well as other marginal countries of the economic world system. For this reason, the term of "import substituting industrialization", in aim at to showing of the government aware reaction against to the challenges of the world economy system is used.