جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « معماری هخامنشی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Providing water for the inhabitants of the plateau of Iran, which is located in the arid and semi-arid region of the earth, has always been one of the most important challenges for the its people since the beginning of the formation of the first dynasties and establishing the first irrigation systems. Low rainfall climate has caused the Iranian people to innovate different techniques to provide water for agriculture activities permanently.  Iranians are considered as the main creators of Kariz (subground aqueduct) as one of the most practical methods of exploiting underground water resources. Exploitation of running water resources by construction of dams on rivers and springs and the creation of canals is another method rooted in the history of the civilizations of the west Asia for supplying more sustainable water for the agricultural and industrial functions. In the specific and under investigation area of the Pulvar River, where the Achaemenid capital of Pasargadae is located, there are some of the ancient water structures including dams, artificial waterways, canals, extensive water reservoirs and springs. Of theses the dams are mostly built on the tributaries of the Pulvar River, and the water supplying canals are located below them.  Such complex structures have been built in the plains and districts surrounding Pasargadae such as Didegan, Murghab, Sarpiran, Kamin and Arsanjan. The present investigation briefly introduces these water structures and the techniques they were made in the Achaemenid period in the cultural landscape of Pasargadae. The results of this research are based on the studying historical documents and field studies of the past decades by historians and archaeologists, as well as field surveys by the author during the recent years in an area of nearly 16,000 square kilometers. The results of this research are amazing and very impressive. These extensive water systems, with the tact and intelligence of Achaemenid managers and engineers, have supplied water to all the plains and mountain valleys of the Pasargadae region. Villages and public settlements, gardens, agricultural lands, government buildings and centers, and finally the Royal Paradise of Cyrus the Great used of the benefits of water supply structures. In the construction of the dams, clay materials and ashlar or carved stone masonries have been applied, and some of them also have architectural structures with cut stone blocks. Waterways are also created in several ways on the slopes of hills and rocks.  Studies and researches show that the construction of water structures in the study area began during the reign of Cyrus the Great and expanded during the reign of Darius the Great and continued to develop until the end of the Achaemenid period. This method of exploiting surface of sub ground water resources continues to post-Achaemenid periods, especially in the Sassanid era and continues till modern times.

The survey of module in Achaemenid architecture, case study: The palace of Apadana and the hall of a hundred-column Achaemenid era is one of the glorious eras of culture and civilization in which the art and architecture culminated its peak. Relying on other civilization's legacy, Achaemenid architecture obtained a singular, sophisticated and an unforeseen module which consisted of the application of hidden grids and brick-based modules which were adopted by their neighbors prior to Achaemenids. This paper focuses on the survey of Achaemenid architectural module in Persepolis. Applying the descriptive research method, this research has been complied with the help of documents, maps and field surveys, meanwhile, the data has been analyzed using Matlab and AutoCAD software. This article tries to respond to such questions, including: the basis of Achaemenid module formation, the extent of Achaemenid inspiration from other common module systems and the survey of common modules in The palace of Apadana and the hall of a hundred-column. According to the results, it is apparent that Achaemenid module is based on the dimensions of the bricks (standard brick of 33˟33˟13 cm) thereby, forming a brick-based module. In addition, this module seems to have been adopted from Babylonian brick-modules and has been well inspired by Geek length measurement systems. Moreover, two common modules in the above-mentioned palaces are Cubit and The Royal Cubit, which are all based on the human body dimensions. Keywords: Achaemenid architecture, Persepolis, Module system, The palace of Apadana, The hall of a hundred-column .

New conducted archaeological excavations in the cultural area of Black Sea and South Caucasus indicate accumulation of Achaemenid artistic data and the effects of Persian style in architecture that include palaces, columned halls, columned room, gates, and rockcut tombs. Achaemenid traces and the traces which related to the new art families in the cultural area of Black Sea were taken from different regions such as Anatolia, Ukrain, Russia, Bolgaria, Georgia, Armenia and Azarbaijan. At Satrapi of Thrace, Borysa and Doriskos along with a royal residence were built. In Pontus and Oluz Höyük, Achaemenid palaces with column base were made; in Qaracamirli, Azerbaijan, east and central Georgia, historical monuments similar to Achaemenid cases and rockcut tombs affected by Achaemenid architecture have identified in Anatolia. We see a sort of unity in construction and decoration in the obtained works of cultural area of Black Sea that, due to the volume of Achaemenid architecture works, the need for a comprehensive, scientific, and objective research will pose in this regard. The questions raised in this study are: 1- How does the Achaemenid art and architecture affect the architecture of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? 2- How to form the art style "Ionic - Achaemenid" on the architectural monuments of the cultural zone of the Black Sea and the South Caucasus in the Achaemenid era? Are. The results of this research show that following the Achaemenid court style, the Achaemenid architecture has been harmonized in the field of study. Also, in the western part of Anatolia, after the formation of a new artistic style called Ionian-Achaemenid, it has had a direct impact on the architecture of this period in the field of study. This study has been fundamental. By descriptive-analysis method and documentation of data based on quantitative methods and analyzing data, Achaemenid architecture analysis will be discussed in the field of study.

Given its unique features and geographical and racial diversity, the ancient land of India is the cradle of one of the most ancient civilizations of the world which has played a significant role in the history of human culture. In the course of history, this civilization has always had a very close relationship with the glorious civilization of its western neighbor, Iran. Undoubtedly, Iranian culture and civilization have played a most significant role in the formation of Indian civilization. The relationship between the two countries is so strong, and their cultural and artistic exchanges are so vast that, if a researcher is not familiar with Iranian culture and art, they will not be able to make an accurate and comprehensive study of Indian culture and art. After the immigration of Aryans and the rise of Hinduism in India and Zoroastrianism in Iran, one can witness several similarities between the ancient religions and rituals of the two countries and between the sacred Avestan texts and the Vedas. Likewise, one can observe the relation of the Achaemenid architectural patterns and concepts and artistic designs in the art and architecture of the Mauryan Dynasty in India. Alongside such architectural effects, the spread of the style of the column and rock inscriptions which were made by Ashoka in India remind the viewer, in a way, of the same tradition in the Achaemenid culture. The type of erected columns and the employed architectural style in India during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC were completely influenced by the art and architecture of the Achaemenid period.