جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مواد مخدر" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Decrees on the prohibition of wine, drugs and beard shaving are among the most frequent social verdicts of the 11th century AH, which the quality of their execution is also mentioned in the historical sources of this period. Due to the silence of official sources about this case, the community’s point of view and public opinion about these decrees is ambiguous. The aim of this article is to achieve the important assumption, through thematic analysis of some friendly letters (Akhvaniat) of this era that the obligation of these decrees does not necessarily mean their definitive acceptance by the community and people with different social positions had dealt with these decrees in different manners. For instance, there were some poets and literates who protested and criticized these decrees, while most of the religious scholars and officials supported and agreed with these decrees due to their involvement in the process of issuing them. Although political officials who were eager to maintain their position had been wary and mostly abstained from expressing their point of views, their true orientation is visible in their works and lives. The ordinary people, who did not have a special social position and no opportunity to express their views, have shown their accompaniment or insubordination towards these decrees in their everyday life. Furthermore, the study of the various forms of these reactions shows that, given the opposition of the two main groups of the community, i.e. poets and ordinary people, reactions to the deterrent decrees of this period have appeared more often in opposition and lack of coexistence.

One of the areas in which the National Legislative Assembly legislated was the issue of drug and addiction. The first law passed in this area, that is the law of limitation of opium, is especially important because after passing this law in the Parliament, a new era concerning drug and addiction began. In this research, legal procedures related to drug and addiction from 1910 to 1928, are investigated using a historical approach and archival documents and sources. The results show that the important role of opium in government revenues and its budget has caused the Parliament and government to consider it a valuable resource. Therefore, they tried to control it in favor of government treasury as much as possible. In this period, in order to prevent drug contraband to the country, the law of prohibition of drug importation to Iran was passed by the Parliament in 1923 for economic reasons. This law didn’t mention anything about domestic opium products and made Iran’s economy more dependent on opium. In all codes of conduct passed by the government and related ministries, a special attention was paid to the revenue aspect of opium and they were not concerned about drug users and the question of it being crime or not. Finally, the first law withholding drugs and addiction and considering it a crime was passed in 1925.

Addiction to narcotic drugs has been (and still is) one of the concerns of the Iranian society throughout the history. The emergence of some types of addictive drugs dates back to the medieval history. The present study, conducted through descriptive and analytic method, seeks to probe into the history and status of drug use in the medieval centuries of Iran. The findings suggest that various types of drugs, chiefly opium and hashish, were common in that period of time, which were being used for medical, leisure, recreational, and sedative purposes as well as for political-avenging aims. Public attitudes towards drugs were unpleasant, because of their side effects and adverse outcomes in personal and social affairs and reduction in social status. Moreover, the government's policy considering the issue of addictionis unclear due to reasons like political-military involvements or personal interests in drugs. We are informed of drug ban only in one case of Sarbedaran and temporary bans on drug use.

The growth of consuming and trading narcotics in Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi era had negative consequences including robbery, smuggling and other impacts of misusing the drugs. The policies adopted for increasing sale of opium annihilated the deterrence measures and paved the way for consuming them. Different political, court and military statesmen occupied in consuming and smuggling narcotics, and they gained huge profits in this regard. Some Pahlavi statesmen were partners with international mafia of narcotics in different parts of the world. One of these statesmen was Felix Aghayan who was regarded as an international smuggler. In this article, done by descriptive-analytical method, we try to examine the role of influent people like Felix Aghayan in promoting the phenomenon of drug smuggling in Mohammad Reza Shah era and prove that Pahlavi regime statesmen occupied in consuming or smuggling narcotics as a profitable business.