جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نوسنگی با سفال" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

In recent years, an increasing number of archaeological investigations have produced new evidence for the prehistoric development (both in chronology and settlement patterns) in the westernmost provinces of Iran. Prior to the commencement of the MPAP an earlier survey in the Marivan region had been carried out by the Department of Archaeology at Bu Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran). Research focused on the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods and, unfortunately, evidence from the Chalcolithic periods is yet to be published. The Marivan Plain Survey Project, by Morteza Zamani Dadaneh from the University of Kurdistan, Kurdish Studies Institute, conducted a first season of systematic survey for four weeks in the summer of 2018. The goal of MPAP is to reassess previous survey work in the region. Archaeological project of Marivan plain in 2018 resulted in identifying 60 sites from Neolithic to more recent time. Among identified sites: 1 site dating back to PPN Neolithic, 14 site to chalcolithic period (early, middle and late), 2 site to Bronze Age probably, 11 site to Iron Age, 28 site to historic (Parthian) period and 12 site to Islamic era. Regarding the settlement pattern of prehistoric sites (Neolithic and chalcolithic period), it become clear that all prehistoric sites distributed in the northern and southern shore of Zeribar lake. Most probably such pattern influenced from Zeribar sea level and access to the fertilized agricultural lands in this area in Neolithic and chalcolithic times. But the distribution pattern of historic and Islamic sites is somewhat different from prehistoric pattern and is similar to pattern of nowadays residential areas. Current and historic/Islamic residential area placed close to permanent water sources in the narrow valleys surrounded the Zeribar lake. Of course, part of the Marivan Plain is located in the east of the current Marivan City, which is far from Zarivar Lake, and dispersed settlements in this section formed on the edge of the main river, one of the branches of the Garan River

The religious and ritual aspect of the ancients is one of the most important, complex, and ambiguous aspects of human life. Archaeologists often discuss about these subjects problematically and paradoxically. Archaeologists have done many studies on the symbols and believes of the ancient people, although the Sociologists, Anthropologist and Theologians are pioneers of the studying and discussing on the ancient rites and religions. Most scholars accepted the term "Neolithic Revolution", which was proposed by Gordon V. Childe due to the extension and significance of Neolithic Human mind development. After that, for smaller events in the Neolithic people's social life, words like "Human Revolution", and "Symbolic Revolution" have been suggested. We generally know what the cognitive and symbolic aspects of the archaeological finds and artifacts are, but, it is very difficult and complicated to interpret and analysis them. Explaining through cognitive method, can empower the archaeologists to get some useful results hereupon. Many archaeological artifacts were discovered from prehistoric sites in Southwestern Asia which were explained and interpreted for understanding of the human ritual and religious behaviors. Archaeologists have discovered many similar materials in Iranian prehistoric sites. These finds have not studied systematically and methodologically. Epi-Paleolithic and Proto-Neolithic are traditionally the most important periods in which the human ritual behaviors and symbolic actions were formed and developed. Therefore, the researchers consider these periods as a basic and pillar periods in this point of view. Cognitive approaches and ritual interpretations basically have not an appropriate and a suitable place in Iranian archaeological studies. The present paper has analyzed the related finds which were discovered from an important Pre-pottery Neolithic site, Sheykh-e Abad, in Sahneh in Kermanshah province in western Iran. We have interpreted the revealed archaeological artifacts through comparative studies such as Ethnological data and some Proto-historic and Historical evidences which were obtained in the world and in the Southwestern Asia respectively. The aforementioned finds include the horned heads of four wild goats and one sheep. They were installed on the lower side of a wall that is belonged to a special building. They have symbolic senses and subsistence function. These finds were explained through Totem Worship approach. We believe that this sort of rite was common in the west of Iran during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. We hope that the data and the analysis presented in this paper develop our understanding on cognitive sphere of the prehistoric time mainly Pre-Pottery Neolithic. The study of the mind and in particular, the study of the mind's representation in the object might have been peculiar for the archeologists in the world who studied the thoughts, believes, religion and art of the prehistoric societies more freely. Nowadays in Iran, issues related to ancient religion and rite have entered some areas of science and research and have been analyzed in the context of cultural and religious foundations. However, these issues have been less studied and considered in the archaeological studies in Iran. We hope that the numerous finds discovered from ancient sites in Iran annually are studied and analyzed through interpretational and cognitive approaches.

Despite of studies about acceramic Neolithic period in west of Asia (especially Levant area), little has been done archaeological activities related to this period in Central Zagros. The Central Zagros is one of the important areas of west Asia that in this area has been done sedentary, domestication animals, and cultivation for first time. In Central Zagros, Seimare River is the largest river. The Seimare archeology project was done based on surveys and excavations archaeology in dam basin of Seimare. The Dangjoun from sites was excavated in related to Seimare archeology project in year of 2010. In total, 70 square meters was excavated from this site that led to discovery three phase of settlement. In Dangjoun wasn’t achieved of terra cotta ware, but architectural remains were achieved from all trenches with different quality. The architecture this site has been affected from Central Zagros environment. The materials used in this site are taken from the surrounding environment. This study was done with a fundamental purpose, and method of data amassment in this research is library – field method. In this research, in addition to the introduction and description architecture of Dangjoun, the complete descriptive has been done about architecture of A and B periods of acceramic Neolithic. In this regard have been explained specific architectural features of each period in Anatolia, Syria and Northern Zagros (in Iraq). Main questions of research: Due to the architectural condition of this site as right corner architecture, and …, this site belongs to, which period of acceramic Neolithic period? Due to the permanent architecture in Kapargah (that including of homes four corners, and built of homes on the ground), it seems, this site is belong to period B of acceramic Neolithic period and can’t be attributed it to earlier periods.

The first season of rescue excavation at East Chia Sabz resulted in distinguishing seven archaeological phases containing different material culture including architecture، ground stones، bone artifacts، human burial، plant and animal remains as well as a large amount of chipped stone artifacts، all spanning from the early 9th through early 7th millennium BC. The chipped stone artifacts of the site indicated technological changes from transitional Neolithic (ca. 9. 500-8. 000 BC) to the succeeding Aceramic Neolithic time (ca. 8. 000-6. 500 BC). It seems that chipped stone industry was firstly based upon flake or a combination of both blade and flake production in the lowermost phase which then changed into using pressure technique in the upper phase، in the way that M’lefatian tradition became predominant. At the same time، amorphous cores، uni/bidirectional flake cores and mixed cores were replaced by blade/bladelet cores such as bullet-shaped core around the beginning of the Neolithic period. It should be said that the lowermost phase of the site is entirely consisted of ash deposits، and this might have been resulted from seasonal occupation as seen at the basal layers of other sites. If so، a change from seasonal to the succeeding more permanent settlement in the upper phase is estimated. Such simultaneous change is also apparent at raw material. In the lowermost phase، locally-available reddish brown cobbles were mostly used to produce stone tools while the later phase was coincided by using flint too. Flint then became predominant through time. It is presumably believed that flint might have been exploited at a regional scale and distributed across the region. If so، a regional inter-relationship could be supposed for the Neolithic societies of Western Iran in the 8th millennium BC. Chemical sourcing analysis، however، will be informative to examine the nature of flint procurement in the region and that whether each settlement exploited it separately or it was limited to particular places. In addition، the three uppermost phases –dating from the late 8th to the early 7th millennium BC-witnessed a small amount of obsidian pieces which، as confirmed by a chemical analysis، imported from the Nemrut Dag source in southeastern Turkey. The presence of both obsidian core and debris could be taken as an indicator of on-site tool production. It is assumed that obsidian was imported through Western Zagros (Iraqi Kurdistan) since the late 8th millennium BC onward، and this issue might have been attributed to the role of nomadic society who were moving across the region and، therefore، distributed obsidian pieces among the villages. In sum، it should be noted that all changes seen in chipped stone industry of East Chia Sabz could be seemingly occurred at other simultaneous settlements across Western Iran. Stone artifacts of East Chia Sabz could be placed within a broader regional tradition which is originally derived from Zarzian. As mentioned above، some lithic criteria indicated a transition from late Epi-Paleolithic- Zarzian- to early Neolithic- M’lefatian. This issue is in line with locally occurrence of the Neolithization process in Western Iran. During the succeeding Neolithic period، however، M’lefatian tradition became prevalent. M’lefatian tradition was coincided with BAI and Navi-form cores in the western wing of the Fertile Crescent. The former is highly based on production of blade/let while the latter yielded various styles of arrow-head. This also، along with much more archaeological evidence، indicates a Neolithic world in Western Iran which was different from the Levant.

The Sarfirouz Abad plain in Iran, which is located on the east side of Mahidasht and west of Central Zagros, has a great potential for the archaeological studies. Nevertheless, due to the lack of archaeological research here, it is now considered to remain archaeologically a less known area. Its geographical location and environmental potentials make it necessary to perform a systematic archaeological research process. Due to this requirement, the SF area was surveyed using an intensive field walking process by a team from Tehran University during a few months in 2009. This fieldwork provided data and for the first time added much useful information to expand our knowledge on the archaeology of the region in general and the Neolithic settlements in particular. From the findings gained through this study, 17 sites were found to have remains attributable to the Neolithic Period. Recent studies show that in SF, settlement began in the early Neolithic Period; three of these sites were identified in various parts of the area. Fifteen locations with settlement and pottery remains showed evidence of the middle and late Neolithic periods. An investigation of the settlement patterns of these Neolithic sites reveals a strong relationship to natural resources, particularly water and sources of flint. With the commencement of pottery in the area, significant changes occurred in the location patterns of the sites. The present study investigates the characteristics of potteries found from site surfaces and developed an interpretation of the Neolithic settlement patterns of the area.