جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گرانی" در نشریات گروه "تاریخ"

Iran’s economy was in crisis in the decade leading up to the Constitutional Revolution. The crisis was characterized by a budget deficit, rising foreign debt, structural corruption, unemployment and labor migration to foreign countries, and a lack of economic infrastructure. The consequences of the crisis were more pronounced than any other sector in the increase in the price of essential goods. The present study tries to answer the question by studying the grounds for thr crisis of rising prices and its effects: whats actions did the Qajar government take during the reign of Mozaffar al-din Shah to curb the crisis of rising prices, and what were the results of the government’s actions? The hypothesis of the present article is that, in the Qajar government, there was no single economic policy to curb rising prices, and the measures taken were partial and based on the individual abilities of government officials. Therefore, as the research findings show, the formation of the regulatory Assembly of rates, tax exemptions and reductions, export bans, increase imports, payment of differences in prices of essential goods, tightening price controls, dismissal of some government officials and the use of force. In the short term, prices slowed, but in the medium term, to no avail, leading to social unrest and livelihood riots. The method of the present research is historical with a descriptive-analytical approach.

During the domination of the Bahri Mamluks, The Egyptians have experienced inflation and high prices for a long period. This situation was caused by natural and human factors. In this paper, we study the economic policies of the Bahri Mamluks and evaluate the efficiency of them. A survey of historical evidence shows that these policies were not organized, stable and provident. Hence, these policies, mostly temporary solutions, were often a matter of abuse and misapplication by the profiteering people or groups attached to the government. As a result of the lack of strategy and long-term vision, the domination of Bahri Mamluks collapsed and the power transferred to the Burji Mamluks.

Bread was the major food of Iranian people in the Qajar period, and its high cost especially during the First World War (1332-1336/ 1914-1918), was a pervasive problem in all regions of Iran. In the west part of the country, the people of Kurdistan suffered from famine and the high cost of bread. Unlike the other regions of Iran, inspite of the withdrawing of foreign forces, widespread rainfall, and abundant grain in Kurdistan, nothing changed there and the scope of inflation became broader after 1918/1336. Hence "the problem of the high cost of bread" in Kurdistan under the Qajars needs to be analyzed and reexamined. This article tries to investigate that which elements where involved in increasing of the cost of bread in Qajar period? (1332-1342/1914-1924). The findings of the current study show that the factors which led to high cost of bread in Kurdistan under the Qajarids, provided good conditions to remove other factors. This study, based on the documents, statements and local resources-under the descriptive and analytic method- seeks to explain the causes of development and duration of this social problem. It also tries to show that how the factors of developing the problem of high cost of bread, for gaining more benefits, used the problem for removing each other.

Economic crises that intensified gradually in the Naserid era had consequences like starvation and high price of bread. In most cases، high prices and bread starvation in urban societies led to bread-related riots and mass protests against the government. The discredit on the economy and the government was the result of these riots and made the government concerned and fearful. The Qajar government whose relation with people was based on traditional pattern of Shah and subjects suppressed these disturbances. In this pattern، there was no opportunity for the mass protests against the government. Violent riots often made the government back out against the demands of people. Repeated bread-related riots affected the above said relation، though they didn’t lead to transformation of this traditional relation. The goal of this descriptive analytic research is to assess the effect of bread-related riots on the relations between people and the government in Naserid era so as to clarify some signs of these effects