جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « castle » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The location of Fardaghan historical village is in the northwest of Farahan Ccounty, in Markazi province. In this village, there are architectural remains of a castle and a four- Arches dome. Some texts have discussed some historical events related to this monument. In these sources, the castle and fire temple of Fardaghan, the transfer of the golden door of the fire temple to the Kaaba during the time of Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf, and its capture and destruction by the commander of Qom in 288 A.H. are mentioned. This research is based on the study of historical texts and archaeological excavation in the form of one season of trenching and one season of excavation. In this research, by examining and studying historical texts and architectural remains in the context of archaeological data, we attempted to determine whether the remains of the building obtained from the excavations of Fardaghan are the same fire temple of the Sassanid era that is mentioned in historical sources or not? During the field research conducted by the author, in addition to determining the area and proposing the boundaries of the square dome building and the castle, the main building (four-Arches dome) has also been pursued and explored. The architectural data indicates the existence of a square four-roomed building with a side of 17 meters with four Turkish brick columns, of which two columns of the southern half have been obtained so far. The resulting quadrangle has a circular corridor with stone walls 1.5 meters thick, which is plastered from the inside. The building has one entrance in the center of the east and west sides and three entrances in the south side. The wall on the north side of the building is currently buried under the clay texture from the Qajar period. A comparative study of historical texts and field research shows that this building is the same fire temple that is mentioned in these sources. Following the above research, a complete excavation and the identification of the general structure of the building, as well as more archaeological data, will determine the additional typological studies of this building with the other four-arch domes of the Sassanid period.

Castles are one of the buildings that were considered as urban planning necessities in the Sassanid period and were used as defense-security structures and places of governance that were generally built in the heights. Natural and geographical conditions have had the greatest impact on the construction of these works. In such a way that these buildings were usually built overlooking the plains and communication routes. The special situation of the mountains in the west of Iran, especially in Lorestan province, has caused its communication highways to not change direction since ancient times. In this regard, during the study in the east of Poldakhtar, a number of structures and castles (Sarogol and Saronaz) were encountered, which were a combination of rubble, clay and lime. The purpose of this study is to investigate the security-defense structures of the Sassanids in the area of ​​Takhtchan valley, which has examined the castles created in the valley of Seymareh. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection is in two methods field and library. The authors of the study have concluded that this type of structures and castles belong to the Sassanids, considering the type of architecture of structures and castles, the use of oral traditions and historical books, important ancient roads and other castles in the region. . The results also show that the function of the forts found in Takht-e-Chachan valley was one of the Sassanid actions to defend the security of their cities, which were created in areas that were along the path of ancient highways.

In 333, Aleppo became the center of Shiite Hamdani rule by Saif al-Dawlah. The activity of this government in various dimensions has led to the proliferation of Shiites in this city. After the Hamdanids, the Mardasid Shiite dynasty ruled in this city. One of the dimensions of Shiite government and population in this city was civilization activities. The works of civilization created by the two Shiite governments Hamdanid and Mardasid and Shiite population of Aleppo, were such as: the development of economic activities and coinage, activities and development of architecture and urbanization, the maintenance and rehabilitation of the castle of the city, the construction and development of the site Shiite symbols. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to explore the civilization and the effects of the remaining Shiite civilization in the city of Aleppo in the fourth and fifth centuries, using the sources of this period.

Western Iran during the first millennium had been fraught with significant incidents in the Assyrian and the Urartian era. In this historical period, the Mannaean local government had been frequently invaded by the Assyrian and the Urartian. Therefore, these invasions and the need to defend the country and its national structures had obliged the Mannaean government to construct strongholds so as to prevent plunder and destruction. Apparently it is the time a structure is built on Ziviyeh hill which is known to be a castle by researchers. In the present study, according to the major structure of the building and the tombs around this site, Ziviyeh is suggested to be an important temple. Paying careful attention to this structure and the excavated areas around the Ziviyeh hill, it is claimed that at that time, besides constructing castles, Mannaean government used to build some buildings for undertaking specific rituals. This must be noted that religious rituals had always been of considerable importance for the governments. The major question is: lf the structure discovered in Ziviyeh is not a castle, what had been used for? Explaining this, the authors have tried to hypothesize that the probable use of the Ziviyeh structure had been religious and ritualistic circa 7th to 9th century B.C. in the Western Iran. This study having an analytical-historical approach, using field studies and library data, tries to introduce the structure and study data and their co-relations.

The historical buildings from the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods of Darreh Shahr are the evidence based on which, one can understand the military, social and economic developments of these periods. The main objectives of this research are: first, to describe the architectural structures of each of these buildings, and second, to examine the reasons for their construction and, third, to study their distribution patterns in the region. Accordingly, the main questions of the study are: 1. What pattern does the layout of these buildings follow? 2. How explainable is, on the basis of historical studies, the reasons for the construction of these buildings in Darreh Shahr County? 3. What factors did their distribution pattern follow?The results of the study show that the historical buildings belonging to Qajar and early Pahlavi eras in Darreh Shahr County include Pour Ashraf Castle from the late Qajar period (date of construction or repair backs to 1335 AH), and houses of Mir Gholam Hashemi and Jahangir Abad from the Pahlavi period. The latter is assumed to be belonged to the second wife of Mir Gholam Hashemi. The initial reason for the construction of these buildings was the military conflicts between the regional rebellions and the military forces of the central government under the command of Seyd Mohammad Khan Pour Ashraf. Having the rebellions suppressed and with the accession of Mir Gholam Hashemi to power, the buildings of this type including Qal'eh-i Pour Ashraf and newly constructed buildings (Qal'eh-i Mir Gholam Hashemi and Qal'eh-i Jahangir Abad) served as places for tax collection and tackling socio-economic affairs. Finally, the increased importance of taxation on agricultural affairs, good-weathered, fertile-soil and water-filled areas such as Jahangir Abad and Sheikh Makan were the factors that advocated the construction of these buildings at these positions. They provided proper supervision of tax collection among nearby peasants and farmers. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytic and has been conducted based on field and library studies.

Ardeshir the first, the founder of Sasani kingdom, having overthrowing the Molouk altavayef kingdom-Ashkani kingdom- set out to raise a powerful army. An army that in a few years later was capable of achieving remarkable successes in confronting Iranian’s kingdom enemies with the help of assaulting and defending weaponries. His substitutes also in both assaulting and defending wars were able to defeat the enemies based on different war situations with the help of various weapons. For instance in confrontations with the Romans who had assaulted the Iranians borders and had retreated to their castles to defend their achievements, the Iranians had mostly usually surmounted the Romans making use of catapults and portcullis-knockers to go through their hindrances. Also, Iranians had achieved significant successes over the Turkish army and the eastern desert-dwellers people. These successes originated from different factors such as enough military forces, various excerpts from former Iranians governments and other nations’ weaponry system, creativity in producing weapons, suitable workshops for producing weapons, powerful army maneuver, powerful domestic weaponry system and powerful horseback riding forces. The author of the present study seeks to introduce the weaponry system of the Sasani kingdom and their use of this armament in the battlefields. It has been attempted to apply accurate sources of the Sasanians’ period in order to gather terse and precise information.