جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « challenge » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The industrial revolution, by changing the way of production, left a tremendous impact on the traditional industries of nations. Affected by industrial developments, Iran's textile industry faced a challenge with machine production; These developments gradually changed the taste of Qajar Iranian society, especially the court, nobility and other classes of the society to use machine textiles. In this period, variables such as diversity in design, pattern and color, price reduction compared to handmade products, changing tastes of different classes of society and the development of trade due to the political and economic power of Europe, led to the spread and expansion of the use of machine-made textiles and the reduction of the consumption of domestic products. and as a result stagnation in many domestic textile branches. In this article, with the historical and analytical method and the use of library resources and by adopting the theoretical framework of dependence, the question is answered that what factors have been effective in creating the domestic textile challenge? And what has been the result of domestic textile stagnation? Relying on the dependency theory, the industrial components affected by the political and economic power of Europe, the traditional view governing relations and the inability to change the production method and the dependency of the Qajar government in creating challenges in textile and as a result the gradual decline of many textile branches and the unemployment of artisans. had. These findings indicate that getting rid of this situation depends on changing the production method, breaking dependence on the structure of the capitalist system, and paying attention to the introverted development model.

After the issuance of the constitutional decree by Muzaffar al-Din Shah, speeding up the preparations for the formation of the first National Assembly became one of the most important concerns of the constitutionalists. The realization of this important step in the first step required the formation of the Supreme Council of the Court and the compilation of the electoral system and then the holding of elections, based on the provisions contained therein. The holding of these elections, however, faced challenges in its process. Accordingly, the leading research intends to use the method of historical research and with reference to primary historical sources, including the publications of the constitutional era, to design and answer the question of what the holding of the first elections to the National Assembly will be with. Were there any challenges?The research findings show that after the establishment of the Supreme Council of the Court and the efforts of its members to write electoral regulations and prepare for the formation of the first National Assembly, the election process as the first political experience of Iranian society in this field With challenges such as opposition and sabotage in the development and signing of the electoral system, the inconsistency of some of the provisions of this system with the political and social realities in Iranian society, the sabotage of the authoritarian government and The pro-government currents and the inefficient performance of the institutions monitoring the proper conduct of the election process were encountered.

This article is a free perception of the author from something that Mr. Kamari has said in his speech on Tuesday, 6/9/95, at the unveiling ceremony of the book of Mr. Gharaie by the title of “Sanabad-e Sher” in Mehr news agency building. The author wants to reveal the subject discussed by Mr. Kamari with sharing of this perception as well as questions, objectives and necessities that arises from his speech on that topic and issue.

In 20 Muharram of the year 1060 AH / 22 January 1650, the movement against colonial domination ended one hundred and fifty years of Portuguese rule in Oman and the new founded dynasty of Al Yaarebeh in the shadow of the sea power and the weakness of the central governments, have intensified attacks and assaults to the coasts and islands and ports of Iran. Thus, confrontations between the two countries overshadowed the interactions and previous links. In 1744 A.D, Ahmed bin Saeed Abu Saeedi (1783- 1693 AD) with the title of Imam Ahmed bin Saeed was chosen to lead people. This Imamate and Leadership was the beginning of reign of Abu Saeedi's kings that in the 18th and 19th centuries was a vital element in the political, economic and military situation of the Persian Gulf. The confrontation of Imams of Yaareby dynasty and sultans of Muscat and Oman with the Iranian government and leasing of some of the islands and ports by them are important part of the history of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Examining how the sultans of Al Abu Saeed in the Oman region empowered, their invasions and the domination to the northern shipping lines of the Persian Gulf and the policy of Iranian ruling government in dealing with them is the main objective of this research. In the end the author of the present article hold the belief that the process, power, political and administration centralization and the amount of the Iranian role led it to a difficult challenge in the southern coast during 18-19th centuries A.D.

Abazy Imams of Oman with religious conflicts، the formation of a government of national oriented symmetrically to begin their assault on the northern half of the Persian Gulf under Iranian sovereignty and Jane particular its subsidiaries were rulers of Hormuz and political ties. Abazy power of religious groups in the southern Persian Gulf and Sea of ​​Oman and challenge their violations of the islands and ports of Iran، one of the most distinctive and influential events، especially in the late Safavid period. In the reign of Shah Abbas II anti-colonial movement، the Omani domination yearebh Portuguese rule ended and a new series Al Yarbh Foundation in shades of sea power and the weakness of the central government، assaults and aggravated assaults reported to the beaches and islands and ports of Iran. Thus، interactions between the two countries and link to the previous interactions overshadowed. Examine how the power of foreign imams in Oman and weak and inefficient administration in dealing with their main goal of this research.

Concerning the penetration and development of French language in Iran, present article is trying to scrutinize a part of unknown cultural history of Qajar era. By the rise of the period, especially in the reign of Mohammad Shah (1250-1264 A. H.), not only the socio-political causes, but also the different institutions, nobles and personalities took an important role to penetrate and develop of French language and literature in Iran. But in this trend, the most important role was held by «The French Alliance Schools», established in 1889 (1307 A. H.). Hence, the causes and the elements that provided the ground for such penetration will be investigated, initially. Then, in another part, beside the reflection of the aims of French Alliances, the quality of their establishment and the challenges they faced in Iran would be studied. At the end, the extent of French language and literature development would be surveyed in Iran.

The Abbasids formed during the late fist century (AH), using anti-Omavid feelings prevalent at that time. To stabilize their government, Abassids resorted to different means to attract the most popular currents of thoughts. They used political, religious, and cultural means to legitimize their government. Once stabilized, they deny people the privileges given to them. Their influence led some Shiites not to recognize their Imam.