جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « challenges » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The high speed of complex and attractive developments of "artificial intelligence" reveals a new world to conquer human mentality; A world that will have a special effect on various aspects of personal and social life. Among this inevitable phenomenon, it can have an impact on religious issues (including institutions, problems, solutions, etc.), especially the science of attaining the rulings of Sharia, i.e. "jurisprudence", in such a way that the general reactions of jurists, about It has been understandably a mix of anxiety and hope; Therefore, indifference in answering and correctly analyzing new jurisprudential issues will create threats and make jurisprudence suffer a kind of isolation, as well as preparing for the future management of this human-like intelligence, it will have the opportunity to play a role for the historical responsibility of jurisprudence in the twist of civilization. For this reason, the main problem of this research is to examine the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence management in jurisprudence. Therefore, this article has been written with the aim of properly understanding the civilized requirements of artificial intelligence, so that it can be kept safe with accurate future research, belief and behavioral security, and the dynamics of Islamic jurisprudence. As a result, "artificial intelligence" as it can be effective in speeding up and clarifying the process of ijtihad and improving it, it can also challenge the achievement of religious rulings as much as it can by its appearance and rule-making. He said that the non-permissibility of using artificial intelligence as a fatwa-giver is more difficult. 

One of the ideal goals of the country's scientific development vision is to achieve the status of science and technology and realize the goals of the vision in scientific, research and technological dimensions, which requires correct policy making and the determination of scientific jihad. Explaining the challenges and prospects of scientific development of the country has an important role in the future of Iranian society, and investigating this serious matter is not possible except by analyzing the existing challenges and effective future research in the direction of the development of the country's scientific development mission. The purpose of the current research is to study the scientific future of Iran and explain the challenges ahead and the prospects of the country's scientific development until 1414. The main question of the current research is that; How can one explain and examine the challenges and perspectives of the country's scientific development by referring to the country's upstream documents until 1414? In response to this question, this hypothesis is proposed that with correct and appropriate policies and future research in the direction of the scientific development of the country, the challenges and prospects of the scientific development of the country can be explained and investigated and it can be done in line with the realization of the goals. The development of the scientific mission of the country was guided. To achieve this goal, according to the qualitative method and using sources such as high-quality documents and experts in the country's scientific field, it has been tried to prioritize the visions and missions and achieve the scientific development of the country.

Amongst the most important issues on exploring the history of Seljuq dynasty is identifying the way the dynasty collapsed and its most obvious reasons. The Turkish tribes of Seljuq dynasty that had their hand on the throne were once desert nomads, but through creating a firm and fixed army, forming disciplined court structure, and employing Iranian bureaucrats could make a very powerful empire in Iran and diverse regions like Georgia, Asia Minor, Antakya, or say, from Kashgar to the Mediterranean Sea. Soon, however, a series of events as well as internal and external changes, gradually made the empire weak and made it collapse. Many small and big issues resulted in the collapsing of the powerful dynasty, among of which one can say, in-tribe conflicts, Kings’ taken policies, war and tension with foreign invaders, Turkmens’ continuous attacks on Seljuq’s territory, fight for the succession of Seljuq kings, kings’ governing methods, too much power of commanders, and famous minsters’ gained power. Some studies have pointed out to the internal and external challenges among Seljuq dynasty, but there is not a comprehensive study in this regard. Therefore, the study tried to explore the challenges and tensions by taking the historical research methods and using survived documents.

During the Nader Shah Afshar’s reign, despite the all the military and political successes in the foreign arenas,  Iran was full of actions and reactions of different tribes and clans in the form of military conflicts and political challenges. One of the tribes that seems to have had a serious and effective presence in the conflicts and challenges of the Nader Shah era was Qarachurlu tribe. Investigating the role and position of this tribe in Iran’s military and political developments and the results of it is the main issue of this research. Despite the bold role of this tribe in the Nader’s era, no proper research has been done in this field so far. The present study attempts to analyze this role by using the descriptive-analytical method and by searching through historical texts and various documents. The results of various studies show that different clans of this tribe have been active especially in the fight against the Afghans and the Ottomans, and other foreign struggles, as the vanguards of the soldiers of Nader. Besides, Qarachurlu Kurds have always been in favor of Nader Shah in repressing internal insurgencies.

The formation of the Afsharid government, following the anarchy caused by the fall of the Safavid dynasty, is considered one of the most important developments in the history of Iran. As a result of Nader Shah Afshar’s rise to power, Iran regained its unity and was able to maintain its cohesion and integrity. Different tribes[1], especially the tribes living in Khorasan, were Nader Shah’s main partisans to achieving various internal and external successes.
One of these tribes which played a significant role in the political and military developments of the Nader’s era was Qarachurlu tribe and its various related clans[2]. This tribe was settled in the foothills of the Aladagh Mountains of Khorasan. Following the developments of the last years of the Safavid rule and in the early years of Nader’s movement, they first opposed him but due to the provisions that Nader had considered in dealing with the tribes and clans, they soon became one of his main allies. The main issue of this research was to analyze the role of this tribe and the efforts of its leaders in the developments of the Nader’s era.

There has been no independent and comprehensive research done on the role of Qarachurlu tribe in the developments of this period of Iran’s history. Sources of the Nader Shah’s era, including Aalam Araye Naderi written by Mohammad Kazem Marvi, Jahangushaye Nader by Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, as well as new studies, including the first volume of the book Harekate Tarikhi Kurd Be Khorasan (the Historical Movements of Kurds to Khorasan) by Kalimollah Tavahodi, and Ilhaa Va Tayefehaye Ashayeri Khorasan (Khorasan nomadic tribes and clans) by Sayyid Ali Mirnia have generally considered the role of Kurds of Khorasan in the military-political developments of the Naderi’s era. However, no research has been done specifically on the political and military efforts of this tribe in the military and political conflicts of the period. The present study aimed to analyze this role by examining the main sources and new research, especially the use of various documents, including orders, deeds, and historical correspondence.

 An examination of the collection of sources, studies, and historical documents of the Afsharid era showed that numerous tribes and clans of Khorasan have played an essential role in the formation and then consolidation of the Afsharid government. Among these tribes and clans, Qarachurlu tribe, as one of the five Kurdish tribes of Khorasan, was one of the main allies of Nader Shah. They have always been in the vanguard of his wars and campaigns with the Ottomans, India, and the Caucasus. The Kurds of Qarachurlu have been active in defeating Malek Mahmood Sistani in Mashhad, Abdali Afghans in Herat, Nader’s quadruple battles with Ashraf Afghan, the triple wars with the Ottomans, as well as in Nader’s campaign to India and Dagestan with thousands of their troops. Additionally, Qarachurlu tribe played a key role in the suppression of Mohammad Taqi Khan Shirazi in Fars, the Lezgins in Dagestan, and Pir Mohammad Khan in Baluchistan. Najaf Sultan, Mohammad Khan, Mohammad Reza Khan, Aghasi Beyg, Shahbaz Beyg, Ahmad Khan, Salim Beyg, Pahlevan Beyg, Ali Reza Beyg, Ali-Qoli Beyg, and Imam-Qoli Beyg were among the most important Nader officials and allies of Qarachurlu tribe. Nader, in response to the cooperation of Qarachurlu tribe, gave the government of areas such as Darband in Caucasus to Najaf Sultan Qarachurlu, the authorization of Arabia to Mohammad Khan Qarachurlu, the solicitor of the tribe to Hassan Beyg Qarachurlu, Esik-aqasi of Divan to Ali Reza Beyg Sarvarlo,Beylerbey of Shirvan to Ali-Qoli Khan Sarvarloo, and the Fars rule to Ahmad Sultan Kargarlu, one of the elders of this tribe. Today, groups of Kurds from Qarachurlu tribe are present in areas such as Georgia and Azerbaijan that have been settled as a result of Nader’s policies.[1]. Tribe:The tribe in the Iranian nomadic society is a political union consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer (Several families with kinship affiliations) and nomadic clans that, based on kinship affiliations or at a specific time, they unite according to political and social interests, and necessities and form a tribe.The tribes usually had their own territory and tribal territory and were run under the leadership and personal management of either the Ilkhan or the Il-Bagi (Aashti, 1987, p. 14-13).[2]. Clan:  The clan in the Iranian nomadic community is a social-political unit consisting of several Tireh-Ashayer and in the hierarchy of tribal categories, it is the most important and distinct category. In the social hierarchy of Iranian nomads, most of the clans are located between the tribe and the Tireh-Ashayer, but there are also clans that are not affiliated with any tribe and are called independent clans. The clan is a social-political organization with a classification structure. They may be sedentary, complete nomadic, or semi-nomadic and a clan. It doesn't matter if the clan is nomadic or sedentary, it is still considered a clan. The clan is the smaller subset of a tribe, which is often closely related to each other and has a common ancestor for several generations (Takmil Homayoun & Bloukbashi, 2009, p. 15-8).

Comparing to other nations, the cultural and political typology of Malawian Muslims of Indonesia has especial diversity. After their independence in 1945, this country had Pluralist cultural and political activities. As a result, they faced numerous challenges regarding Islamic cultural and political approaches. Many researches have been conducted on diversity of ideas in Indonesia, especially on the influence of Wahhabism and other schools of thought among Muslim groups. However, no research has been done on the threats of cultural and political pluralism and no pattern has been introduced in overcoming such challenges. Therefore, the raised questions are: What are the influential cultural – political challenges among Indonesians? What is the most suitable pattern in resolving such Issues? Challenges between Traditionalist and Wahhabis, Neo-liberalists and Quranic-culture, modernists and Islamists, fundamentalists and seculars as well as reformists and traditionalists are regarded as most influential cultural and political issues in Indonesia.
The main purpose of the present paper is to present a typology of cultural and political challenges of Indonesian Muslims and also to introduce a pattern in resolving them. By means of a historical research methodology, the political and cultural challenges of Indonesian Muslims after their independence will be assessed. In addition, by using a descriptive – analytical approach the realities and status quo of that time will be discovered. According to the findings of the paper, although there are challenges among Muslim groups in Indonesia, they have common concepts such as pursuing freedom, independence, unity and opposing tyranny which are crucially important and can be used in forming cultural diplomatic relations between Islamic groups in Indonesia.

On Mordad 1395, a decree was discussed in the Cabinet regarding oral history training in ministries and other organizations of the country. In the coming years, the effects of this act will lead to recording of a huge part of oral data of ministries and organizations. The first incarnation of this legislation was “the workshop of oral history of ministries and other organizations” which was held by the efforts of the Oral History Group of Archives Research Institute with the participation of representatives of ministries and other organizations in four midday sessions.

A survery on the causes of the establishment of the Patriarch government in Iran. One of the most important events in the seventh- century AH (thirteenth- century AD) was the establishment of the Patriarch government in the political borders of Iran. Mongol invasion toewardsTransoxania territories and Iran and then advancing towards the West was the greatest historical event in the seventh- century AH. This event influenced on political, economic, social and cultural aspects. Over the years, it causes some important developments in this area. In this paper, by using the historical research method, we are going to analyze how the Patriarch government was established in Iran. The March of Holagu towards West, the wane of Ismailiyah and caliphs of Baghdad, battle of EinJalut, and the establishment of Holagu are the main subjects of this paper. Qaan Oktaitransition fromfamilytofamily, Tulu, the struggle over the succession Mngvqaan BvqaAryq Qvbylayandfinallythe rise ofthe Mongol empire andmissionrequirementsofthe new situationin thestateHolakuKhan, led tothe establishment ofadynasticruleintheterritory ofthesupport andcomments Qvbylay Qaanpatriarchled to theformation of thegovernment.