جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « damavand » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

Damavand is one of the most important historical regions of Iran in the southern margin of Central Alborz, which according to historical documents and archaeological data in the historical period has played an important role in political, cultural, social and economic developments of pre-Islamic Iran. Historical texts and rarely archaeological data have provided scattered information about the Damavand region during the Median, Achaemenid, and Seleucid period. The present study tries to use historical texts and archaeological evidence such as inscriptions, coins, seals and other cultural materials discovered from archaeological excavations and researches in archeological sites, the place of Damavand in the history of Iran in the pre-period Islam should be explained and evaluated. In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam.In the present research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to achieve the set goal. Field and library studies and comparative analysis are the most important methods of data collection in the present study. Combined archaeological and historical evidence shows that Damavand, due to its strategic location, has played an important and pivotal role in the history of Iran from the historical period, especially from the first years of Parthian and Sassanid empire to the last years of the Sassanid Empire and even early Islam

Mazandaran or Tabarestan as a part of the Iranian land has been of great importance to the Aryans. In the Avesta and the religious texts of Mazdiseni and Iranian myths are mentioned different areas of Tabaristan, as the earliest places of the earliest kings and Pishdadian. The Haraz River, Damavand and Alborz Mountains and the Mazandaran Sea have been mentioned by various names. There is no mention of two of the sixteen areas mentioned in his section; Tabarestan and Iran Vich. Given this, one can think that the two places were one.

Notable in the assemblage of small finds from Valiran are seven coins recovered in the Parthian cemetery and eight others coming from the Sasanian structure at the site. Since the Parthian and Sasanian coins bear assorted inscriptions and representations, their examination may furnish indispensable information on royal names and their portraits, the minting places, titles and honorifics, religion, and generally lead to a purified chronology. The present work represents a qualitative study relying on field excavations and library research and also benefits from the knowledge of ancient languages in order to find answers to such questions as: In the reigns of which Parthian and Sasanian kings did the Parthian cemetery and the Sasanian fort were in use, and for how long? And, what are the characteristics and stylistic attributions of the discovered coinage? The results of the numismatic analysis show that the Parthians used the Veliran cemetery to bury their dead for about a century, spanning the reigns of Mithridates II and Orodes I, and after a hiatus of some 500 years, the Sasanians settled the site in the times of Khosrow I by constructing there a fort. Keywords: Coinage, Parthian, Sasanian, Veliran, Damavand.   Introduction Among the major finds excavated from the archaeological site of Veliran in Damavand are a few coins, study of which will play a prominent role in providing answers to the outstanding questions regarding the region in these two periods. The available, in particular the Sasanian, coins display various inscriptions and representations, which are of high potential for providing information on the royal names and their portraits, the minting places, titles and honorifics, religion and on the whole an improved chronology.   Research Question and Hypotheses The present study is a qualitative work, and building on library and field researches and the knowledge of early languages, seeks to provide answers to the questions: Under which Parthian and Sasanian kings and for how long did the Parthian cemetery and the Sasanian fort were used? What are the characteristics of the discovered coinage and their stylistic affiliations? Our results suggest that the Parthians used the Veliran cemetery to inter their deceased for about a century, which spanned the reigns of Mithridates II and Orodes I, before it was abandoned in the late 1st century BC. Following a hiatus that lasted for about half a century, the Sasanians would reuse the site by putting up a fort there during the reign of Khosrow I. The Parthian coinage features the portraits of related kings on the obverse and a figure sitting on stool surrounded by an inscription on the reverse; in the Sasanian instances we find portraits of royals associated with inscriptions on the obverse, and a central altar flanked by a standing figure on both sides, all framed by an inscription in Sasanian Pahlavi on the reverse.   Texts on the Coinage from Veliran The coins dating to the Parthian period were recovered within a catacomb of pit grave type in the eastern quadrant of the site (Ne’mati 2012, 107). The entire space of the grave produced seven coins, all being silver drachmas. Drachma represented the most common coin in the period and was produced in mint houses across the empire, weighing about 4 g (Sarfaraz 2009, 30). Three coins of Mithridates III (Sellwood 1980, 124) lay under the neck of the skeleton on the eastern platform. Three coins of Phraates III (ibid, 119) were mixed with other objects and the remains of the flexed burial to the northeast of the east platform; three coins of Mithridates II (ibid, 73) were within the ossuary cut into the natural wall of the grave. Three coins of Mithridates III (ibid, 119) were found next to the first skeleton buried on the west platform A single coin of Orodes I (ibid, 91) was next to Skeleton 2. A single coin of Orodes II lay by Skelton 3. And a single coin of Mithridates II (ibid, 84) was associated with Skeleton 4 next to the natural wall of the grave. The easternmost part of the Veliran fort, which overlays the Parthian cemetery, yielded eight coins from the Sasanian period, six belonging to Khosrau II, one to Khosrau I, and one to Hormizd IV. On the obverse of the Sasanian coins, there is, within two circular pearl inlayed panels, the portrait of a king in profile and facing right, in front and behind of which are inscriptions in Pahlavi. Outside the circular panel on the three right, left and down sides, and also at the center of the wings of the crown, representations of moon and star exist. On the reverse, within a series of three circular pearl inlayed panels, two branch holding attendants stand next to the altar, with the representations of moon and star on the four sides of the perimeter. Within the panel to the right and left sides of the attendants, the minting date and place are attested.   Conclusions The coinage recovered from the catacomb grave dating to the Parthian period at Veliran represents 5 Parthian kings, viz. Mithridates II, Phraates III (70-85/57 BC), Mithridates III (57-54 BC), Orodes I (90-80 BC) and Orodes II (57-38 BC). The earliest instances belong to Mithridates II, who ruled between 123-88 BC, while the latest represent Orodes II, reigning from 57 to 37 BC. The coins alongside the associated burial gifts within the catacomb grave reflect the social status of the grave owner. In the Damavand region, people of higher status interred their deceased in such catacombs together with elite objects. Based on the available coins, the cemetery of Veliran was in use between 123-37 BC, for about a century. The earliest coin unearthed from the Sasanian deposits, belongs to the 16th year of Khosrau I’ reign (546/547 AD) and was minted in Abarshahr. From the 7th year of Hormizd IV rule (585/586 AD) was recovered a coin minted in Yazd. From the rule of Khosrau I (591-928 AD) there are 6 coins relating to the 2nd year of the reign (592/593 AD) minted in Yazd, the 15th year of the reign (606/607 AD) minted in Susa, the 25th year of the reign (616/617 AD) minted in Mishan, the 28th year (619/620 AD) minted in Bactria, the 31st year of the reign (622/623 AD) minted in Shiraz, and the 35th year of the reign (626/627 AD) minted in Ardashir-Khwarrah. On the basis of these coins, the site of Veliran was resettled, after 500 years of abandonment, in the Sasanian period, at least at the times of Khosrau I, and the Sasanian fort built there would flourish at least as late as the late Sasanian period. The most striking point about these coins is that the mining places are not the same in particular in those belonging to Khosrau II, and they were variously minted in south, central, east, and northeast Iran. Discovery of the coinage with diverse mintage places evince to the direct contacts of Damavand with the minting cities. Given the function the structure at Veliran served in the Sasanian period, the recovered coins would have arrived there in connection with goods imported from different regions of Iran as part of trade activities.

The problem of historical geography and extent of Median territory in Neo-Assyrian period, from 9th to 7th centuries B.C. has always made dissensions. Given the extent of Median territory in Achaemenid and Parthian periods, early historians and Assyriologists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries considered Median realm extending from Zagros mountains to central plateau of Iran. From 1970s onwards, however, a new minimalistic approach to the historical geography of Neo-Assyrian Zagros has appeared and proposed a large Median territory than previously assumed and located Media on the western flanks of Alvand Mountain ranges. The advocates of this minimalistic approach have put limits on the extent of Assyrian dominance in Iran and consider the Alvand as the last spot of Assyrian Armies’ penetration to the east. The present study deals with assessing these contradictory assumptions. We also try to determine the Median boarders and also try to locate the main regions and cities of Media based on the Assyrian written sources.

Scattered writings in the Qajar period are indicative of Damavand’s prosperity and favorable conditions in that era. Selection of Tehran as the capital made a great impact on the economic and social development of Damavand. Damavand had its own social and economic capabilities due to its natural status، geographical and climatic state and the capitalization of Tehran highlighted all those capacities. By investigating into the social and economic situation of Damavand in one part of the Qajar era، this study aims at identification of potentials and capabilities of Damavand and assessment of their effect on the development and progress of Damavand in that period of time. The significant factors that paved the way of the development of Damavand are discussed in this study in five areas including climatic conditions، economic factors، geographical location، political and administrative status، and cultural conditions.

Historians and geographers of the early and middle centuries of the Islamic period have recorded a place known as Veymeh or Deymeh in their writings, which have apparently been among the major flourishing cities in that era. In terms of reputation and prosperity, the city was mentioned in parallel with some significant and large cities such as Damāvand, Khār and Shalanbeh and was known even to be larger than some of those cities. The geographical boundaries of the city are mentioned by some historians to be within the area surrounded by Rey, Tabarestān, and Damāvand. Such records notwithstanding, and in spite of the studies carried out by some contemporary researchers, the accurate location of the city has not been specifically identified, and the views held on the present-day location of the city of Veymeh is a question the answer to which is in need of further accuracy. In the course of an archeological research in the city of Firūzkūh in 2002, authors of the present article came across the above problem and decided to conduct a careful and intensive study to identify the geographical location of the city of Veymeh or Deymeh and its present-day location. What this paper presents is the findings of the above researches.